PROTECTION AND INTERLOCKING SCHEME OF MV SWITCHGEAR

BY MURTAZA HUSSAIN SR ENGR, SWE

SWITCHGEAR IEC/IS
BHEL Manufacture Switchgear as per IEC:62271-1002001, IS:3427:1997/IEC:298:1990, IS:13118:1991/ IEC:56:1987
IEC:62271-100-2001 High voltage alternating current circuit breaker.

IS:3427:1997/IEC:298:1990 AC Metal enclosed switchgear and Controlgear for rated voltage above 1 kV & upto & including 52 kV.
IS:13118:1991/IEC:56:1987 Specification for High Voltage Alternating current circuit breaker.

SWITCHGEAR
A GENERAL TERM COVERING SWITCHING DEVICES AND THEIR COMBONATION WITH ASSOCIATED CONTROL, MEASUREING, PROTECTIVE AND REGULATING EQUIPMENT, ALSO ASSEMBLIES OF SUCH DEVICES AND EQUIPMENT WITH ASSOCIATED INTERCONNECTIONS, ACCESSORIES, ENCLOSURE AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
A MECHANICAL SWITCHING DEVICE CAPABLE OF MAKING, CARRYING, AND BREAKING CURRENTS UNDER NORMAL CIRCUIT CONDITIONS AND ALSO MAKING, CARRYING FOR A SPECIFIED TIME AND BREAKING CURRENTS UNDER SPECIFIED ABNORMAL CIRCUIT CONDITIONS SUCH AS THOSE OF SHORT CIRCUIT.

CHAMBERS IN SWITCHGEAR

Breaker Chamber

Busbar Chamber

HT CHAMBER

CT/PT Chamber

Instrument Chamber (Relay/meters/switches etc.)

LT CHAMBER

LOCATION OF VARIOUS MAJOR COMPONENTS IN SWITCHGEAR

Circuit Breaker
Current Transformer Instruments Potential Transformer Surge Suppressor Busbar
INSERT PICTURE

SWITCHGEAR IN POWER SYSTEM CAN ACT AS :

Incomer Feeder TIE Feeder Transformer Feeder Motor Feeder

Bus Coupler
Plant Feeder / Outgoing feeder Bus PT Line PT

Incomer Feeder: Switchgear Panel intended for supply power to the Switchboard.
TIE Feeder: Switchgear panel which connects the two same voltage level switchboard. Power can flow in either direction TIE feeder. Motor Feeder: Switchgear panel employed for feeding the motor.

Transformer Feeder: Switchgear panel employed for feeding the transformer. Plant / Outgoing Feeder: Switchgear panel employed for supply power to other switchboard. Bus PT: Switchgear panel having voltage transformer and used for the detection of bus voltage. Feeder/Line PT: Switchgear panel having voltage transformer and used for the detection of feeder/line side voltage.

TIE

INCOMER LINE PT OUTGOING/ PLANT FDR

MOTOR FDR

BUS PT

Typical Power Plant Single Line Diagram (SLD) (PART)

TRAFO FDR

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

The major functions of switchgears are protection, control and facilitating the maintenance of the electrical network including the switchgear itself. Control and inter-locking schemes constitute a very important aspect of medium voltage switchgears. The switching operation involves a variety of control and inter-locking schemes. Following are the variety of schemes which are being used:
Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes;

Voltage selection schemes;

Alarm schemes, Synchronizing schemes and Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SAFETY INTERLOCKS: i) The VCB truck cannot be racked in or out unless circuit breaker is in 'Open' condition. The VCB truck can not be racked in unless secondary Plug & socket are engaged. The circuit breaker closing operation is not possible Unless secondary plug & socket are engaged. The secondary plug and socket can not be disengaged When the VCB truck is in 'Service or any Intermediate position between these two positions. The circuit breaker closing operation is not possible unless the truck is in 'Service' or 'Test' position. The interlock mechanism cannot be operated unless the circuit breaker is in 'Open' condition.

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

VII)

Inter changeability of trucks of different current ratings are not possible.

VIII)

Provision for Earthing

Earthing feature & Interlock (operation of Earthing module) a) FEB Feeder Earthing Breaker b) BEB Bus Bar Earthing Breaker

IX)

Earthing Truck (Test to Service) Limit Switch

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

CLOSING CIRCUIT :

The closing circuit consists of fuses, control switch, anti pumping device, spring charged limit switch & closing coil. Closing command is executed by control switch through breaker NC contact when spring is charged. All auxiliary switch contacts position changes i.e. NO contact closes and NC contact opens. The CB can be closed manually by green coloured manual close knob provided in the mechanism box.

