Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Chapter 6: Skeletal System, Bones and Joints

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Slide 2.1

The Skeletal System

Components of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton) Joints

Cartilages
Ligaments

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Slide 5.1

The Skeletal System

Two subdivisions
Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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Functions of Bones
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal muscles: passive

Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation
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Slide 5.2

Bones of the Human Body

The skeleton has ~206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Dense

Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone

Many open spaces

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Figure 5.2b

Slide 5.3

Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus
Slide 5.4a

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Classification of Bones

Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals

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Slide 5.4b

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
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Slide 5.4c

Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened

Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Slide 5.5a

Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape

Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip

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Slide 5.5b

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
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Slide 5.5c

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis
Shaft Made of compact bone

Epiphysis
Expanded ends of long bones

Covered with dense bone

Internal structure is spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Slide 5.6

Structures of a Long Bone

Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c

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Slide 5.7

Structures of a Long Bone

Articular cartilage
Covers surface of epiphyses Hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a

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Slide 5.8a

Structures of a Long Bone

Medullary cavity
Cavity in shaft Contains yellow marrow in adults Contains red marrow in infants
Figure 5.2a

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Slide 5.8b

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Osteon (Haversian System)
A subunit of compact bone

Central (Haversian) canal

Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves

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Slide 5.10a

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

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Slide 5.10b

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Lacuna(e)
Cavities containing osteocytes
Arranged in concentric rings

Lamella(e)
Rings of compact bone Lacunae lie between rings
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Figure 5.3

Slide 5.11a

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Canaliculi (-us)
Tiny canals

Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system

Figure 5.3
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Slide 5.11b

Types of Bone Cells

Osteocytes
Mature bone cells (bone maintenance)

Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells

Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

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Slide 5.15

Bone Growth: Endochondral

1) A cartilage model is produced by chondrocytes
It is surrounded by perichondrium, a membrane

2) A bone collar is produced by osteocytes

The perichondrium of the diaphysis is now termed periosteum
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Slide 5.13a

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide 5.14a

Bone Growth: Endochondral

3) Chondrocytes hypertrophy (enlarge) and cartilage is calcified
4) A primary ossification center forms
Blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage

Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix

Trabeculae are formed
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Slide 5.13a

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide 5.14a

Bone Growth: Endochondral

5) Around the time of birth, secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
Bone formation is incomplete at birth The skeleton is not complete until the late teens (females) or early twenties (males)

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Slide 5.13a

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide 5.14a

Bone Growth: Endochondral

Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.13a

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4b
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Slide 5.14b

Bone Growth: Endochondral

Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
Bones change shape (how?? DNA!!!)
Bones grow in width (osteoblasts) Bones are remodeled by osteoclasts

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.13b

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide 5.14a

Changes in the Human Skeleton

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in:
Anterior portion of the nose Parts of ribs Joints
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Slide 5.12

Bone Growth: Intramembranous

Fig. 6.4

Between membranes

Compact Bone
Spongy Bone Trabeculae Crosssection of a trabecula

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Slide 5.12

Bone Formation: Intramembranous

Membranous bones are incomplete at birth
Fontanelles: regions of the skull that remain as membranes Little fountains
Fig. 6.5a

Bone formation complete by age ~2

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Bone Fractures
A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

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Slide 5.16

Common Types of Fractures

Fig. 6B

Table 5.2
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Slide 5.17

Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood clot) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage forms a callus (chondroblasts, other cells, and vessels) Callus is replaced by a bone (osteoblasts) Bony callus is remodeled (osteoclasts)
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Slide 5.18

Repair of Bone Fractures

Fig. 6.8

Fracture Repair
Hematoma formation (A)

Callus formation (B)

Bone replacement (C ) Bone remodeling (D)
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Bone Fractures: Osteoporosis

Most common in post-menopausal women Also occurs in males Due to decrease in estrogen levels
Estrogen receptors on osseous tissue affect calcium deposition
Bone becomes porous, brittle

Weight-bearing exercise, calcium supplements, estrogen will help prevent osteoporosis

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.16