SWITCHGEAR

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Presentation outline
Basics of switchgear Components and Classification Basic design aspects Breakers, relays and fuses Typical parameters

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What is a Switchgear ?
The apparatus used for Switching, Controlling and Protecting the Electrical Circuits and equipment.

Need of Switchgear :
* Switching during normal operating conditions for the purpose of Operation and Maintenance. * Switching during Faults and Abnormal conditions and interrupting the fault currents.

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SWITCHGEAR
Historical background : up to 1875 : knife switches 1885 1900 : Bulk Oil circuit breaker : Arc extinction devices, MOCB

1930s : ABCB 1950s : SF6 1960s : Vacuum CB

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PARTS OF SWITCHGEAR
Switching device

Power circuit

Control circuit

Measurement and display

Protection
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Switching devices : Circuit breakers / contactors Isolators Earthing switch Control Circuit : service / test /isolated position selectors Tripping and closing circuit Spring charging, anti pumping arrangement Supply monitoring , space heaters , indications Measurement : Ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter Protection : Relays, CT, PT,
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SWITCHGEAR Various symbols

Isolator / Disconnecting switch

Circuit Breaker

Earthing switch

Lightening Arrestor

CT

PT

Ammeter

Voltmeter

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SWGR : CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHGEARS : Method of arc quenching : Bulk oil, Min. oil, Air Break, Air Blast, SF6 , Vacuum Working voltage : 440 v, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 400 kV etc. Indoor / out door SOME INTERLOCKS : Check synchronisation for closing Master relay contacts for trip and close HV & LV Breaker interlocks Main / Reserve supply change over

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Swgr: Basic Design Aspects

The Auxiliary power system in a power plant must form a RELIABLE source of power to all unit and Station auxiliaries. The basic function of Switchgear is to control supply of electric power and to protect the equipment in the event of abnormal conditions.Hence the Switchgears have to be RELIABLE , SAFE, and ADEQUATE . Defining the reliability, safety aspects and adequacy aspects in terms of Quantitative parameters forms the essential part in SPECIFICATIONS

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Swgr: Basic Design Aspects

33 KV, 11 KV, 6.6 KV and 3.3 KV Switchgears Indoor, metal clad single front and fully Compartmentalized , with degree of protection IP42 and IP52 for metering compartments. For 33 KV the switchgears can be metal enclosed either. Circuit Breakers of either SF6 or Vacuum type. They shall comprise of three separate identical single pole interrupting units operated through a common shaft by a sturdy mechanism.

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Basic Design Aspects

Breakers are suitable for Switching transformers and motors at any load and also for starting 3.3 KV - Above 200 KW to 1500 KW , 11 KV- above 1500 KW for 500 MW units and 6.6 KV- above 200 KW for 210 MW units. Surge arresters are provided for all motor feeders to limit the over voltages For Coal handling plant Motors where frequent start/stop of motors is called for HRC fuse backed contactors are provided. Suitable Interlocks are provided to ensure that Breaker is off before opening the rear doors/covers.

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 VSTPP -II are being controlled normally from remote through DDCMIS/PLC. The control Switch located on the Switchgear is normally used only for testing. All the logic for incomers, buscouplers , ties, transformer feeders and motor feeders is being generated in DDCMIS only . The reverse blocking schemes are still incorporated in Swgr(hardwired) In earlier projects these logics were generated in Swgr / remote panel (HARDWIRED). Such a type of control has facilitated Flexibility ,simpler wiring and helped in standardizing interface requirements . A typical Control scheme being implemented in Talcher-II is as displayed. Isolation Transformers for Lighting distribution to limit the fault of lighting Boards to 9 KA. Safety Measures for Switchgear include provision of insulated mats in front.
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Basic design features: Control and Safety onwards all Circuit Breakers/contactors

Typical Control Scheme

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Unit Supply One Line Diagram

400KV Bus Bar STN Supply GT STN Supply 6.6KV Unit Bus

20.5 KV 6.6 KV Unit Bus-2

6.6KV 6.6 KV 415 V 6.6 KV 415V Motor Feeders 415 V

Motors
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DC Chargers

Relays

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Relay :
A device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the Circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relay detects the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and faulty conditions.