ANTI PUMPING : Anti pumping device prevent the CB from getting repeated closing and tripping impulses when a continuous closing command is given before the tripping impulse is withdrawn.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

Tripping Schemes

Shunt Tripping Schemes

Series Tripping Schemes

SHUNT TRIPPING CIRCUIT :

The tripping circuit consists of fuses, control switch, protective relay & tripping coil. Breaker can be opened intentionally by control switch & on fault, breaker gets tripping command from relay. All aux. switches will restore their original positions i.e. NO will open and NC will close.

Note : The tripping spring gets charged while the closing spring is discharged.

Series Tripping Schemes

Using Relays Using Summation CT Using Motor Protection Circuit Breaker (MPCB) Using Time Limit Fuses

PANEL ILLUMINATION :

40W filament lamp is provided inside the instrument panel. The door operated panel illumination lamp gets automatically lighted on opening the door.
3 PIN SOCKET& SWITCH:

5/15 Amps, 240 V, 5 Pin socket with piano switch is also provided on the panel for hand lamp.

ANTI CONDENSATION :

Two tubular heaters with thermostat and piano switch are provided for anti condensation in breaker chamber and CT chamber.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

Trip Circuit Supervision Schemes

The Trip circuit extends beyond the protection relay and other components such as fuses, relay contacts, switches etc requires considerable amount of circuit breaker wiring with intermediate terminal boards. These interconnections coupled with the importance of the circuit, results in the requirement to monitor the integrity of the circuit .

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

Voltage Selection Schemes

Need for Voltage Selection scheme ?

Voltage signals to instruments and meters mounted on switchgear panels are derived from the potential transformer (PTs). These PTs are either Bus connected or Feeder connected. Incase of fault any source feeder, arrangement should be made in such a way that PT signal should be available to meters and instruments

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

Alarm Schemes

Alarm Cancellation Scheme Alarm Annunciation Scheme

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

Synchronizing Schemes
To bring new bus (source) into the switchboard when old one is running and shifting to new one. To meet synchronizism that means two AC supplies are correctly paralleled following condition should be satisfied. a) The voltages of the two supplies must be within acceptable limits. b) The frequencies of the two supplies must be within acceptable limits. c) The phase difference of the two supplies must be within acceptable limits. Methods adopted for synchronization are : Manual Synchronization

By Check Synchronizing Relays

A check synchronizing relay is used to prevent inter-connection of two badly synchronized supplied. Its dual purpose is to Safeguard manual synchronizing.

AUTO SYNCHRONIZING

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

SWITCHGEAR INTERLOCK SCHEME

Safety Interlocks & schemes using position limit switches; Closing Scheme; Tripping schemes; Trip circuit supervision schemes; Voltage selection schemes; Alarm schemes,

Synchronizing schemes and

Automatic supply transfer schemes.

Automatic Supply Transfer Schemes

Requirement of Automatic Bus Transfer Scheme ? Unit Switchgear

Station Switchgear

Modes of Bus Transfer

A. Manual Bus Transfer i) Without Voltage Interruption ii) With Voltage Interruption a) Slow changeover b) Fast changeover B. Automatic Bus Transfer (under fault condition) with Voltage Interruption a) Slow changeover b) Fast changeover

Electrical Interlock in Closing Circuit

Electrical Interlock in Tripping Circuit

Electrical Interlocking scheme is guided by the logic diagram.

Protection Schemes for Medium Voltage Switchgear

Importance of Protection System in Electrical System ? 5-S Principles

Security

: Protective system should be reliable so that security of supply is ensured.

Sensitivity : Protective system should be able to sense minimum value of fault current, thereby reducing the consequent damage. Speed : Protective system should be able to isolate fault in the shortest possible time. Selectivity : Protective system should be able to select and trip only the nearest circuit breaker. Stability : Protective system should not operate for external faults.

FAULT : It is defined as any abnormal condition, which causes reduction in the basic insulation level strength of system. FAULT DETECTION : POSITIVE, NEGATIVE & ZERO Phase sequence component of system.

