WE ALL USE COMPUTER

Do we know how it can work ? The answer is it does its work by help of 0s and 1s. Now comes big question Why computer understands 0s & 1s What is significance of 0s & 1s ? How can we store using 0s & 1s ? The answer is every thing is based on switching concept.

1. This is the basic circuit in which on 2. 3.

supplying current the bulb start to glow. Power wire is that which is connected to top of the battery Ground wire to bottom of battery

KEY CIRCUIT CONCEPT

1. The key is springy when someone press 2.

the key with finger then the bulb glow. When the finger raise up the bulb turn off.

ELECTROMAGNET

1. Electromagnet is coil of wire. 2. It becomes magnetic on supply of

current.

RELAYS

1. In figure bottom key controls 2. 3.

electromagnet. Electromagnet in turn control top key . Key & electromagnet that control it is called relay.

1. When bottom key is pressed electromagnet is 2. 3.

powered & electromagnet becomes magnet. This makes electromagnet to pull top key. This is just like a finger.

1. Computer is almost entirely made

up of lot of relays (today transistors). 2. Relays are connected through wires. 3. Just how the relays are connected is the matter of concern as it influences the working

1.

The previous figure with only one power supply.

LOOPS

1. No electricity flows since key is up. 2. However if someone press the key once 3.

the electromagnet will hold the key down even if he release switch. So we say loop remembers which key was pressed.

PIXEL

1. When the key is down light bulb glow 2.

one say loop has value one. The pixel is said to be on. When the key is up one say pixel is off.

NORMALLY CLOSED KEY

1. Any piece of wire that is powered

is said to have value 1 . 2. Any piece of wire that is not powered is said to have value 0 .

NORMALLY CLOSED RELAY

1. Whenever bottom key is pressed the 2.

electromagnet energizes letting normally closed key to open. Hence the light bulb goes off.

CLEAR KEY

1. If normally closed clear key is pushed then 2. 3.

electricity will not reach loop & normally open key will open. If normally open key is already open then it will remain open. Hence whatever be value of loop on pressing clear key value of loop will ultimately become 0 .

LOOP TO LOOP DATA TRANSFER

1. Loop A & loop B are connected by 2. 3.

connecting key. If we temporarily press clear key B then press connecting key then whatever be value of loop A will be copied to loop B. This way value is copied.

OSCILLATOR

1. Normally closed key complete circuit. 2. Electromagnet become magnetize attracting the key. 3. 4.
This break circuit. Again normally closed relay closes. The feedback wire changes value 1 then 0 it takes relay about 100 th of second to change value.

AND GATE CIRCUIT

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

C 0 0 0 1

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

C 0 1 1 1

A 0 1

C 1 0

NAND GATE

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

C 1 1 1 0

DECODER
A B I J K L 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

EN

A1

A0

D1

D0

0 1 1 1 1

X 0 0 1 1

X 0 1 0 1

0 AF BF CF DF

0 AH BH CH DH

1. Memory is 2.

shown within the dashed box. We can change value of loop from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 at any instant by pressing key.

 Suppose we

want to store value 01 in latch 10. We want loop CF open & loop CH closed. This is termed as writing 01 to address 10.

WRITING VALUE 01 TO LATCH 10

1. Select the address and data with the address and data keys A, B, E, and F (A1, A0, D1 and D0). 2. Temporarily press D (EN). 3. Release the address and data keys. That's all there is to storing data in an empty latch.

TO READ DATA FROM LATCH

1. 2. 3. 4.
To find out what is in a latch, do the following. Select the address of the latch you want to read with keys A (wire A1) and B (wire A0). Press key 'D' to make the 'EN' wire have value 1. The lights G and H will indicate the values of the data bits stored in that latch. Release the enable key D. Release the address keys, A and B. For example, to read latch 10, first press key A (and not key B) to select latch 10 (as indicated in the following diagram).

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