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Adrenal Glands - Lie retroperitoneally beneath the diaphragm - Capping the medial aspects of the superior pole of each kidney - Produce various hormones
- Regulate metabolism - Immune system - Blood pressure - Blood sugar - Other essential functions
Suspicion
Uncontrolled
coagulopathy Severe cardiopulmonary disease Presence of a locally advanced tumor, and medically untreated pheochromocytoma. Extensive previous abdominal surgery Pregnant patients
Major
hormone imbalances
problems with healing, blood pressure fluctuations, and other metabolic problems.
Other
Preoperative
Port
Adrenal
Adrenal
Physical
exam Blood tests Urine tests Abdominal ultrasound CT scan of the abdomen and head MRI scan Nuclear scan (MIBG or NP-59)
a test in which a small amount of radioactive material is injected and pictures are taken of the inside of the body to determine if the tumor is cancerous
Investigation
CBC,GXM Chest
Lateral or semi-lateral position, ranging from 45-70 ( transperitoneal approach) Using a beanbag mattress, but a gel roll will suffice. Umbilicus should be near the joint in the table to allow for flexing of the table to improve flank exposure Safety straps and tape are used to securely position the patient All pressure points should be padded to prevent nerve compression injuries. The patients arm is placed on an arm rest and should be adequately padded. A shoulder roll is also placed. Reverse Trendelenburg positioning can also help with exposure.
Laparoscopic Instruments
right angle dissector, hook electrocautery laparoscopic suction/irrigator
In PACU
Monitor
Provide routine post-op care. Monitor serial blood sugars, serum electrolytes is very important.
Surgical stress may aggravate the glucose intolerance associated with Cushing's syndrome. Moreover, postadrenalectomy there is a tendency towards hypoglycemia because of impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis especially if steroid replacement is inadequate. Monitor vital signs, I&O. Administer IV therapy and vasopressors as ordered.
Encourage coughing and deep breathing to prevent respiratory infection. Use meticulous aseptic technique during dressing changes.
Administer cortisone or hydrocortisone as ordered to maintain cortisol levels. Provide general care for the client with abdominal surgery
Diet
Follow the diet recommended by your doctor. To avoid retaining fluid, you may need to monitor and reduce salt intake. You may also need to restrict your fluids. Ask your doctor when you will be able to return to work. Do not drive for the first week unless your doctor has given you permission to do so. No strenuous activity for 2 weeks eg. no exercise, heavy lifting, shovelling, or sports. Avoid activity that may stress any of the surgical incisions. If you had to stop taking medicines before the procedure, ask your doctor when you can resume taking them. Medicines that are commonly stopped include: Anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin) Blood thinners, such as clopidogrel (Plavix) or warfarin (Coumadin)
Physical Activity
Medications
Home Care
Monitor your weight daily. Report a weight gain of more than 2 lbs per day to your doctor. This may mean you are retaining fluid. You may shower, but no swimming or tub baths for 2wks. Gently wash the part of your body that has the stitches. Pat the area gently with a clean towel. When the area is dry, put on a clean, new bandage as directed. Keep the incision area clean and dry. Wash your hands before changing the dressing. Ask your doctor about when it is safe to shower, bathe, or soak in water. Monitor your blood pressure daily or as ordered by your doctor. If your doctor instructs you to, wear compression stockings until you are able to walk on a regular basis. The compression stocking will help to decrease blood clots from forming in your legs.
Fludrocortisones
is prescribed for transient aldosterone deficiency (common after adrenelectomy). The symptoms are postural hypotension and hyperkalemia. On maintenance therapy can develop addisonian crisis when under stress The symptoms of fever, abdominal pain, and hypotension.
http://www.sages.org/publication/id/PI14/ http://www.thirdage.com/hc/p/14760/adre