PROTECTION SCHEMES IN MV SWITCHGEAR

Non Directional Over Current for Phase Faults (50/51) Non Directional Over Current for Earth Fault (50N/51N)

Directional Over Current for Phase Faults (67)

Directional Over Current for Earth Fault (67N)

UNIT PROTECTION SCHEME

In Unit Protection sections of power system are protected individually as a complete unit without reference to other section. Some of the Unit scheme which MV Switchgear employed Pilot Wire Protection Scheme For the protection of CABLE connecting two Feeder Bus Differential Protection Scheme For the protection of BUSBAR Motor/ Transformer Differential Protection Scheme For the protection of MOTOR/ TRANSFORMER WINDINGS Restricted Earth Protection Scheme For the protection of TRANSFORMER WINDINGS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Non- Directional Over Current and Earth Fault Protection (50/51/50N/51N) Sensitive Earth Fault Protection (50N/2) Differential Protection (87T) Restricted Earth Fault Protection (64R) Incipient Faults (49/63TX)

MOTOR PROTECTION

Wide range of A.C Motors Motor characteristics due to various duties All Motor needs protection and choice should be independent of a type of motor & load connected.

NEED FOR PROTECTION

Allowing operation under normal conditions.

Quick isolation from supply under abnormal conditions. Averting damage to the motor & driven mechanism. Enhancement of life of motor.

MOTOR PROTECTION
A. MOTOR INDUCED
1. INSULATION FAILURE 2. BEARING FAILURE 3. MECHANICAL FAILURE 4. LOSS OF FIELD (SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR)

B. LOAD INDUCED

1. OVERLOAD/ UNDERLOAD 2. JAMMING 3. HIGH INERTIA 1. HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 2. HIGH CONTAMINATED LEVEL-BLOCKED VENTILATION 3. COLD, DAMP AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

C. ENVIRONMENT INDUCED

D. SOURCE OR SYSTEM INDUCED

1. PHASE FAILURE 2. OVER VOLTAGE/UNDER VOLTAGE 3. PHASE REVERSAL 4. OUT-OF-STEP

E. OPERATION AND APPLICATION INDUCED

1. SYNCHRONIZING, CLOSING OR RECLOSING OUT OF PHASE 2. HIGH DUTY CYCLE 3. JOGGING

MOTOR PROTECTION
Thermal Over Load protection (49)
Single phasing/ Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46) Short-circuits between phases or between phase and earth in the motor winding or its connections. (50/51) Partial or complete collapse of voltage (27) Locked rotor (51S)

Start or Stall Protection(48/51LR) Earth Fault Protection (50N) Loss-Of-Load Protection (37) Out of Step Protection (46)

RTD/BTD Protection (26)

Limitation of the number of start, Time between start (66)

EXPECTATIONS FROM MODERN MOTOR PROTECTION RELAYS:

1. The design of a modern motor protection relay must be adequate to cater for the protection needs of any one of the vast range of motor designs in service and many of designs having no permissible allowance for overload. 2. The relay should ideally be matched with the motor characteristics and be capable of close sustained overload protection, a wide range of relay adjustment id desirable together with good accuracy & low thermal overshoot. 3. Relay curves should take into account the extremes of zero prefault current known as the COLD condition & full rated current pre-fault known as HOT condition.

PROTECTION AGAINST SWITCHING SURGES:

What is an Electrical Surge ? External surge & Internal surge

Atmospheric Lightning cause External surge Switching action of devices cause internal surge

CAUSES OF SURGE GENERATION: Normal Switching On of a stationary motor.

Normal switching Off of a stationary motor.

Switching a Stalled motor or one running upto speed.

PROTECTION AGAINST SWITCHING SURGES:

SURGE

PROTECTION DEVICES:

These devices limits the over voltages in electrical system to the specified protection level, principally lower than the withstand voltage of equipment.

a/ C-R type surge suppressors.

b/ ZnO type surge arrestors.

