Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

2
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN BUCKLING
Introduction

Elastic buckling of an ideal column

Strength curve for an ideal column

Strength of practical column

Concepts of effective lengths

Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling

Conclusions

3
INTRODUCTION
Compression members: short or long

Squashing of short column

Buckling of long column

Steel members more susceptible to buckling
compared to RC and PSC members


4
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER
COLUMN
Assumptions:
Material of strut - homogenous and
linearly elastic
No imperfections (perfectly straight)
No eccentricity of loading
No residual stresss
5
The governing differential
equation is
0
2
2
= + y
EI
P
dx
y d
cr
.
x
y
P
cr

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN
2
2

EI
P
cr
t
=
Lowest value of the critical load
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
) / (
t t t
o
t
o
E
r
E r E
A
I E
A
P
cr
cr
cr
= = =
= =

6
axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column
B
1
f
f
y
A

c =

/r
Plastic yield defined
by o
f
f = y
Elastic buckling (
o
cr
)
defined by t
2
E /
2
A
'
C
B
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN
IDEAL STRUT
Column fails when the
compressive stress is greater
than or equal to the values
defined by ACB.
AC Failure by yielding (Low
slenderness ratios)
CB Failure by bucking ( >
c
)

7
o
f
/ f
y
1.0


= ( f
y
/
o
cr
)
1/2
1.0
Elastic buckling
Plastic yield
Strength curve in a non-dimensional form
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT
8


FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH
OF A COLUMN
IN PRACTICE:
Effect of initial out of straightness
Effect of eccentricity of applied
loading
Effect of residual stress
Effect of a strain hardening and the
absence of clearly defined yield
point
Effect of all features taken together
9
Residual stresses
in flanges
Residual stresses
in web
Residual stresses distribution (no applied load)
Residual stresses in an
elastic section subjected
to a mean stress o
a
(net stress = o
a
+o
r
)
The influence of residual stresses
Residual
Stresses
10
Effect of all features taken together

o
a
f
y
/r
Data from collapse tests
Theoretical elastic buckling
Lower bound curve
t (E/f
y
)
1/2
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11
SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
7.1 Design Strength
7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members
7.3 Design Details
7.3.1 Thickness of Plate Elements
7.3.2 Effective Sectional Area
7.3.3 Eccentricity for Stanchions and Columns
7.3.4 Splices
]7.4 Column Bases
7.4.1 Gusseted Bases
7.4.2 Slab Bases
7.5 Angle Struts
7.5.1 Single Angle Struts
7.5.2 Double Angle Struts
7.5.3 Continuous Members
7.5.4 Combined Stresses Cont...
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12
SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
7.6 Laced Columns
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Design of Lacings
7.6.3 Width of Lacing Bars
7.6.4 Thickness of Lacing Bars
7.6.5 Angle of Inclination
7.6.6 Spacing
7.6.7 Attachment to Main Members
7.6.8 End Tie Plates
7.7 Battened Columns
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Design of Battens
7.7.3 Spacing of Battens
7.7.4 Attachment to Main Members
7.8 Compression Members Composed of Two Components
Back-to-Back end
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13
INTRODUCTION
Typical column design curve
o
c


f
y

Test data (x) from collapse tests
on practical columns
Euler curve
Design curve
Slenderness (/r)
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x x x

x x


x x
x x
200


100
50 100 150
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14
(a) Single Angle
(b) Double Angle (c) Tee
(d) Channel
(e) Hollow Circular
Section (CHS)
(f) Rectangular Hollow
Section (RHS)
Cross Section Shapes for
Rolled Steel Compression Members
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15
(b) Box Section (c) Box Section
(d) Plated I Section (e) Built - up I Section (f) Built-up Box Section

(a) Box Section
Cross Section Shapes for Built - up or
fabricated Compression Members
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16
7.1.2 The design compressive strength of a member is given by
7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH
0
/
0
/
5 . 0
2 2
0
/
m y
f
m y
f
m y
f
cd
f
cd
f
e
A
d
P
_
| |

s =
(

+
=
=
| = 0.5[1+o ( - 0.2)+
2
]
f
cd
= the design compressive stress,
= non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio,
f
cc
= Euler buckling stress

