Fire fighting equipments and systems

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Fire extinguishers

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Different Kinds of Extinguishers

Four

most common fire extinguishers: Water type Dry Powder type Foam type Carbon Dioxide

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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Its easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:

Pull Aim Squeeze Sweep

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Pull the pin

This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher

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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher Aim at the base of the fire

Hit the fuel.

If you aim at the flames...

the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.

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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Squeeze the top handle

This depresses a button that releases the pressurized extinguishing agent.

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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Sweep from side to side

.. until the fire is completely out.
Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then slowly move forward. Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it re-ignites.
Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

To fight a fire take up a position, where access a fire is unrestricted, but quick and safe retreat is possible

A crouching posture minimize the effect of smoke and heat

Fire should not left smouldering Fire brigade called at the earliest & alarm raised If the fire shows sign of going out of control, it is best not to use extinguisher

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Selection of extinguishers

Ease in handling

Method of operation
Operating angle of jet Effective range Shape of jet

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Water type extinguisherstypes

soda acid type:
Aluminum sulphate+Sodium bicarbonate Co2

Gas pressure: Gas cartridge filled with Co2 Constant air pressure: Dry air as propellant

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire.

The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:

1. Water (APW)

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall and weigh about 25 pounds when full.
APW stands for AirPressurized Water.

Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are essentially large squirt guns.
Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

APWs extinguish fire by taking away the heat element of the Fire Triangle.

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
APWs are designed for Class A fires only: Wood, paper, cloth.

Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.
Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an APW on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment is un-plugged / de-energized.
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Water for Fire extinguishment

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Water type extinguishers

Water as cooling agent Use on CLASS A fires

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Water
Merits Easy availability Lowest in cost Good extinguishing capabilities Environmentally friendly Limitations Need large volumes Lots of wastage Collateral damage

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Water mist technology

Helps convert the limitations of water into an ADVANTAGE HOWEVER Its CRITICAL that the water droplets are of the right size (100-150microns) There is a constant flow of droplets of this size The droplets are propelled at a high velocity into the seat of the fire while operating at a low working pressure

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Water mist technology

The importance of droplets size Small size droplets ( < 50 ) Optimal size droplets ( ~ 100 150 ) Large size droplets ( > 200 )

lets examine.

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Water mist technology

Small size droplets (< 50 )

Small size droplets cannot penetrate the flame and are ineffective
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Water mist technology

Large size droplets (> 200 )

Large size droplets mainly fly over the flame leaving a puddle behind (90% wastage)
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Water mist technology

Optimal size droplets (~ 100 to 150 )

Optimal size droplets fly into the flame and evaporate there (over 90% effectiveness)
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Water mist technology

Optimal size droplets (~ 100 to 150 )

This forms a steam blanket that suffocates the flame and prevents the oxygen from coming in
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Water mist technology

Importance of the optimal size droplets (~ 100 to 150 )
100 80
Effectiveness

60 40 20 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

30 0

35 0

Droplet size
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40 0

50

Water mist technology

Effects of Steam
Deactivation Effect

Steam increases Volume by 1640 times

Cleansing Effect

Cooling Effect

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Carbon Dioxide
2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

CO2 is non combustible gas, reduces O2 content of gas Co2 is 1.5 times heavier than air, directed with Hard, plastic nozzle Best for sophisticated apparatus Use on CLASS B and CLASS C fires

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great, bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn!

CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.
Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire.

CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
CO2 fire extinguishers are designed for Class B and C fires only! (Flammable Liquids and Electrical
Sources)

CO2 fire extinguishers will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens and flammable liquid storage areas. In accordance with regulations (and manufacturers recommendations), all CO2 extinguishers undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.
Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing a Class A fire because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
Construction
CO2 filled in the cylinder as liquied under pressure Cylinder filled with charge to about 2/3 weight Fitted with discharge flexible hose and operating valve

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

Carbon dioxide type

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air. The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at putting out fire.
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Types of Fire Extinguishers

Dry chemical type

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

Dry chemical type

Gas cartridge filled with CO2

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
ABC extinguishers are red. On campus, they range in size from 5 to 20 lbs.

