Chapter 5

Topics
Eucaryotes External structures Internal structures Fungi Protists Helminths
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Eucaryotes
External and internal structures are more complex than procaryotes Examples of eucaryotes
Yeast Protozoa Algae Helminths Animal cells
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External Structures
Appendages
Flagella e.g. Euglena spp. Cilia e.g. Paramecium spp.

Glycocalyx
Complex outer layer of polysaccharides and fibers Functions:
Protection, adhesion and reception of signals
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A representation of the glycocalyx, cell wall, and membrane.

Fig. 5.5 Boundary structure

 Cell wall

Cell wall and Cell membrane

Chitin Glycoprotein Mixed glycans

Cell membrane*
Embedded transport proteins Various sterols
Rigidity Stability
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Internal Structures
Nucleus
Chromatin- chromosomal DNA Nucleolus- site for RNA synthesis Histones-proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis

An electron micrograph section of the nucleus showing its contents.

Fig. 5.6 The nucleus

Eucaryotic cell division involves mitosis, in which the cell and nucleus undergo several stages of change.

Fig. 5.7 changes in the cell and nucleus

 Two types

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Coated with ribosomes* Site of proteins synthesis Transport material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Without ribosomes Nutrient processing, synthesis and storage e.g. lipids

Nuclear envelope form membrane for the ER

Golgi apparatus and Mitocondria

Golgi apparatus
Closely associated with the ER Site for protein modification

Mitochondria
Site of energy generation

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Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Thylakoids- membrane containing the green pigment chlorophyll
Transformation of solar energy to chemical energy

Stroma- surrounds the thylakoids

Site for carbohydrates synthesis

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The thylakoid is the site for the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates in the stroma.

Fig. 5.13 Detail of an algal chloroplast

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Ribosomes and Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes
Associated with proteins synthesis Present in the cytoplasm and the surface of the ER Cytoskeleton Made of microfilaments and microtubules Anchors organelles Structure and shape of cells

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Microfilaments allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm, and microtubules maintain shape of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell.

Fig. 5.14 A model of the cytoskeleton

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Fungi
Present in nature (ex. mushrooms) Medically important (ex. athletes foot) Industrially important (ex. fermentation) Classification
Morphology Reproduction (asexual and sexual)
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Morphology and Reproduction

Hyphae cell
Septate nonseptate

Yeast cells
Single cells Pseudohypha

Reproduction
Asexual and sexual process
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A scanning electron micrograph of the hyphae cells.

Fig. 5.15 Diplodia maydis, a pathogenic fungus

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A scanning electron micrograph of yeast cells, and the budding reproductive process .

Fig. 5.16 Microscopic morphology of yeasts

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An example of the mold Rhizopus, and its stages of hyphae reproduction.

Fig. 5.18 Functional types of hyphae using the mold as an example.

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Sexual spore formation involves the fusion of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.

Fig. 5.20 Formation of zygospores

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Subkingdoms of Fungi
Amastigomycota
Inhabitants of terrestrial habitats Several are human pathogens
Perfect
Produce sexual and asexual spores

Imperfect
Produce only asexual spores

Mastigomycota
Primitive filamentous fungi Aquatic
Cause disease in potatoes and grapes (plants)
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Black bread mold is classified as a Amastigomycota (Perfect).

Fig. 5.23 A representative Zygomycota

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Penicillium is another example Amastigomycota (Perfect).

Fig. 5.24 A common Ascomycota

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Mycelium is classified as an Amastigomycota (Imperfect).

Fig. 5.25 Mycelium and spores of a representative of Deuteromycota

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Fungi are capable of causing superficial and systemic infections.

Table 5.2 Major fungal infections of humans

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Algae
Unicellular, colonial and filamentous Photosynthetic Inhabitants of fresh and marine waters Most are not considered human pathogens Pathogens produce toxins (red tide)
A type of food poisoning Toxin released by algae and eaten by intertidal animals Human affected through ingestion of infected 26 fish etc

Algae contain green chlorophyll as well as other pigments which include yellow, red and brown.

a. Spirogyra b. Diatoms and c. Pfiesteria piscicida

Fig. 5.26 Representative microscopic algae

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Protozoa
Single celled animals, Heterotrophs Few species cause many human diseases Complex structure and function
Ectoplasm (clear) and Endoplasm (granular; contains organelles Pseudopods, flagella, cilia

Inhabitants of fresh water and soil

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Life cycle and reproduction

Reproduction: Asexual/conjugation:
Life Cycle: dictates mode of transmission* Trichomonas vaginalis: sexual contact Entamoeba histolytica: water and food Two forms of life: Trophozoite
Motile feeding stage

Encystment

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An example of the complex structure associated with the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis.

A typical mastigophoran (flagelated) e.g. Trypanosoma spp.

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Typical life cycle associated with most protozoa.

Fig. 5.27 The general life cycle exhibited by many protozoa.

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Medically important protozoa

Amoeboid protozoa
Brain infections

Flagellated protozoa
Giardiasis

Apicomplexan protozoa
Malaria

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Representation of pathogenic amoebas, and nonpathogenic shelled amoebas.

Sarcodinians (Amoebas) a. Entamoeba a pathogen b. Radiolarians (form chalk deposits in the ocean)

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Representation of a ciliated protozoa, which are generally free-living and harmless.

Selected ciliate representatives (Paramecium spp.)

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Representation of an apicomplexa, which are considered an intracellular parasite.

Fig. 5.31 Sporozoan protozoan

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The cycle of transmission involves the protozoa, host and vectors.

Cycle of transmission in Chagas disease (Trypanosome (Protozoan) Vector (kissing bug) Man (Host)

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The stages of development and transmission of amoebic dysentery in the human host.

Stages in the infection and transmission of Amoebic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica)

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Helminths
All multi cellular with organ systems
Cause infections and eggs etc studied by microscope

Tapeworms: 25m long, flat Flukes (Trematodes, in blood) Roundworms < 1mm (nematodes) Unique structural morphology 38 enables identification

Helminths are multicellular animals with organ-like systems.

Fig. 5.34 Parasitic flatworms

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The pinworm life cycle in the human host.

Fig. 5.35 The life cycle of the pinworm, a roundworm

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Humans serve as a host for the life cycle of many different parasitic helminths.

Table 5.4 Major helminths of humans and their modes of transmission.

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