PT

CT

CB

Source RELAY
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Load

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Requirements of Protecting relaying :

part Selectivity - Ability to select the faulty part and isolate that

without disturbing the rest of the system. Speed - Ability to disconnect the faulty part at the earliest possible time. Sensitivity - Ability of the relay to operate with low value of actuating quantity. Reliability - Ability of the system to operate under predetermined May 24, 2012 PMI Revision 00 18 conditions

Simplicity - Should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. - The simpler the protection scheme, the greater is the reliability Economy - Availability at lower cost. - Generally, the protective gear should not cost more than 5% of the total cost. However, when the apparatus to be protected is of utmost importance (e.g. Generator, GT etc) economic conditions are subordinated to reliability.

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Classification of Relays based on Design :

RELAYS

Electromagnetic & Electro thermal * Attracted Armature * Induction disc * Printed disc dynamometer * Permanent magnet * Moving coil * Polarised moving Iron * Bimetallic Strip
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Static

Microprocessor based Numerical

* Relay consists of Electronic circuitry such as Transistors, ICs, Diodes etc * Uses VLSI technology * Can be Programmed
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Basic classification of Relays based on Function :

* Current based, with and without directional feature. * Voltage based * Impedance based * Frequency based * Power based, with and without directional feature

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Circuit Breakers

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Main Parts of a Circuit Breaker :

* Fixed Contact

* Movable Contact * Operating Mechanism and control circuit * Arc extinguishing medium

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Basic trip circuit :

Bus Line PT

CT

RELAY

CB

Trip Coil

DC supply
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Few definitions :
Breaking Capacity: Max fault current at which a CB capable of breaking. Making Capacity: Max current a CB can withstand if it closing on existing Short circuit. Restriking Voltage: After the arc has been extinguished, the voltage across the breaker terminals does not normalize instantaneously but it oscillates The transient voltage which appears across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being extinguished. Recovery Voltage: Power frequency voltage which appears across the breaker contacts after the arc is finally extinguished and transient oscillations die out.
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is

Fault clearing process :

During any Fault.. * Fault impedance will be low, so fault current will increase and relay senses this increase in current. * Relay contacts closes and sends trip signal to circuit breaker and the trip coil of the circuit breaker will get energized. * Operating mechanism of the circuit breaker will operate and separate the contacts. * Arc will be initiated between the contacts and it is extinguished by suitable methods.

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Arcing phenomenon :
- When a fault occurs, heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker before they are opened by the protective system. - At the instant when the contacts begin to separate, the contact area decreases rapidly and current density (I/A) increases and hence rise in temperature. -The heat produced is sufficient to ionise the medium between the contacts. This ionised medium acts as conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts. - The potential difference between the contacts is very small and is sufficient to maintain the arc. - The current flow depends upon the Arc resistance.
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Events/Timings during fault clearing process

Fault clearing Relay time + Circuit breaker = Time Time Instant Of Fault Closure of Trip Circuit Final arc Extinction
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Relay time

to

Circuit breaker = Time

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Closure of to Trip Circuit

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 Various types of CBs :

(i) Miniature CB (ii) Air Break CB (iii) Air Blast CB (iv) Oil CB (v) SF6 CB (vi) Vacuum CB

Bulk Oil CB Minimum Oil CB

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Air Break CB :

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Air Blast CB :

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ABCB- Principle of arc quenching

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Bulk Oil CB :

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Minimum Oil CB :

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SF6 CB :

1. Op mechanism 2. Interrupter 3. Support 4. Op rod 5. Linkage 6. Terminals 7. Filters

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8. Puffer cylinder 9. Nozzle 10. Fixed position 11. Fixed contact 12. Moving contact 13. Gas inlet
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Advantage of SF6
* Inert gas with high dielectric

strength.

* Colour less and odour less. * Non-toxic and non- inflammable. * Sf6 is blown axially to the arc, hence it removes the heat by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result the arc dia reduces and comes to zero at current zero. * Gas pressure in the chamber is at 5 ksc. * SF6 is filled at a pressure of 12 ksc in the tank and maintained by means of an individual or a common compressor. * The decomposition products of arcing are not explosive hence no chance of fire. Disadvantages * SF6 gas condensates at low temperature & high pressure
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Vacuum CB :

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Advantage of vacuum CB
* Used

up to 66 KV. * Vacuum is of the range of 106 to 108 torr. * Vacuum is highly dielectric, so arc cant persists. * Separation of contacts causes the release of metal vapour from the contacts, the density of vapour depends on the fault current. * At current zero the vapour emission will tends to zero and the density will becomes zero and dielectric strength will build up and restriking will be prevented. * No emission to atmosphere, hence pollution free. * Non- explosive and silent operation. * Compact size.
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Disadvantage of vacuum CB
* High

initial cost. * Surge suppressors (R or RC combination) are to be connected at load side for limiting switching overvoltage while switching low pf loads.

