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Objectives
List the benefits of secondary storage Identify and describe storage media that are available for personal computers Differentiate among the principal types of secondary storage Describe how data is stored on a disk Discuss the benefits of multimedia Explain how data is organized, accessed, and processed
Secondary Storage
Separate from the computer itself Software and data stored on a semipermanent basis
Benefits
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Space
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Reliability
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Convenience
Authorized users can easily and quickly locate data stored on the computer
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Economy
Primary types
Diskettes Hard Disks
Diskettes
Made of flexible Mylar and coated with iron oxide Has protection of rigid plastic jacket 3 diskette holds 1.44 MB of data High-capacity variations
Sonys HiFD holds 200 MB Imations SuperDisk available in 120 and 240 MB versions Iomegas Zip drive available in 100, 250, and 750 MB versions Return
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Hard Disks
Disk drive - a device that allows data to be read from or written to a disk
Disk drive for personal computers contained within computer housing Large computer systems may have several external disk drives
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Reading/Writing Data
Access arm moves read/write head over particular location Read/write head hovers a few millionths of an inch above platter
If head touches platter, a head crash occurs and data is destroyed Data can be destroyed if head touches miniscule foreign matter on surface of disk
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Disk Packs
Each platter has its own access arm with read/write head Most disk packs combine platters, access arms, and read/write head
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Track
The circular portion of the disk surface that passes under the read/write head
Floppy diskette has 80 tracks on each surface Hard disk may have 1,000 or more tracks on each surface of each platter
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Sector
Each track is divided into sectors that hold a fixed number of bytes
Typically 512 bytes per sector
Zone recording assigns more sectors to tracks in outer zones than those in inner zones
Uses storage space more fully
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Cluster
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Cylinder
The track on each surface that is beneath the read/write head at a given position of the read/write heads
When file is larger than the capacity of a single track, operating system will store it in tracks within the same cylinder
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Seek Time
The time it takes the access arm to get into position over a particular track
All access arms move as a unit All simultaneously in position over a set of tracks that make up a cylinder
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Head Switching
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Rotational Delay
The time it takes for the desired data on the track to rotate underneath the read/write head
On average, half the time for a complete revolution of the disk
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Data Transfer
The process of transferring data between its location on the disk track and memory Measures of performance
Data transfer rate - how fast data can be transferred once it has been found
Stated in terms of megabytes per second
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Disk Caching
Read-only media - user can read from, but not write to disk Write-once, read-many (WORM) - user can write to disk once Magneto-optical - combines magnetic and optical capabilities
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Compact Disks
CD-RW - drive can erase and record over data multiple times
Some compatibility problems trying to read CD-RW disks on CD-ROM drives
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Multimedia
Presents information with text, illustrations, photos, narration, music, animation, and film clips Not practical until the advent of the optical disk Requirements Applications
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Requirements
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Sound card or sound chip Speakers
Applications
Education
Go on virtual tours Study musical scores Study a foreign language
Other
Prepare taxes with video clips from IRS experts Play games
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Backup Systems
Imperative to have copies of important data stored away from the computer
Disks occasionally fail Software installation can cause computer to crash Users make mistakes entering data
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Character
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Field
A set of related characters Describes one characteristic of a person, place, or thing
Record
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File
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Database
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Whether users must access data directly (immediately) How data must be organized on disk Type of processing that will take place
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File Organization
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Computer does not have to read all prior records Hashing algorithm used to determine address of given key
Hashing Algorithm
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Batch Processing
Very efficient use of computer resources Master file current only immediately after processing
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Transaction Processing