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3.1 INTRODUCTION
A rigid body is one which does not suffer deformation.
It can be continuous
connected members.
F2 F3
F1 P2 P1
F3 Continuous Member
F1 Connected Members
F2
INTRODUCTION CONTD.
The forces acting on rigid bodies can be internal or external. F1, F2 and F3 which are applied by an external force on the rigid body are called external forces. P1 and P2 which are forces internal to the rigid body are called internal forces.
INTRODUCTION CONCLUDED.
The external forces are completely responsible for the bulk motion of the rigid body. As far as this bulk motion is concerned, the internal forces are in equilibrium.
forces generally cause translation i.e. linear motion and/or rotation (motion about a pivot) of the rigid body.
Principle of transmissivity states that the condition of rest or motion of a rigid body is unaffected if a force, F acting on a point A is moved to act at a new point, B provided that the point B lies on the same line of action of that force.
F A B F
The moment of a force will be formulated using Cartesian vectors in the next section. It is necessary to first expand our knowledge of vector algebra and introduce the cross-product method of vector multiplication.
The cross product of two vectors , P and Q yields the vector, V which is written: V = P x Q ( i.e V = P cross Q). 3.3.1 Magnitude: The magnitude of V is the product of the magnitudes of P and Q and sine of the angle between their tails ( 0 < < 180o). Thus : V = P Q Sin
3.3.2
Direction
Vector, V has a direction that is perpendicular to the plane containing P and Q such that the direction of V is specified by the right hand rule i.e. curling the fingers of the right hand from vector P (cross) to vector Q, the thumb then points in the direction of V.
1. The cummutative law does not apply i.e. P x Q Q x P Rather: P x Q = - Q x P 2. Multiplication by a scalar a ( P x Q) = (a P) x Q = P x ( a Q) = (P x Q)a 3. The distributive law: P x (Q + S ) = ( P x Q ) + ( P x S ) 4. The associative property does not apply to vector products (P x Q ) x S P ( Q x S )
To find i x j, the magnitude of the resultant is: i x j = i . j . sin 90o = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1. Using the right hand rule, the resultant vector points in the k direction. Thus i x j = 1 k. But: j x i = - k since the 90o rotation that brings j into i is observed as counterclockwise by a person located at the tip of - k.
Contd.
Likewise: i x j = k j xk=i kxi =j i x k = -j j x i = -k k x j =-i i xi =0 j xj =0 kx k =0 kk jj
ii -ve
Rules: If a circle is constructed as shown, then the vector product of two unit vectors in a counterclockwise fashion around the circle yields the positive third unit vector eg. k x i = j. Moving clockwise, a negative unit vector is obtained e.g. i x k = - j.
The equation for V may be written in a more compact determinant form as: V = P x Q= i
Px Qx
j Py Qy
k Pz Qz
The moment of a force about a point or axis provides a measure of the tendency of the force to cause a body to rotate about the point or axis.
Consider a force, F acting at point A and a point O which lie on the same plane. The position of A is defined by the position vector, r, which joins the reference point O with A
Direction of Mo
Using the right hand rule, the direction of Mo can be found. Curling the fingers of the right hand to follow the sense of rotation, the thumb points along the moment axis so the direction and sense of the moment vector is upward and perpendicular to the plane containing r and F.
Finally, denoting by the angle between the lines of action of the position vector, r an the force, F, the magnitude of the moment of F about O is: Mo = r F sin = F d Where: d is the perpendicular distance from O to the line of action of F. In two dimensions: F
F F
Moment, M0 = + F d (Counter-clockwise , +ve) Moment, M0 = + F d clockwise , +ve)
F F2 r
Mo = r x F
Convention
Alternative Method
Note
Cross or vector product has a distinct advantage over the scalar formulation when solving problems in three dimensions. This is because, it is easier to establish the position vector, r to the force rather than determine the moment-arm distance, d perpendicular to the line of the force. For two dimensional problems, it is easier to use the Scalar Formulation
3.7 SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS Scalar product of two vectors, P and Q P.Q = P Q cos ..... magnitude Where: 0 < < 180o The dot product is often referred to as scalar product of vectors, since the result is a scalar, not a vector.
Dot product is used to determine the angle formed by two vectors or inters
Q = Qx i + Qy j + Qz k
Solution Contd.
AC = 678.2 mm
900 B
5002 = 678.22 + 9002 - 2 x 678.2 x 900 cos 250000 = 1269955.2 - 1220760 cos cos = (12.7 - 2.5)/ 12.207 = 0.8356 = 33.3o.
Solution Concluded
BG = - 400 mm i + 740 mm j - 320 mm k , BG = 900 mm
TBG = TBG. BG/BG = 1125 N x 1/900mm x BG = - 500 N i + 925 N j - 400 N k rB/A = AB = 400 mm i Unit vector, AD, along AD = AD/AD = (800 mm i - 600 mm k)/1000 mm = 0.8 i - 0.6 k MAD = AD . ( rB/A x TBG)
0 0 925 N
-0.6 0 - 400
-F
F Since the resultant force of the two forces of the couple is zero, the only effect of a couple is to produce a rotation or tendency of a rotation in a specified direction.
-F B
rB rA O To derive the moment of the couple, consider two vectors , rA and rB from O to points A and B lying on the line of action of F and - F. The moment of the couple about O is: M = rA x (F) + rB x (-F) = (rA - rB) x F By triangle law of vector addition, rB + r = rA or r = rA - rB So: M = r x F This result shows that a couple moment is a free vector i.e can act at any point, since M depends only on the position vector directed between the forces and not position vectors rA and rB from O to the forces.
Moment of a couple, M has magnitude: M = F x d = r F sin F is the magnitude of one of the forces; d is the perpendicular distance or moment arm between the forces.
The direction and sense of the couple moment are determined by the right hand rule, where the thumb indicates the direction when the fingers are curled with the sense of rotation caused by the two forces. The moment acts perpendicular to the plane containing the two forces.
3.9.4
Equivalent Couples
Two couples are equivalent if they produce the same moment. Since the moment produced by a couple is always perpendicular to the plane containing the couple forces, it is necessary that the forces of equal couples lie either in the same plane or in planes that are parallel to one another.
A Force, F acting at point A on a rigid body can be resolved to the same force acting on another point B and in the same direction as the original force plus a couple M equal to r x F i.e. moment of F about B i.e Force in (a) equal to that in (b) equal to that in C F = 5 kN 5 kN B 5 kN 5 kN M = 25 kN m 5 kN B
5m
(a) (b) (c)
Example
A force and couple act as shown on a square plate of side a = 625 mm. Knowing that P = 300 N, Q = 200 N and = 50o, replace the given force and couple by a single force applied at a point located (a) on line AB (b) on line AC. In each case, determine the distance for A to the point of application of the force.