Department of Electrical Engineering. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad.

EEE314:DATA COMMUNICATIONS & COMPUTER NETWORKS

EEE 314: Data Communications & Computer Networks.

Department of Electrical Engineering. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad.

COURSE GROUP HOME PAGE :

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EEE 314: Data Communications & Computer Networks.

NETWORK SUPPORTING THE WAY WE LIVE

EEE 314: Data Communications & Computer Networks.

EEE 314: Data Communications & Computer Networks.

INTRODUCTION
What is Communication? What is Data Communication? Data communications is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium. Data refers to information presented in whatever form that is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
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FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Effectiveness of Data communications depends on following characteristics.
Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter

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COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Message Sender Receiver Transmission medium Protocol

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DATA REPRESENTATION
Information can be sent in different forms
Text Numbers Images Audio Video

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DATA FLOW

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DATA FLOW
Communication between two devices can be:
Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

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NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. An Interconnected system of things or people.

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 Distributed Processing
Most Networks uses distributed processing, in which task is divided among multiple computers.

Network Criteria
A network must be able to meet certain number of criteria, the most important are:
Performance Reliability Security

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TYPES OF PHYSICAL CONNECTION

Point-to-Point Connection Multipoint Connection

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PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
Way in which network is laid out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links from a topology.

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MESH TOPOLOGY
Every device has a dedicated point to point link to every other device. A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n device. Every device must have n-1 I/O ports. Advantages: Eliminating traffic problems due to dedicated links. Robust. Privacy or security. Easy for fault identification and isolation. Disadvantages: High cost due to amount of cabling and the network I/O ports required. Difficult and complex installment.

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FULLY CONNECTED MESH TOPOLOGY (FIVE DEVICES)

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STAR TOPOLOGY
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called hub. Does not allow direct traffic between devices, the controller acts as an exchange. Advantages: Less expensive then mesh topology. Easy to install and reconfigure. Robust Easy fault identification and fault isolation. Disadvantages: Could be costly due to Hub but still highly recommended due to its advantages over other topologies.
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Star Topology with four stations

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BUS TOPOLOGY
One long cable acts as a backbone (Bus) to link all other devices (nodes) in a network. Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. Mesh, Star are point to point. Bus is multipoint. Propagating signal through the bus starts fading due to loss of energy as heat. Thus there is a limit on the number of taps and the distance between those taps. Advantages:
Ease of installation.

Disadvantages:
Difficult reconnection. Difficult fault isolation. A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission to the further segment.
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Bus Topology Connecting three stations.

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RING TOPOLOGY
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection only with the two devices on either side of it. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. Advantages:
Easy to install and reconfigure with considerations like maximum ring length and number of devices. Simplified fault isolation.

Disadvantage:
Due to unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring can disable the entire network.
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Ring Topology connecting six stations.

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HYBRID TOPOLGY

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CATEGORIES OF NETWORK

Network

Local area network (LAN)

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

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Wide area network (WAN)

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus. Geographical size is few kilometers. Designed to allow resources (hardware, software or data) to be shared between personal computers or work stations. In general use one type of media. Topologies: bus, ring and star. Data rates: 4 to 16 Mbps. Recent advancements support up to 100 Mbps and Gbps is in development.
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LAN connecting 12 computers in a Hub

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METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

Designed for the customers who need a high speed connectivity, normally to the internet and spread over a city or part of city. Maybe a single network or maybe a means of connecting number of LANs into a larger network so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device. Example: A company can use a MAN to connect LANs in all its offices throughout a city.

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Metropolitan Area Network

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WIDE AREA NETWORK

Provides long distance transmission of data, voice, image and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the whole world.

Switched WAN:
connects the end systems, which usually comprise a router (internetworking connecting device) that connects to another LAN or WAN complex as the backbones that connect the Internet.

Point-to-Point WAN:
A line leased from a telephone or cable TV provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN to an Internet service provider (lSP). simple as a dial-up line that connects a home computer to the Internet
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A Switched WAN & Point-to-Point WAN

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A Heterogeneous Network made of 4 WANs and 2 LANs

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INTERNET

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Hierarchical Organization of Internet

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PROTOCOLS
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications; the key Elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing.
Syntax
Structure or format of the data.

Semantics
Meaning of each section of bits.

Timing
When data should be sent, and how fast data can be sent.

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STANDARDS
Standard are necessary to ensure that products from different manufacturers can work together as expected. Data Communication Standards fall in to two categories.
De facto De jure

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STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
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To-Do List
At least go through all the slides once in order to grasp the concept before the next lecture. Join the Group Home page as soon as possible. Lecture Slides for the next lecture will be uploaded on the group home page before the lecture. Any concern regarding the course, email on the data-comms-bce-6b@googlegroups.com
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

Have a Nice Evening!

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