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Surveys
A Survey is a research technique in which data is collected from a sample of people using an interview or questionnaire Surveys are a crucial tool of business research methods Surveys are undertaken using verbal or written means to obtain primary data for the research project
The advantages are only evident when surveys are properly conducted!
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Non-Response Error
Respondent Error
Response Bias
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Respondent Error
Surveys depend on individuals responding to the questions asked of them in written or verbal form. Respondents must thereby fulfill two preconditions:
Be cooperative Be truthful
If these two preconditions are not fulfilled, the survey is unlikely to achieve its goal. Two major problems resulting from the nonfulfillment of these two preconditions by respondents are:
Non-response Error Response Bias
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Response Bias
A response bias occurs when survey respondents tend to answer the questions posed to them in a certain direction, thereby consciously or unconsciously, or intentionally and inadvertently, misrepresenting the truth Response bias has been found to depend on factors such as the income or social class of respondents and their ethnic background. Example: Mayoral and gubernatorial elections in the USA (white respondents and their supposed choice of candidates)
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Examples: Survey about shopping habits (respondent has forgotten expenses paid and does not want to admit this; employees are asked to give their opinion about their employers and give false answers because they fear adverse consequences; respondents wants to please the interviewer and give answers they think will bring this about; survey respondents want to appear average so that they dont stand out too much)
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Examples: Respondent has forgotten dates and details and gives a best guess estimate, which may not be accurate; respondent doesnt have enough time to think about the answer to a question; feelings often cannot be expressed accurately in words)
International surveys are particularly susceptible to unconscious misrepresentation by survey respondents due to cultural and communicational differences
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Extremity Bias Tendency of survey respondents to use extremes when responding to questions, unlike other respondents who may adopt a neutral stance Interviewer Bias Tendency of survey respondents to give untrue answers because of the presence or influence of interviewers on them and their interest in appearing intelligent, more affluent or just willing to please
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Data Processing Error Sample Selection Error Interviewer Error Interviewer Cheating
Administrative Error
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Four major types of administrative errors are data-processing errors, sample selection errors, interviewer errors and interviewer cheating
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Personal Interviews
A personal interview is a form of direct communication in which an interviewer asks respondents in a face-to-face conversational situation Personal interviews can take place in various locations, often at the respondents place of residence or in their workplaces (door-to-door interviews), in shopping malls and in supermarkets (mall intercept interviews) and in other high-traffic areas (this has the advantage of lower cost but, on the downside, it has a higher refusal rate due to the respondents time limitation and there may be sampling issues to consider) Personal interviews have a number of advantages and disadvantages for business researchers
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Length of Interview If the questionnaire is very lengthy, the personal interview is the best technique for getting respondents to cooperate, without overtaxing their patience
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Lack of Anonymity Respondents are not anonymous in a personal (face-to-face) interview and may be reluctant to disclose certain information to the interviewer. Hence, considerable must be expended by the interviewer when dealing with sensitive questions to avoid bias effects on the respondents part
Necessity for Callbacks When a person selected for interview cannot be reached the first time, a callback has to be scheduled which result in extra cost and time spent
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Telephone Interviews
In telephone interviews, respondents are contacted by telephone in order to collect data for surveys Telephone interviewing has been used for decades and, in some ways, has advantages over other methods of undertaking surveys With improvements in the IT-field, computers can be used to assist in telephone interviewing, and answers given by respondents can be entered by interviewers directly into the computer, saving effort, time and cost
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Self-Administered Questionnaires
Self-Administered Questionnaires
Printed Questionnaires
In-Person Drop-Off
Inserts Fax
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Internet Website
Interactive Kiosk
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