ABC fire extinguishers are filled with a fine yellow powder. The greatest portion of this powder is composed of monoammonium phosphate. It could be of Borex, potesium sulphate as dry powder also. The extinguishers are pressurized with inert gas like nitrogen or CO2.
Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types

You may see them labeled: DC (for Dry Chemical) ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires) BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers It is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical extinguishers are located in your area!
An ABC extinguisher will have a label like this, indicating it may be used on Class A, B and C fires.

You dont want to mistakenly use a BC extinguisher on a Class A fire thinking that it was an ABC extinguisher.

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for Class B and C fires (BC extinguishers) may be located in places such as commercial kitchens and areas with flammable liquids. On campus, you will find ABCs in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories, break rooms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical rooms, University vehicles, etc.
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Types of Fire Extinguishers

4. Foam type Fire Extinguishers
Foam as smothering medium
For class-B fires Aluminium sulphate + sodium bicorbanate FOAM

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Types of Fire Extinguishers

4. Foam type

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Precaution for using Fire Extinguishers

Proper training Upkeep/maintenance To keep required type of extinguishers as per risk to be protected.

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Fire Hydrant System

For protection of buildings & plant Provide adequate water supply Should be separate from any other system Water is supplied by electrically driven pumps Diesel driven pumps in case of electrical pumps failure Fire risk areas connected with fire hydrant pipe lines Fire monitor can be installed to direct the jet in desired direction

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Fire Hydrant System

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Automatic sprinkler system

Used to tackle a fire in its early stages Detects fire Extinguish fire Transmit an alarm Contains a device which, at a predetermined rise in temp, causes the sprinkler to open Water to be discharged in form of spray

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Glass Bulb Type Sprinkler Head

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Sprinkler in operation

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Fire Detection & Annunciation System

Detection System Ionization smoke detectors Optical smoke detectors Electro-pneumatic (rate of rise & fixed temperature heat) type detectors Thermocouple detectors for conveyors Annunciation system Manual fire alarm call centre Local area hooters Audio-visual control panels Addressable analog panels

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Fire Detection System

To detect a fire To transmit a warning classified as heat detector and some detector types System usually operates on batteries Essential components are wiring, detectors, visual indicating panels, audible warning devices etc.

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Heat Detectors
Point detector type
Line detector break link cable type

Sensing elements of metal strips, rods, wires or coils are used which expand when heated
Fusible alloys or thermocouples can also be used

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Smoke Detectors

Respond to the smoke or other products of combustion evolved from a fire Smoke detectors can be designed to be extremely sensitive and detect fire before heat detectors

Having limitations to their general use in industry

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Hose reel and hose cabinet

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Fire extinguishers

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Manual alarm system

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Panel for automatic detection system

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Public address system

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Exit signage

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Emergency light

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Hydrant on a riser

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Use of Robot
Range of Robot in Use in Japan
Unmanned monitor nozzle vehicle Remote control fire vehicle Reconnaissance robot (for search) The fire robot

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Using Robots: Capabilities

Can ascend/descend stair of 350 slope. Discharge 200 liters water through 32mm hose reel of 50m distance. Can withstand 8000 for 3 minutes & 4000 for 30 minutes. Can be fitted with Gas detection and thermal imaging systems.

Robots cannot replace fire fighters and are not only solution . Robots deliver & reduce risk to firemen.
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Fire robo

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Designed By Sh.P.K.Rao, Dy. Director (Technical), U.P.Fire Service

Other system and equipments

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Other system and equipments

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Other system and equipments

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Other system and equipments

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007

Other system and equipments

Safety Module: Fire Safety, Rev 0.0, Mar 2007