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Centralised
PS CP
Pumped
PS
Municipal Works
CP
De-Centralised
WTP ST
Septic tank
Pumped / Gravity
WTP
Pumped / Gravity
ST
Soakaway
12 Hrs
18
24
carbohydrates
Time of day
NH4 (mg/L)
700
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
BOD,TSS (mg/L)
Application
No.
Hydraulic Load [l/d] per Head Total 3,000 37,500 600 2,700 1,000
Ammonia Load [gNH3/d] per Head 2.5 10 5 5 8 Total 125 1,500 250 150 40
Conference Guest (non-residential) 50 Hotel Guest (3* and 4* hotels) Bar Drinker Staff (full-time) laundry 150 50 30 5
60 250 12 90 200
44,800l/d
17,540gBOD5/d
2,065gNH3/d
224pe
292pe
258pe
Sewage Treatment
Sewage Treatment
4 Basics stages of sewage treatment Preliminary Treatment (Grit Removal, Screening) Primary Treatment (Physical or chemical) Secondary (Biological) * Tertiary (filtration/UV/Reed beds)*
Sewage Treatment
Conventional WwTW Screening & Primary Settlement Grit Removal Secondary Treatment Biological Stage Or Activated Sludge
Final Settlement
Sand Filtration
Disinfection
Treated Water
Preliminary Treatment
Deflectors Inlet
Outlet
Inlet Scraper
Rake
Primary Treatment
Effluent Weir
Sewage Level
Baffles
Surface Skimmer
Effluent Weir
Inlet Baffle
Sewage surface
Effluent
Plan
Baffle
Effluent
CAPS
Chemically Assisted Primary Sedimentation/CEPT Coagulation/Flocculation Theory covered in water treatment
Secondary Treatment
Ce ll M e mbrane Flagella
Capsule
Atmosphere, N2
Fixation
Soil Food Plants Food Animals Mineralisation
Denitrification Nitrate, NO3Nitrification Nitrite, NO2dead organic matter and excreta Nitrification Ammonium NH4+
Nitrate N
Aerobic Nitrification Nitrobacter
Nitrite N
Aerobic Nitrification Nitrosomonas
Ammoniacal N
Aerobic/anaerobic Ammonification Many Bacteria
Organic N
Log Substrate
Stationary
Death or Endogenous
No. of cells
Time
Plastic Block
Flocor RC Plasdek Random Plastic Actifil 90e Flocor RC PP PVC 96 102 101 330 95 91 PVC PVC 98 98 120 230 95 95
Plan
Direction of Rotation Biofilm Support Media Intermittent Application of Sewage Biofilm Support Media
Air
Flies/Birds
Insects and Worms Nematodes and Rotifers Protozoa Heterotrophic Bacteria Solid Organic Matter Soluble Organic Matter Degraded Organic Matter Mineral Salts Autotrophic Bacteria
Effluent + Bugs
Application
No.
Hydraulic Load [l/d] per Head Total 3,000 37,500 600 2,700 1,000
Ammonia Load [gNH3/d] per Head 2.5 10 5 5 8 Total 125 1,500 250 150 40
Conference Guest (non-residential) 50 Hotel Guest (3* and 4* hotels) Bar Drinker Staff (full-time) laundry 150 50 30 5
60 250 12 90 200
44,800l/d
17,540gBOD5/d
2,065gNH3/d
224pe
292pe
258pe
50
3.5 gBOD5/m2/d
10 HRT (hours)
20
Autotrophic Bacteria
Protozoa Heterotrophic Bacteria Solid Organic Matter Soluble Organic Matter Degraded Organic Matter Mineral Salts
F/M =
Organic Loading Rate Mass of cells in System Qi = flow in per day [BOD = influent BOD concentration V = aeration basin X = MLSS
Qi[BOD] VX
Tertiary Treatment
Disinfection
Required to meet the Bathing Water Directive Secondary Treatment is inefficient at removing pathogens and viruses
BACTERIA
Campylobacter
Vibrio cholerae
Escherichia Salmonella Typhoid VIRUSES Enteroviruses Hepatitis A
Protozoa
Rotavirus Poliovirus
Picornvirus: Hep A
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium spp
Chemical Disinfection chemicals used are strong oxidising agents such as Chlorine or ozone Chlorination is often used in potable water treatment (first use was in 1879) Chlorine inhibits bacterial respiration Usually added as chlorine gas (CL2)
Ozonation
Passing of dry air between 2 electrodes. Oxygen molecules dissociate and react with undissociated molecules to from ozone Unstable process and not often used in the UK due to high cost
UV radiation
Sewage is exposed to light (0.2 0.29m) Sewage flows over surface of bulbs UV light inactivates the bacteria Log 4 reduction in coliforms
Relative Particle Sizes Metal ions Aqueous salts Cryptosporidia Separation Process Virus Bacteria Coal dust Beach sand Giardia
Ultrafiltration
Microfiltration
4-5Q
1Q
2-3Q 1Q
UCT Process
Sewage Distribution
Reeds
0.6m
Gravel Liner
Inlet
Outlet
Summary
Wastewater treatment is made up of a number of physical/Chemical and biological processes. Wastewater flow is generally quantified as L/d or m3/d Wastewater strength is generally measured as BOD:SS:NH4-N mg/l Nutrient removal is becoming increasingly required within the UK