SALIVARY SECRETION

Prepared by Dr.RINKU Garg

 SALIVARY GLANDS-3 PAIRS

PAROTID-LARGEST SEROUS (lack mucins)

SUBMANDIBULAR(mixed mucous and serous)

SUBLINGUAL-SMALLEST(mixed) Daily secretion of saliva is 800-1500 ml/day Ph of saliva -6.0-7.0-favourable for the action of

ptyalin

The mucous acini have flattened basal nuclei, whereas the cells in the serous acini have round nuclei and collections of zymogen secretory granules at their apexes. The intercalated ducts drain into the striated ducts, where the cells are specialized for ion transport

Each gland consists of acini and duct Serous acini contain zymogen granules at the apex that contains salivary amylase. Mucous acini secrete glycoprotein mucin into saliva

Types of salivary secretion

Serous secretion contains ptyalin( alpha amylase) for

digestion Mucus secretion-contains mucin for lubrication Parotid glands mainly serous Submandibular & Sublingual both serous and mucous

COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
WATER-99%
SOLIDS-1%

ORGANIC-L-

AMYLASE,(PTYALIN),KALLIKREIN,LYSOZYME, INORGANIC-Na+,K+,cl-,HCO3-

Mechanism of salivary secretion

Two stage process First stage in acini acini secrete primary secretion(consists of mucin and ptyalin) Formed by transudation of plasma ISOTONIC composition of primary secretion and ECF is almost same

Second stage in ducts composition of fluid is changed by active transport

HYPOTONIC ( bec ducts are relatively impermeable to water). Na+ and cl- are less than plasma K+ and HCO3- are higher than plasma

ACTIVE REABSORPTION OF Na+ IONS &ACTIVE SECRETION OF K+IONS FROM DUCT CELL INTO ECF

More Na+is reabsorbed than K+ secretion

ELECTRICAL GRADIENT OF -70MVinside the salivary duct

SO cl-ions are reabsorbed passively leading to decreased cl-conc.

HCO3-IONS ARE SECRETED BY DUCT CELL INTO LUMEN OF DUCT

(in exchange for chloride ions and active secretion )

Na+ ions are reabsorbed from duct into ECF and K+ ions are secreted into ducts in exchange for Na+

Bicarbonate ions are secreted by ductal epithelium into lumen of duct

RESULT OF THIS EXCHANGEECF PROCESS K+ conc of saliva is more than

Na +ions =15(mEq/L) Cl-ions =15mEq/L K+IONS=30mEq/L HCO3-=50-70mEq/L

Na+ conc of saliva becomes less &

This leads to electrical gradient of -70 mV(bec.more Na+ ions are reabsorbed than K+ secretion

K+

Na+ LUMEN OF SALVARY DUCT HCO3 ECF

Cl-

MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF SALIVA

REGULATION OF SALIVARY SECRETION

Controlled entirely by autonomic nervous system

reflexes No hormonal regulation Increased secretion by both sympathetic and pareasympathatic parasympathetic being more important.

 Symp.fibres to salivary glands come from IML of T1

and T2 ,enter paravetebral symp.chain via ventral root and synapse with neurons in sup.cervical ganglion.
Postganglionic fibres arise from sup.cervical ganglion

and supply all three salivary glands.

 Parasympathetic nerve supply to parotid from

inf.salivary nucleus.i.e.dorsal nucleus of IX cranial nerve ,preganglionic fibres synapse in otic ganglion and postganglionic fibres reach parotid gland along auriculotemporal nerve. Preganglionic parasy.fibres to submandibular and sublingual gland arise from sup.salivary nucleus(dorsal nucleus of VII cranial nerve), run along branches of facial nerve , synapse in ganglia near the glands and post ganglionic fibres supply the glands.

PARASYMPATHETIC REFLEXES
1.CONDITIONED REFLEX :Sight,smell or thought of

food incrases salivary secretion.Salivary glands are stimulated by impulses from higher centres of brain 2.UNCONDITIONED REFLEX: Impulses are generated from mechano and chemoreceptors in the mouth,pharynx and tongue.Salivary centre is present in sup.and inferiofr salivary nuclei.

 Parasympathetic stimulation causes increased watery

secretion(electrolyte rich and poor in proteins) by secreting (a)an enzyme kallikrein which converts alphaglobulin to bradykinin (b) local release of VIP Thus, saliva production is increased by vasodilatation of blood vessels and increasing transport in acinar and ductal cells.

 Sympathetic stimulation causes transient secretion of

thick,viscid saliva rich in mucus Interruption of symp. stimulation does not stop salivary secretion But parasymp.interruption leads to stoppage of salivary secretion and salivary glands atrophy.

Both symp.. and para..cause contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the acini Contraction of myoepithelial cells helps emptying of acini into ducts and augment blood flow.

FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
Destroys harmful bacteria-decrease risk of caries

because it contains (a) lysozyme bactericidal (b)IgA-immunological defence against viruses and bacteria (c)Lactoferrin-bacteriostatic-prevents multiplication of bacteria

Fns.contd.
Starch digestion starts by alpha- amylase present in

the saliva . Action on polysaccharide digestion is limited by the short duration of salivary action. When the bolus of food reaches the stomach,gastric acidity (pH) stops the action of salivary amylase(acta at pH of 6-7) Triglyceride digestion starts by lingual lipase present in the saliva

Fns..contd
Salivary mucus helps in lubrication,thus helps in

mastication and swallowing Helps in maintaining oral hygiene by washing the food particles remaining at the end of meals. Helps in speech by lubrication of oral mucosa Helps in temperature regulation-in dehydration salivary sec. decreases which induces thirst. Panting mechanism-in dogs,saliva evaporates from tongue to cause heat loss

 Saliva is a vechile for the excretion of drugs e.g.alcohol

and morphine,certain heavy metals and thiocyanate ions. Saliva is necessary for taste,taste being a chemical sense ,taste receptors respond only to dissvolved substances.It acts as solvent for various foods. In people, who lack salivary glands XEROSTOMIA(dry mouth), DENTAL CARIES is more prevalant.

 HYPERSECRETION i.e.Sialorrhoea is seen in

Pregnancy

Parkinsonism
Schizophrenia Neoplasm Damage to facial nerve