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Necrosis
(1) Definition: Localized death of cell or tissue occurring in the living body.
loss
of
Pyknosis: condensation of chromatin of chromatin and shrinkage of the nucleus. Karyorrhexis: nucleus. fragmentation of the
Normal
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
1979)
Positive staining with vital dyes such as Trepan blue which reflects abnormal membrane permeability. Opacification: denaturation of proteins lead to aggregation with resultant opacification of the cytoplasm.
Eosino0.philia: exposure of basic amino groups results in increased affinity for acidic dyes such as eosin.
Biochemical changes
Postmortem change: General of normal tissues occurring dead body, generally distinguished from necrosis by being diffuse and not associated with inflammatory response. Autolysis: Digestion of cell by enzymes released from lysosome; occurs after cell dies.
(3) Types:
Coagulative necrosis: Gross features: The necrosis area is swollen, firm and pale.
LM: cell detail is lost, but architecture preserved. The dead cells retain their outline but only indistinctly. This type of necrosis is frequently caused by lack of blood supply and is exemplified well in infarcts of solid organs, e. g. heart, spleen, kidney.
Caseous necrosis
Or organ or limb organisms infection appearance (black or green due to breakdown of haemoglobin)
Types of gangrene :
a. Dry gangrene: Conditions: only occurs on the skin surface following arterial obstruction. It is particularly liable to affect the limbs, especially the toes. Character: mummification
Types of gangrene :
b. Wet gangrene:
Conditions: Both arterial and venous obstruction; wet in environment; Character: wet swollen, foul-smelling, black or green. Commonly in small intestine, appendix, lung, and uterus, also in limbs.
Moist gangrene
Types of gangrene : c.
Gas gangrene:
Conditions: deep contaminated wounds in which there is considerable muscle damaged by gas formation bacteria. Character: swollen obviously, gas bubbles formation. The infection rapidly spreads and there is associated severe toxaemia. Only occasionally in civilian practice but is a serious complication of war wounds.
Liquefactive necrosis:
Soft and liquid grossly. Enzymes digest the cell and convert it to a formless proteinaceous mass. Ultimately, discharge of the contents forms a cystic space. i. e. central nervous system after ischemic injury; abscesses.
Special type:
Fat necrosis: Grossly: Opaque and chalky LM: outline of necrotic fat cells filled with amorphous basophilic material (calcium soaps). i. e. Digestion of peritoneal fat by pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic inflammation.
Fibrinoid necrosis:
Definition: This is not a true degeneration but a strongly eosinophilic stain like fibrin. Location: interstitial collagen and blood vessels (small artery and arteriole) Nature: one kind of necrosis. e. g. in allergic reactive diseases: active rheumatism, polyarteritis nodose. in non-allergic reactive diseases: malignant hypertension.
encapsulation, calcification.