= t
2
E/(KL/r)
2
o = imperfection factor as in Table 7
_ = stress reduction factor as in Table 8
cc y
f f
( ) E
r
KL
y
f
2
2
t =
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17
Cross Section Limits Buckling about
axis
Buckling Curve
Rolled I-Sections h/b > 1.2 :
t
f
40 mm
40 < t
f
<100
z-z
y-y
z-z
y-y
a
b
b
c
Welded I-Section t
f
<40 mm

t
f
>40 mm
z-z
y-y
z-z
y-y
b
c
c
d
Hollow Section Hot rolled
Cold formed
Any
Any
a
b
Welded Box
Section, built-up
Generally Any
Any
b
c
Channel, Angle, T
and Solid Sections
Any c
Table 10 Buckling Class of Cross-sections
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18
TABLE 7.1 IMPERFECTION FACTOR,

Buckling Class a b c d
o

0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH
Buckling Curves
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Lamda
f
c
d
/
f
y
a
b
c
d
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19
7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members (Table 11)
Boundary Conditions

Schematic
represen
-tation

Effective
Length

At one end

At the other end

Translation

Rotation

Translation

Rotation

Restrained

Restrained

Free

Free



2.0L

Free

Restrained

Restrained

Free

Free

Restrained

Free

1.0L

Restrained

Restrained

Free

Restrained



1.2L

Restrained

Restrained

Free



0.8L

Restrained

Restrained

Restrained



0.65 L

Restrained

Restrained

Restrained

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20
7.4 COLUMN BASES
f y m s
t f b a w t > = / ) 3 . 0 ( 5 . 2
0
2 2

7.4.2 Gusseted Bases

7.4.3 Slab Bases
a
b
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Design steps:
Assume a trial section of area A = P/150
Make sure the section is at least semi-compact !

Arrive at the effective length of the column.
Calculate the slenderness ratios.

Calculate f
cd
values along both major and minor axes.
Calculate design compressive strength P
d
= (f
cd
A).

Check P < Pd
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22
Angles under compression
Concentric loading - Axial force
1. Local buckling
2. Flexural buckling about v-v axis
3. Torsional - Flexural buckling about u-u axis
Eccentric loading - Axial force & bi-axial moments
Most practical case
May fail by bi-axial bending or FTB
(Equal 1, 2, 3 & Unequal 1, 3)
BEHAVIOUR OF ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS
V
V
U
U
V
V
U
U
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23




7.5 ANGLE STRUTS

Basic compressive strength curve

Curve C of Eurocode 3
Slenderness Ratio:
concentric loading kL/r
Single leg Connection (kl/r)
eq
Equivalent normalised slenderness ratio



Where, k
1,
k
2,
k
3
are constants to account for different
end conditions and type of angle.

2
3
2
2 1
2
|
k k k
vv e
+ + =
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 24
Where
L = laterally unsupported length of the member
r
vv
= radius of gyration about the minor axis
b
1
, b
2
= width of the two legs of the angle
t = thickness of the leg
= yield stress ratio ( 250/f
y
)
0.5


250
2
E
r
KL
vv
vv
t
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
t
E
b b
2
250
2
2 1

+
=
t
c

|
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25
7.5 ANGLE STRUTS
7.5.1.2 Loaded through one leg
k
1
, k
2
, k
3
= constants depending upon the end condition (Table 12)
2
3
2
2 1 |
k k k
vv e
+ + =
No. of bolts at
the each end
connection

Gusset/Connec
-ting member
Fixity

k
1


k
2


k
3


> 2

Fixed

0.20

0.35

20

Hinged

0.70

0.60

5

1

Fixed

0.75

0.35

20

Hinged

1.25

0.50

60

Design ?
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS
(a) Single Lacing
(b) Double Lacing (c) Battens
Built-up column members
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 27

7.6.1.5 The effective slenderness ratio, (KL/r)
e
= 1.05 (KL/r)
0
,
to account for shear deformation effects.
7.7.1.4 The effective slenderness ratio of battened column, shall be
taken as 1.1 times the (KL/r)
0
, where (KL/r)
0
is the maximum actual
slenderness ratio of the column, to account for shear deformation
effects.

LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 28
Dr S R Satish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras Chennai 600 036
sr.satishkumar@gmail.com