FREE VIBRATION

Terms used in vibratory motion

Period of vibration or time period Cycle Frequency.

Types of Vibratory Motion 1. Free or natural vibrations.

2. Forced vibrations. 3. Damped vibrations.

Types of Free Vibrations

ill-effects of vibration :
Accuracy of parts machined in vibrating machine excessive vibration at resonant condition may lead to complete failure of the part. Vibration lasting for small interval of time may cause severe damage to the structure- Earth quake & explosion

 Harmless continuous vibration over a long

period may result in fatigue failure.

Such failures are observed in all types of

components small & large from valve springs

& crank shaft of an automobile to elevator of

an aero plane or even large draw bridges.

Excessive vibration of passenger vehicle Vibration of cock-pit of an aero plane Excessive vibration of hand held machines may damage human tissues

Severe vibration jolting of tractors or earth moving equipment may result in spinal injuries.

USEFUL VIBRATIONS.
Vibration conveyors Impactors non-destructive testing crack deduction Vibratory sieves
Medical Application

imaging of internal organs tooth cleaning heart beat

Music instruments Time keeping instruments

SOURCES OF VIBRATION
Shaft running at near critical speeds
Misalignment and bent shaft Damaged rolling element bearings - balls ,rollers etc Fluid flow - turbulence and cavitations Damaged and worn out gears Faulty belt drives Oil film whirl and whip in journal bearings Impact

Electrically induced vibration

Natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibrations

1. Equilibrium Method
2. Energy method 3. Rayleighs method

1. Equilibrium Method

Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations

Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations For a Shaft Subjected to a Number of Point Loads

Dunkerleys method
The natural frequency of transverse vibration for a shaft carrying
a number of point loads and uniformly distributed load is obtained from Dunkerleys empirical formula. According to this

Therefore, according to Dunkerleys empirical formula, the natural frequency of the whole

system,

Problem : #1

A shaft 50 mm diameter and 3 metres long is

simply supported at the ends and carries three

loads of 1000 N, 1500 N and 750 N at 1 m, 2 m

and 2.5 m from the left support. The Young's

modulus for shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Find

the frequency of transverse vibration.

 Solution:

Critical or Whirling Speed of a Shaft

Problem #2:
Calculate the whirling speed of a shaft 20 mm

diameter and 0.6 m long carrying a mass of 1

kg at its mid-point. The density of the shaft

material is 40 Mg/m3 and Youngs modulus is,

a 200 GN/m2. Assume the shaft to be freely

supported.

 Solution:

Problem #3:

A shaft 1.5 m long, supported in flexible bearings at

the ends carries two wheels each of 50 kg mass. One wheel is situated at the centre of the shaft and the other at a distance of 375 mm from the centre towards left. The shaft is hollow of external diameter 75 mm and internal diameter 40 mm. The density of the shaft material is 7700 kg/m3 and its modulus of elasticity is

200 GN/m2 . Find the lowest whirling speed of the

shaft, taking into account the mass of the shaft.

 Solution:

therefore mass of the shaft per metre length,

 We know that the static deflection due to a load W

Static deflection due to a mass of 50 kg at C,

 Similarly, static deflection due to a mass of 50 kg at D

Static deflection due to uniformly distributed load or mass of the shaft,

 frequency of transverse vibration,

Since the whirling speed of shaft (Nc) in r.p.s. is equal to the frequency of transverse vibration in Hz, therefore

Frequency of Free Damped Vibrations (Viscous Damping)

1. When the roots are real (overdamping)

2. When the roots are complex conjugate (underdamping)

3. When the roots are equal (critical damping)

Thus the motion is again aperiodic. The critical damping

coefficient (Cc) may be obtained by substituting (Cc) for c

in the condition for critical damping, i.e.

Damping Factor or Damping Ratio

Logarithmic Decrement

Problem #4
The measurements on a mechanical vibrating system show that it has amass of 8 kg and that the springs can be combined to give an equivalent spring of stiffness 5.4 N/mm. If the vibrating system have a dashpot attached which exerts a force of 40 N when the mass has a velocity of 1 m/s, find : 1. critical damping

coefficient,

2.

damping

factor,

3.

logarithmic

decrement, and 4. ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.

Solution:

Problem #5 A machine of mass 75 kg is mounted on springs and is fitted with a dashpot to damp out vibrations. There are three springs each of stiffness 10 N/mm and it is found that the

amplitude of vibration diminishes from 38.4 mm to 6.4 mm

in two complete oscillations. Assuming that the damping force varies as the velocity, determine : 1. the resistance of the dashpot at unit velocity ; 2. the ratio of the frequency of the damped vibration to the frequency of the undamped vibration ; and 3. the periodic time of the damped vibration.

Solution