IOCL SPECIFIC SCHEMES

BUS DIFFERENTIAL PILOT WIRE PROTECTION

MOTOR RE-ACCELERATION
MOTOR DIFFERENTIAL TWO OUT OF THREE BREAKER SCHEME

THANK YOU

Differential relay for bus bar protection can be implemented in one of the following three ways: 1.Sample by sample comparison. 2.Comparison of current phasors. 3.High impedance bus differential relay. The main difficulty in bus differential protection is that significant differential current may appear due to saturation of CT on external fault. When a CT saturates, its secondary current is not scaled replica of primary current. Therefore, sum of CT secondary current is not equal to sum of primary currents even though primary CT currents sum to zero. This causes a differential relay to operate on even external faults, leading to maloperation of bus protection scheme. This compromises security and is not acceptable. While the percentage differential can provide security against normal CT errors due to mismatch of CT turns ratio and magnetization current; it is not adequate to handle severe CT saturation problem. So the relevant questions to be asked now are: (1)How was this problem handled in the past, i.e. in the era prior to numerical relays? (2)How do numerical relays cope with this problem? High Impedance Bus Differential Relay This approach has been the most successful with traditional electro mechanical and solid state relay. It is based upon the following ingenious and innovative thinking. If you cannot beat CT saturation, exploit it! In fact this is now a well accepted principle in theory of systematic innovation, also known as TRIZ (a Russian acronym), that one innovative way to problem solving is to exploit the harm: If you cannot undo the harm, stretch the harm to the extreme and then exploit it to your advantage". Recall that when a CT core saturates, it behaves more like an air core device. The coupling between the primary and secondary winding is negligible. The impedance now offered by the CT as seen from the CT secondary terminals is very low and it equals the impedance of the CT secondary winding. The CT is no more a current source with high impedance shunt. Rather, it is a plain low impedance path. Thus, if we increase the impedance of the relay element which was to carry the differential current significantly, then sum of all the CT secondary currents (except for the saturated CT) will be diverted into the low impedance path of saturated CT's secondary. Therefore, differential current would be negligible and hence protection system will not operate (See fig 38.6).Thus, now saturation of CT itself is responsible for saving a false operation.

In contrast, numerical relays offer a low impedance path. Hence, this scheme of differential bus bar protection cannot be emulated with numerical relays. Therefore, with numerical relays the busbar protection has to be very fast. i.e preferably decision making has to be completed before the CT saturates. Recall that saturation of CT is primarily a consequence of DC offset current. The time for CT core saturation also depends upon time constant (L/R) of transmission line. If the protection system could reach trip decision before the onset of CT core saturation, then it would be reliable. Hence, numerical relaying based bus bar protection is expected to operate in quarter of a cycle. Development of such protection scheme requires ingenuity because of the well known speed vs accuracy conflict. Non linear % Differential Characteristics If the CT core saturation factor could be discounted for, then we could use constant % differential characteristic for bus bar differential protection. We model a CT as scaled current source due to transformation ratio in parallel with magnetizing impedance (Norton's equivalent). However, the magnetizing impedance itself is nonlinear. It is large when CT core is not saturated and small when CT core is saturated. The current in this branch directly contributes to the differential current.

This suggests that % differential characteristics should be modified to have higher slopes to take care of CT saturation. A fast protection scheme can be devised by instantaneous sample based differential protection scheme. In contrast, a phasor summation scheme will be inherently slower as correct phasor estimates will have to wait until the moving window is totally populated with post fault current samples. One way out of this imbroglio is to use a smaller data window (e.g. 3 sample window). On the other hand, the comparison scheme based computation of instantaneous samples can be error prone due to noise transient related problem. To obtain reliability, it is necessary that consistent differential current should be obtained. A transient monitor function can be used to check that. A transient counter is initialized to zero. If a fault is detected due to presence of differential current, then counter is incremented. Conversely, if counter is greater than zero, and no fault is detected (small enough differential current magnitude) then counter is decremented. If the counter crosses a preset threshold value, trip decision is implemented. This scheme will not trip on transient. However, in addition to internal faults, it will also trip on external fault. For this purpose, the differential protection relay also has to have an inbuilt feature to detect CT saturation. One way to detect CT core saturation is based on measuring current change in consecutive samples with the expected sinusoidal signal model. A change much beyond the expected change in sinusoidal model indicates CT core saturation. Many more innovative schemes can be thought out to detect CT saturation which is beyond the scope of this lecture.

NEED OF STABILIZING RESISTOR & METROSIL IN HIGH IMPEDENCE CIRCUIT

Stabilizing resistor are used to Limit the heavy fault current to safe value for relays Metrosil are used to limit voltage drop across the relays

HIGH & LOW IMPEDENCE CIRCUITS

The high impedance protection is "more sensitive" compared to low impedance protection. Apart from that high impedance protection is faster that of low impedance protection. But this is at the cost of high CT requirements like same CT ratio and high CT knee point voltage requirement. More over to make the protection stable for thro fault, we need to consider stabilising resistor and metrosil. Another alternative to high impendence differential protection is using low impedance protection. It involves comparatively less complexity than that of High impedance protection as it does not require any external component like stabilising resistor / metrosil. Here the thro fault stability is achieved thro biasing technique. When compared to high impedance low impedance will be bit slower, but the CT requirement is less as it can be used with difference CT ratios with 5P class of CT's and comparatively less Vk requirement.