MOTORS

Presented by B. Karthik Parasuram ET-2007, C&I Employee No. 100325

Presentation outline

This presentation is intended to discuss the fundamentals of motor operation, the various kinds of motors used in a power plant and the methods employed in motor starting.

Motors

An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. Motors form the single largest group of prime movers found in a power plant.

Principle of Operation

Various types of motors

Based on winding and operating principle :

DC Motors Shunt, Series Compound

AC Motors 1 Ph, 3 Ph Synch motor Induction motor

Based on operating voltage

Voltage : HT motor, LT motor, control (servo) motor

Induction Motors

Account for more than 80% of the total polyphase ac motors. Stator with distributed windings Rotor with distributed windings/bars

Induction motor classification

Squirrel Cage Wound rotor

PRINCIPLE OF ROTATION

When polyphase voltage is applied to the polyphase winding of an induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced. The speed of this rotating field is called synchronous speed. By electromagnetic induction an emf will be induced in the rotor and this will produce a current in the rotor circuit. This current will induce flux which will interact with stator mmf and try to nullify the stator mmf. This is achieved by rotation of the rotor near to synchronous speed. Where synchronous speed is given by: Ns = 120 * supply frequency/ number of poles

Squirrel Cage and Wound Rotor Motors

The most common is the squirrel-cage winding. This entire winding is made up of heavy copper bars connected together at each end by a metal ring made of copper or brass. Rotor conductors cut the rotating stator magnetic field, thereby inducing an emf across the rotor windings as a result of which a current flows, a rotor magnetic field is produced which interacts with the stator field causing motion.

Squirrel Cage and Wound Rotor Motors contd..

In wound rotor induction motors, we have two types:

3 phase winding in rotor and stator (shorted internally) 3 phase winding in rotor and stator (terminated to slip rings)

The rotor doesnt rotate at synchronous speed. The speed of rotation varies with the applied load. Synch. Speed Ns = 120 x F/P F = Frequency P = No. of poles Or %slip = (Ns Nr) / Ns

Synchronous Motors

These are constant speed motors which rotate at synchronous speed. These motors are not self starting. Squirrel cage or wound rotor is required to accelerate it to near synchronous speed and then the rotor pulls in and rotates with stator field.

Synchronous Motors contd

The speed of the rotor is constant over the load range of the motor. As the load increases, the load angle and power drawn from the supply increases and on excessive load the motor pulls out of synchronism.

Motor Starting

The various methods employed in motor starting are:

Direct On Line (D-O-L) Reduced Voltage Methods

Motor Starting

Direct-On-Line

Here the motor is switched direct on line. The associated motor starter consists of a contactor to connect the motor to the supply and an overload relay to protect the motor from overheating. D-O-L method is the most simple and is the most widely used method. AC induction motors are frequently used at fixed speeds and majority of these are powered at full rated voltage direct on line (DOL).

Motor Starting

Reduced voltage Methods

This method is used when it is necessary to limit the starting current. Reduced voltage also means reduced torque The two widely used methods are

Star/Delta Autotransformer

Motor Starting

Star/Delta Starters

Star-Delta starters work by first connecting the motor in star configuration so that only 58% of the full line voltage is applied to the motor. After a short period, this connection is changed to delta thereby applying the full line voltage. The contactors used for this method also require regular maintenance.

Motor Starting

Autotransformer starting

The motor is initially started at reduced voltage by means of connections tapped to an autotransformer The autotransformer has usually three sets of tapping. Typical values are 50%, 65% and 80%.

Motors Used in a Power Plant

The motors that draw power from the 3.3, 6.6 and 11kV lines are collectively called HT motors. The motors for MDBFP and CW pumps draw power from the 11kV line. The motor for the FD fan draws power from the 3.3kV line. Then there are the LT motors that draw power from the 415V line. An example is the lube oil pumps. Then we also have servo motors to operate valves, dampers etc...

Conclusion

We get back to where we started off. Motors form the single largest group of prime movers found in a power plant.

THANK YOU