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Governor is a device to control speed /load to a set point. Type: Hydraulic & Electro-hydraulic Advantages & disadvantages
ADVANTAGES OF EHC
i) Increases the life of turboset by conservative operation with the aid of TSE ii) Reliable operation of isolated power grid by Automatic Switchover of the load controller to frequency control. iii) Precise maintenance of the rated frequency of the power grid by means of an exact frequency load curve. iv) Low speed deviation under all operational conditions. v) Support of the pressure control system
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EHC can be divided into following sub-sections: 1 Speed measurement and Speed controller 2 Load controller and Load measurement 3 Pressure controller 4 Control transfer of Speed, Load and Pressure Controller 5 Admission /Position Controller
2790 0%
2940
3060
3210 RPM
-100%
What is Droop?
% of frequency change ( % of RPM change) will lead to full travel of Governing valves or full load change. 5% droop means: 5%*50 Hz= 2.5 Hz Will change 500MW. In terms of output total change should take place is 100%
TURBINE DROOP 5% & NO DEAD BAND 2700 +100% 2850 3000 RPM 3150 3300
0 -100% +100%
-150 RPM
+150 RPM
+300
1a Speed measurement
Hall probes are mounted around a disc (fitted at the turbine shaft) containing 120 magnets (60 N-pole & 60-S pole alternatively) . An advantage of the same is that one rotation of disc will generate 60 positive pulses & So, by counting the pulses for one second we can directly determine the turbo set speed in rpm.
1b Speed Controller
Speed Controller is used to increase turbine speed from barring speed to rated speed in a controlled manner and to assist Auto synchronizer in synchronizing the machine and taking the blocking load. After synchronization speed controller can be used for taking load up to 100% but as a normal practice approx. 10% of load should be taken and then load controller should be taken into service. It is done because during speed controller mode a small frequency change will cause corresponding opening in valve opening ( hence in load)
Speed controller can be divided into sub section: Speed set point, Speed set point control, Dn/Dt monitoring, Speed control Loop, No load correction.
a) Speed set point can be changed from cabinet, desk, auto Synchronizer and SGC turbine. The set point is called nR. The set point changes at a gradient of 2160 rpm/min up to a setting 2820 rpm. After 2820rpm speed set point changes at a gradient of 360 rpm/min which enables accurate setting of set point in the working range
c) Dn/Dt MONITORING
A Speed controller output (hr n c) should be more than 0.0 V (with a time delay of 10 seconds) B E S Vs open. C Generator circuit breaker in open condition. D Actual speed (n a c t) < 2850 rpm. E Speed set point (nR) more than 700 RPM for 200MW. For 500MW,set point is > 400 rpm. F Dn/Dt < 108 rpm M/c will bring back to soaking speed 600rpm/360rpm
d) Speed Controller Loop: Speed Controller loop is PD (P) loop with a droop of 5%. As the rated speed of the turbine is 3000 rpm hence 5% is 150 rpm. A deviation of 150 rpm will correspond to full opening of the control valve (with the assumption that full opening of control valve will give full load at rated parameters)
2.Load Controller
Load controller is used to maintain the load set by the operator ( at turbine control or at CMC console ) or automatic load dispatch Centre (optional ). Load controller is also responsible for taking care of frequency changes and correcting the load. The controller comes into operation only after synchronization, before Synchronization it remains in the follow mode .The total loop can be divided in the following sub-sections
2A)Load Set Point: Load Set Point:- Load set point can be changed from cabinet, desk, SGC or CMC or from Auto dispatch Centre (optional).The set point changes at a gradient of 100 MW /Min for 200MW & 250MW/min for 500MW). The gradient remains same through out the range. The load set point indicator is available at desk. The range of the indicator is 0-250 MW for 200 MW M/c & 0-600MW for 500MW M/c.
2D)Frequency Influence
Frequency influence is used to correct the load set point. The frequency influence has got a droop of 5% The frequency influence can be switched on/off from Frequency Influence module Indicator for the correction signal is available at desk of range +/- 100MW for 200MW M/c & +/- 200 MW for 500MW M/c. IN all NTPC stations this has been kept off.
Pressure Controller :-
3a) Initial Pressure Mode A Pressure deviation signal (difference of required pressure as per load and actual pressure ) is fed to the controller .As long the deviation is more than + 150mV (Actual> required ) the pressure controller output remains as maximum saturation. If the deviation fall between 0 to +150mV, the output of the pr. controller comes out from saturation & match to the output of final minimum selection output As soon as the deviation becomes negative, the output of the pressure control starts This mode comes when runback action comes into picture or it is selected from console
Pressure controller
3b Limit pressure mode The function of this mode is similar to the initial pressure mode .The only difference being that biasing of 10Kg/Cm2 is given in this loop. Hence, all the action start after the pressure drops by more than 10Kg/Cm2. This mode is used when m/c is in load control; a small pressure correction signal is also applied +/- side to load set point control. This mode should be used once the load on turbo set is stabilized.
4 Control Transfer: This loop receives the signal from speed controller (hrnc), load controller(hr PC) and pr. controller a set of Max & Min selection and then final value selected is passed on to position /admission controller hrnc> and <hr PC> pass through a maximum value selector and the value selected is passed on to first MIN value selection. 10.5v is added in <hrnc> and this value is also fed to first Min value selector The value selected in first Min value selector is passed on to the second MIN value selector along with output of pressure controller output (hr PRC) The value selected here is passed on the position / admission controller.
Position/admission Controller:
Position Controller is the final control element in EHC. It receives the signal from control transfer It receives feedback signal from Collins transmitters.Two Collins transmitters are provided Selection one of two is through MIN value selector (logic MAX selector) Plunger coil supplied in EHC is an integrator type. The balance point of the coil is 1.0V Provision to switch ON/OFF the voltage supply to plunger coil. Switching ON /OFF can be done only if the output of position controller is > 100%.
PLUNGER COIL RESPONSE STEP INPUT OF ORDER OF 2 VOLT DC COLLINS RESPONSE AT INPUT OF CARD ( 1 ,2) EHC COIL RESPONSE HPCV RESPONSE, DELAY BY 1 SEC
MIN
PI controller
Admission controller
AND
EHC> 100%
Step I/n
collins1or2
HPCV1 opening
MIN PI CONTR COLLINS 10 KSC INITIAL PR. MODE MIN EHC CONV
PI CONT.
LOAD CONT MAX SPEED CONT 100% -0-+100% OVER SPEED LIMIT 105% MIN
For example :- Turbine running at 3000 rpm Output of speed controller at (50Kg/Cm2)=1.5V Output of speed controller at (150Kg/Cm2)=0.8V The pressure transmitter ranges is 0=250Kg/Cm2 = 0-10V for 4 to 20mA The correction input as given with a gain of 0.05 and the overall gain of speed controller loop is so net gain for correction signal =0.05x22.22=1.11 Hence correction input required at 50Kg Cm2 =1.5/1.11 =1.35v and correction input required at Y=m x +C Y= Correction Signal X = Pressure Signal ( 50 kg/cm2=2v, 150 kg/cm2=6v) 1.35=M x 2+C. .(1) 0.72=M x 6 +C. .(2)
By solving above two equation M = -0.16 C= 1.67 Gain (M) should be adjusted by potentiometer AB 099/R11 negative polarity of (M) is taken ca