A process by which individual organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment.

Perception is an important factor

in human behavior person.
Perceptions vary from person to Different people perceive different

things about

the same situation.

But more than that, we assign

different meanings to what we perceive. And the meanings might change for a certain person.
One

might change one's perspective or simply make things mean something else.

Perceptual Process
Selecting Stimuli

Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal)

External factors : Nature,

Location, Size, contrast, Movement, repetition, similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs, age, Interest,

Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection

Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

According to this principle, individuals perception of certain elements in objects like size, shape, color, brightness, and location is constant and does not change from person to person. For instance, even though the picture of an apple is printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of the fruit as red. Perceptual constancy is enhanced by learning. Learning helps individuals perceive certain patterns of cues in a similar way and this leads to perceptual constancy.

The context of the situation also

plays a major role in shaping the perception of individuals. Different contexts convey different meanings to people. For example, if a manager pats his two year-old son, it is considered a sign of love and affection. However, if he gives an employee a pat on the back, it is considered a sign of appreciation for the work done by the employee.

 Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Perception

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

Sensation The absolute threshold The differential threshold Subliminal perception

Elements of Perception
Sensory Receptors: The human organs (eyes, ears, nose,
mouth, skin) that receive sensory inputs.

Absolute Threshold : The lowest level at which an

individual can experience a sensation.

Differential Threshold : The minimal difference that can

be detected between two stimuli. Also known as the j.n.d. (just noticeable difference).

Subliminal Perception: Perception of very weak or rapid

stimuli received below the level of conscious awareness.

Selective Perception :

People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes. Halo Effect : Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single charecteristics.
Organizational Behavior / Perception 12

Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. Projection : Attributing one's characteristics to other people. own

Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that persons belongs.

Employment Interview Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers judgments of applicants Performance Expectations Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities. Performance Evaluations Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of another employees job performance Critical impact on employees
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We often judge ourselves more charitably than we judge others We tend to favor negative impressions of others over positive ones

We cling to first impressions

We are influenced by what is most obvious

We tend to assume others are similar to us . We perceive individuals with high social status more positively than those with low social status

When perceptions are inaccurate managers are likely to make bad decisions and take inappropriate actions. Bad decisions include: 1) not hiring qualified people 2)failing to promote top-performing subordinates 3)promoting poorly performing managers because they have the same diversity profile Steps in Managing Diversity in Perception EffectivelySecure top management commitment Strive to increase the accuracy of perceptions Increase diversity awareness Increase diversity skills Encourage flexibility Pay close attention to how organizational members are evaluated

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