Digital Transmission on Multipath Channel Fading

Saikat Das E&CE(Microwaves) 1st year, 2nd Semester Roll No:-13

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contents
Digital data transmission System gain Multipath Fading Doppler shift Diversity technique
Frequency diversity Space diversity Time diversity

Conclusion References
05/28/12 The University of Burdwan

Digital data transmission

The data may represent the output of a source of information . Discrete in nature like as Digital computer. Digital data have broad spectrum with significant low frequency content.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

System Gain
It incorporates many parameters of interest to the designer of communication systems. It is the difference between transmitter output power and the receiver threshold sensitivity for a given bit error rate(BER). Its value must be greater than or equal to the sum of the gains and losses external to the equipment.
The University of Burdwan

05/28/12

Multipath
In communication receiver, the intended signal (energy) reaches the receiver antenna via more than one path. The various incoming radio waves reach their destination from different directions and with different time delays , known as Multipath phenomenon. Rays travel different path due to differential reflection. As the meteorological parameters also change with time , the result is fluctuations of The University of Burdwan signal. the received 05/28/12

Contd..
Considering static multipath environment. It involving a stationary receiver and a transmitted signal , consists of a narrowband signal. Let it be assumed that two attenuated versions of transmitted signal arrive sequentially at the receiver. The effect of the differential time delay will introduce a relative phase shift between the two components of the received 05/28/12 The University of Burdwan

Contd..
1) The relative phase shift is zero. In which case the two components add constructively. 2)The relative phase shift is 180 degree. In which case the two component add destructively.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contd..

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contd..

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contd..

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contd..
In dynamic multipath environment receiver is in motion. Two versions of the transmitted narrowband signal reach the receiver via paths of different length. Due to the motion of the receiver , there is a continuous change in the length of each propagation path. Hence the relative phase shift between the two components of the received signal is a function of spatial location of the receiver. The University of Burdwan 05/28/12

Fading
As the receiver moves , the received signal amplitude(envelope) is no longer constant. The envelope varies with distance. This phenomenon is known as signal fading.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Doppler shift
The receiver is assumed to be moving along the line AA with a constant velocity v. Also assumed that the received signal is due to a radio wave from a scatterer labeled S. t denote the time taken for the receiver to move from point A to A

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contd..
From the figure we can write
l = d cos = - v t cos ; where is the spatial angle between th e incoming radio wave and the direction of motion of the receiver. The Change in the phase angle of the received signal at point A' with respect to that at point A is given by 2 2vt = l = cos where is the radio wave length. The apparent change in frequency or the Doppler shift 1 v is therefore v = = cos 2 t

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Diversity Technique
Diversity may be viewed as a form of redundancy. It is based on the hypothesis that simultaneous fading on both the transmission path is unlikely. 3 types-Frequency Diversity Space Diversity Time(signalreception) Diversity

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Frequency Diversity
In this configuration the same digital information is fed into two transmitter. A wide radio frequency separation of these transmitter s ensures less correlation between the fades of the individual waves. Thus better system performance is realized.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Contd..

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Space Diversity
Same frequency band is used for the transmission of the digital information. Diversity results from separating the two receiver antennas vertically. It ensures that the received waves travels through different transmission paths. Thus they are not likely to be affected simultaneously by fading.
05/28/12 The University of Burdwan

Contd..

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Time Diversity
Same message signal is transmitted in different time slots. There is spacing between successive time slots. The spacing may be equal to or greater than the coherence time of the channel.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

Conclusion
Multi-path fading causes some reduction in available system gain. Fading also causes inter symbol interference. Therefore increasing probability of error for a given digital system.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

References
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Ed, 2001, John Wiley & Sons. Kamilo Feher; Digital Communications: Microwave Applications;1st edition,1987;Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan

05/28/12

The University of Burdwan