Atoms, Molecules, & Ions

(Ch. 2)

Cici Li

The Atomic Theory of Matter

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John Dalton was the first to lay out clear principles for the atomic theory: Each element is composed of small particles called atoms Atoms from a single element are identical to one another in all properties, but atoms of different elements have different compositions Atoms cant be created, changed, or destroyed in chemical reactions When atoms of more than one element combine, a compound is formed According to Dalton, atoms are the smallest particles of an element Law of Conversation of Mass- the total mass before and after a chemical reaction remains the same

The Discovery of Atomic Structure

One of the most basic concepts about atoms, is that particles with similar charges repel each other while particles with opposing charges attract one another. What we know today as electrons, were first discovered as cathode rays (negative electrodes or cathodes) Around the same time that electrons were discovered, studies on radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of radiation, also began.
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Alpha () Paths are bent by the electric field, but in different directions Beta () Gamma ()- Unaffected by electric field

The Modern View of Atomic Structure

Every atom has the same amount of protons and electrons, so atoms have a net electrical charge of 0. Atomic mass is expressed using the atomic mass unit (amu). (1 amu=1.66054 x 10-24 g) The unit of length used to measure atoms is the angstrom (1 angstrom= 10-10m)
Mass number (# protons + electrons) Atomic number (# of protons or electrons)

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Element symbol

Isotopes- atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Sample Problems

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in a 138Ba atom? Give the chemical symbol for an atom that contains 82 protons, 82 electrons, and 126 neutrons.

Atomic Weights

The average atomic mass, or atomic weight, of an element is determined by using the masses of its isotopes and their relative abundances. Ex. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine when: naturally occurring chlorine is 75.78% 35Cl, which has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu, and 24.22% 37Cl, which has an atomic mass of 36.966 amu.
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Average atomic mass= (.7578x34.969)+(.2422x36.966) = 26.50+8.953 = 35.45 amu

Sample Problem

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Three isotopes of silicon occur in nature:

28Si

(92.23%), with 27.97693 amu 29Si (4.68%), with 28.97649 amu 30Si (3.09%, with 29.97377 amu

Calculate the atomic weight of silicon

The Periodic Table

The periodic table is used to organize and remember chemical facts It is split into periods (horizontal rows) and groups (vertical columns). All the elements on the left side and in the middle are metals (all metals are solids at room temperature). On the right ride of the period table are the nonmetals, which are mostly gaseous and solid at room temperature.

Molecules and Molecular Compounds

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond together Diatomic molecule- made up of two atoms (Ex. O2) Molecular formulas- indicate the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecule Empirical formula- give relative number of atoms of each atom in a molecule Ex. Write the empirical formula for glucose, whose molecular formula is C6H12O6 -Divide each subscript by the largest common factor Answer: Empirical formula- CH2O Do sample problem on handout

Ions and Ionic Compounds

An ion is formed when electrons are removed from or added to a neutral atom Cation- an ion with a positive charge Anion- an ion with a negative charge Metal atoms lose electrons to form cations, while nonmetals gain electrons to form anions Polyatomic ions consist of joined atoms that have a positive or negative net charge Ionic compound- contains both positively and negatively charged ions -Typically, ionic compounds are composed of metals and nonmetals

Naming Inorganic Compounds

Guidelines for naming acids a) Anions whose names end in ide are changed to ic, adding the prefix hydro-, and ending with the word acid b) Anions whose names end in ate or ite are changed to ite and ous respectively, and end with the word acid Guidelines for naming ionic compounds a) Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal b) Cations formed from nonmetal atoms have names that end in ium c) Monatomic anions are formed by replacing the ending of the name with ide d) Polyatomic ions containing oxygen end in ate or ite e) Ionic compounds consist of the cations name followed by the anions name

Sample Problems

Write the chemical formula for: potassium sulfide Name the following compound: Ba(OH) Name the following acid: HCN
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Some Simple Organic Compounds

Organic chemistry- study of carbon compounds Alkanes- hydrocarbons (compounds only of hydrogen and carbon) in which each carbon is bonded to four atoms Alkanes have names that end in -ane. Ex. Write a structural formula for pentane -Penta=five; pentane= 5 carbon atoms bonded in a H H H H H chain H-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H