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Few definitions :
Rated current : - Current which can be carried without fusing Minimum fusing current : - Min value of the rms current at which the fuse melts. Fusing factor : - FF = Min fusing current / Rated current Prospective current : - Current which would have flown if the fuse is absent. Cut-off current : - Maximum value of fault current actually reached before the fuse elements melts.

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Characteristics of Fuse :
I Prospective current

Cut-off current Fault occur t

Pre-arcing time
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Arcing time
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Characteristics of Fuse element :

- Low melting point. (Tin, Lead) - High conductivity (Silver, Copper) - Free from deterioration due to Oxidation (Silver) - Low cost (Lead, Tin, Copper) Outstanding feature of a Fuse element is that it isolates the circuit well before the fault current reaches its first peak current. This gives the fuse a great advantage over a Circuit breaker since the most severe thermal and electromagnetic effects of Short-circuit currents (which occurs at the peak value of the Prospective current) are not experienced with fuses.

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 Types of Fuses :
LV fuses
Semi-enclosed rewirable fuse : - consists of porcelain base and a fuse carrier. - used where low currents are to be interrupted. - used in domestic and lighting applications HRC cartridge fuse : - consists of heat resistant ceramic body and the cartridge is filled with filler material such as chalk, plaster of Paris, quartz or marble dust which acts as arc quenching and cooling medium. - when fuse element (silver) melts, high resistance substance is formed due to the chemical reaction between the silver vapor and the filling powder. Thus Arc is quenched.
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HV fuses
(i) Expulsion type : - consists of hollow tube made of synthetic-resin bonded paper in which fuse wire is placed - when fuse element melts, it causes decomposition of the inner coating of the tube resulting in formation of gases which extinguishes the arc. - used in the level of 11 KV, 250 MVA and generally used for protection of distribution transformers. (ii) Drop-out fuse : - Expulsion type fuse. - when fuse melts, the fuse element carrying tube drops down due to gravity, so that, can be spotted easily.
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Coordination between Fuses and a O/C protection devices: Char of Fuse Char of O/C prot devices Capacity of Circuit breaker

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Details of various CBs in RSTPS

STAGE-I
RATING 6.6 KV 415V MAKE ASEA NGEF QUENCHING MEDIUM MOCB AIR

STAGE-II
RATING 6.6 KV 11KV 415V MAKE SIEMENS SIEMENS EE QUENCHING MEDIUM VACUUM VACUUM AIR

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OS I
LOCATION SLURRY P/H-1 RAW WATER P/H COMPR: - 1 COLONY S/S CW P/H 1 RATING 415 V 6.6 KV 6.6 KV 11 KV 6.6 KV MAKE NGEF ASEA/ ABB ASEA GEC ASEA/ ABB MEDIUM AIR MOCB/ VACCUM MOCB MOCB MOCB/SF6/ VACUUM

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OS II & 33KV
LOCATION SLURRY P/H - 2 CW P/H - 2 DM PLANT MCC 33 KV S/S 1&2
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RATING 415V& 6.6 KV 415V 415V 33 KV

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MAKE EE/ SIEMENS EE EE MG

MEDIUM AIR/ VACUUM AIR AIR SF6

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S/Y
Make AEG NGEF BHEL ABB BHEL
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Voltage Rating (KV) 400 220 & 400 220 & 400 220 & 400 132

Operating Mechanism
CENTERALISED AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM HYDRAULIC INDIVIDUAL AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM MOTORISED
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Arc Ext Medium SF6 SF6 SF6 SF6 OIL

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SF6 gas pressures of CBs : (bar)

Make AEG NGEF BHEL ABB Rated Pr 8.0 8.0 7.5 7.0 Low Pr Alarm 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.2 Functional Lock out 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.0

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Operating medium parameters of CBs : (bar) Make

Operating Pr: A/R Lock out Operation Lock out Safety Valve Open

AEG (Air) 37 34

NGEF (Air) 30.6 28

BHEL (Hydr) 303 30

ABB (Air) 31.5 30

30 42

27.3 42

253 NA

23 33

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THANK YOU

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