Data and Computer Communications

Chapter 7 Data Link Control Protocols

Eighth Edition by William Stallings Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown

Data Link Control Protocols

"Great and enlightened one," said Ten-teh, as soon as his stupor was lifted, "has this person delivered his message competently, for his mind was still a seared vision of snow and sand and perchance his tongue has stumbled?" "Bend your ears to the wall," replied the Emperor, "and be assured." Kai Lung's Golden Hours, Earnest Bramah

Data Link Control Protocols

need

layer of logic above Physical to manage exchange of data over a link

frame synchronization flow control error control addressing control and data link management

Flow Control
ensure

sending entity does not overwhelm receiving entity

by preventing buffer overflow

influenced

by:

transmission time
time taken to emit all bits into medium

propagation time
time for a bit to traverse the link

assume

here no errors but varying delays

Model of Frame Transmission

Stop and Wait

source

transmits frame destination receives frame and replies with acknowledgement (ACK) source waits for ACK before sending next destination can stop flow by not send ACK works well for a few large frames Stop and wait becomes inadequate if large block of data is split into small frames

Stop and Wait Link Utilization

Sliding Windows Flow Control

allows multiple numbered frames to be in transit receiver has buffer W long transmitter sends up to W frames without ACK ACK includes number of next frame expected sequence number is bounded by size of field (k)

frames are numbered modulo 2k giving max window size of up to 2k - 1

receiver can ack frames without permitting further transmission (Receive Not Ready) must send a normal acknowledge to resume if have full-duplex link, can piggyback ACks

Sliding Window Diagram

Sliding Window Example

Error Control
detection

and correction of errors such as:

lost frames damaged frames

common

techniques use:

error detection positive acknowledgment retransmission after timeout negative acknowledgement & retransmission

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

collective

name for such error control mechanisms, including: stop and wait go back N selective reject (selective retransmission)

Stop and Wait

source transmits single frame wait for ACK if received frame damaged, discard it

transmitter has timeout if no ACK within timeout, retransmit transmitter will retransmit receive gets two copies of frame use alternate numbering and ACK0 / ACK1

if ACK damaged,transmitter will not recognize it

Stop and Wait

see

example with both types of errors pros and cons

simple inefficient

Go Back N
based

on sliding window if no error, ACK as usual use window to control number of outstanding frames if error, reply with rejection

discard that frame and all future frames until error frame received correctly transmitter must go back and retransmit that frame and all subsequent frames

Go Back N - Handling
Damaged

Frame

error in frame i so receiver rejects frame i transmitter retransmits frames from i

Lost

Frame

frame i lost and either

transmitter sends i+1 and receiver gets frame i+1 out of seq and rejects frame i or transmitter times out and send ACK with P bit set which receiver responds to with ACK i

transmitter then retransmits frames from i

Go Back N - Handling

Damaged Acknowledgement

receiver gets frame i, sends ack (i+1) which is lost acks are cumulative, so next ack (i+n) may arrive before transmitter times out on frame i if transmitter times out, it sends ack with P bit set can be repeated a number of times before a reset procedure is initiated reject for damaged frame is lost handled as for lost frame when transmitter times out

Damaged Rejection

Selective Reject

also called selective retransmission only rejected frames are retransmitted subsequent frames are accepted by the receiver and buffered minimizes retransmission receiver must maintain large enough buffer more complex logic in transmitter hence less widely used useful for satellite links with long propagation delays

Go Back N vs Selective Reject

High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)

an

important data link control protocol specified as ISO 33009, ISO 4335 station types:

Primary - controls operation of link Secondary - under control of primary station Combined - issues commands and responses

link

configurations

Unbalanced - 1 primary, multiple secondary Balanced - 2 combined stations

HDLC Transfer Modes

Normal Response Mode (NRM)

unbalanced config, primary initiates transfer used on multi-drop lines, eg host + terminals

Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)

balanced config, either station initiates transmission, has no polling overhead, widely used unbalanced config, secondary may initiate transmit without permission from primary, rarely used

Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)

HDLC Frame Structure

synchronous

transmission of frames single frame format used

Flag Fields and Bit Stuffing

delimit frame at both ends with 01111110 seq receiver hunts for flag sequence to synchronize bit stuffing used to avoid confusion with data containing flag seq 01111110

0 inserted after every sequence of five 1s if receiver detects five 1s it checks next bit if next bit is 0, it is deleted (was stuffed bit) if next bit is 1 and seventh bit is 0, accept as flag if sixth and seventh bits 1, sender is indicating abort

Address Field

identifies secondary station that sent or will receive frame usually 8 bits long may be extended to multiples of 7 bits

LSB indicates if is the last octet (1) or not (0)

all ones address 11111111 is broadcast

Control Field

different for different frame type

Information - data transmitted to user (next layer up)

Flow and error control piggybacked on information frames

Supervisory - ARQ when piggyback not used Unnumbered - supplementary link control

first 1-2 bits of control field identify frame type

Control Field

use of Poll/Final bit depends on context in command frame is P bit set to1 to solicit (poll) response from peer in response frame is F bit set to 1 to indicate response to soliciting command seq number usually 3 bits

can extend to 8 bits as shown below

Information & FCS Fields

Information

Field

in information and some unnumbered frames must contain integral number of octets variable length

Frame

Check Sequence Field (FCS)

used for error detection either 16 bit CRC or 32 bit CRC

HDLC Operation
consists

of exchange of information, supervisory and unnumbered frames have three phases

initialization
by either side, set mode & seq

data transfer
with flow and error control using both I & S-frames (RR, RNR, REJ, SREJ)

disconnect
when ready or fault noted

HDLC Operation Example

HDLC Operation Example

Summary
introduced

need for data link protocols flow control error control HDLC