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A Presentation by D.Mishra
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution is presence of Atmosphere in one or more contaminants or combinations there off in such a quantity for such a duration which may or may tend to effect human, animal, vegetative or material kingdom or unnecessarily interfere with comfortable enjoyment of life.
Emissions
Sulfur Dioxide
Most dangerous of all gaseous pollutants Sources
Natural
Volcanic action, decomposition of organic matter, sea salt
Anthropogenic
Combustion of coal and petroleum products Petroleum refining Nonferrous smelting
Chemistry of SO2
Highly water soluble SO2 in atmosphere:
SO2 H2SO3 H2SO4 Last step facilitated by metal salts NH3 reacts with both products to form ammonium sulfate or bisulfate Precipitation/ deposition on plant surfaces/soil Oxidation to sulfate
Chemistry of SO2
Nitrogen Dioxide
Five forms of nitrogen oxide in atmosphere
NO2 most toxic and ubiquitous
Chemistry
Photolytic cycle
Results in formation of ozone Photochemical smog
NO2 HNO3
Acid rain
Particulate Matter
Solid and liquid aerosols suspended in the atmosphere Particulate matter is one of the six Criteria Air Pollutants PM10 (diameter < 10 mm)
Greatest impact on health
Classification of Particulates
Primary
Larger (1-20 mm) Emitted directly into the atmosphere Most important
Condensation nuclei
Secondary
Smaller Formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere
Formation of Particulates
Natural sources
Volcanoes, forest fires, ocean sprays
Anthropogenic
Mining, sand blasting, metal working
Physical
Dispersion
Disintegration of larger particles
Chemical
Burning of metals Combustion of fossil fuels
Particulate Toxicity
Particles are toxic
Toxic metals and nonmetal elements
Minimum Maximum
France
Canda
Italy
Germany
UK
Japan
India
World Bank
Sweden
Minimum Maximum
2000
1500
1000
500
Canda
Germany
UK
USA
Japan
India
World Bank
Australia
Sweden
Minimum Maximum
Canda
Italy
Germany
UK
USA
Japan
India
1000
100
10
INDIA India
World Bank