the hydraulic governor was developed, which works on the same principle of a fly - weight governor.

In the hydraulic governor, instead of the mechanical fly-weights, the speed sensitive primary oil pressure is used for the governing action.

. In this case, the operation of the speed changer (compression spring) controls the valve open-ing, controlling the steam flow. There is no change in speed but there is a change in generator load.

 Hydraulic speed transmitter is supplied with control oil from the control equipment rack and the discharge of the impeller is dependant on the centrifu-gal force and hence on the speed. This is called the 'primary oil'

The reciprocating motion of the sleeve regulates the oil pressure in the follow up piston, which is called the 'secondary oil pressure'.

 . If the turbine is synchronised with a large grid, the primary oil pressure can be assumed constant. Any change in the valve lift is effected not by the primary oil pressure but by operation of the speed changer. An increase in secondary oil pressure effects lift of the control valve and a reduction effects closure. Normaly HP and IP control valves start opening after 3 ksc of secondary oil pressure and opens fully at 5.0 ksc

 Follow-up pistons, fitted in the governing system, upstream of the actuator and its pilot valve, are used to convert the governor movement into second-ary oil pressure changes there is an inlet for trip oil from the oil line (10). Before it enters the follow-up piston, the trip oil passes through a re-strictor (12) which normally has an aperture of 2.5 to 3 mm. The oil supply after this restrictor is known as the secondary

 Both hydraulic and electro-hydraulic controls are having seperate follow-up piston batteries Change-over from one control system to the other is possible even during operation as the two controllers are con-nected in parallel, downstream of the associated fol-low-up piston batteries, which form a minimum value gate; i.e. it is always the controller with the lower set point which leads

 01. Trip Fluid: Keeps stop valves open. Secondary fluid for operating control valve is derived from trip fluid. 02. Auxiliary Trip Fluid: Keeps the trip valves and hydraulic trip devices in reset condition. 03. Start-up Fluid: During resetting of the turbine startup fluid brings down the test valve of the stop valves, thus allowing trip fluid to flow to the space above the piston of stop valves. 04. Auxiliary Start-up Fluid: Used for resetting hydraulic trip devices and trip valves, during starting and for resetting overspeed trip device and thrust bearing trip device when they are actuated. 05. Auxiliary Secondary Fluid: It is the output of hydraulic speed governor and is used in hydrau-lic amplifier. 06. HP/IP Secondary Fluid: These are the final con-trol medium for HP & IP control valves.

 Speed Control Loop: Speed controller is mainly used for rolling the tur-bine upto rated speed, synchronising, block loading and also for shutting down the turbine. It acts as a back-up to the load controller by taking control of the turbine during large frequency disturbances or load rejections. The speed reference value can be set by the operator or by ATRS. This valve is stored in a motorised potentiometer and fed to the speed reference limiter when the output rate is controlled by the Turbine Stress Evalua-tor. The output of the reference limiter (NR lim) is compared with the actual speed (obtained from the Hall probes) and the deviation decides the final output. A 5% regulation is applied to the speed controller, i.e. an error of 150 rpm produces 100% output of speedcontroller.

Load Control Loop:

Load controller is most suited for on-load operation as its characteristics are designed to match the grid operating conditions. The load reference value is set by the operator by the coordinated control and is stored in a motorised potentiometer. This value is fed to the load reference limiter, which decides the rate of change of loading, influenced by the Turbine Stress Evaluator. The output of the load reference limiter (PR lim) is added algebraically to frequency influence (PR Df) and pressure influence (PR DP). This sum is com-pared to the load limit set by the Operator (PR maxi-mum) in minimum gate fashion. The output of this minimum gate is called EPR. The deviation between EPR and actual load is the output of the load controller unit. In load controller module, overspeeding correction is also provided. When the turbine speed raises more than a prset value (3045 rpm), it starts unloading the ma chine as per the droop characteristics (5% regulation). The required load value is deducted from EPR before feeding into the control transfer unit.