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Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.

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IACS Requirements for Polar Class Ships
Overview and Background

Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Development of Polar Rules
Work began as a Harmonization: effort
1993 2006 work at IMO/IACS to rationalize and simplify ice
classes
IMO Guidelines provide framework for design and operation
IACS Unified Requirements provide specific structural and
machinery requirements
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Development of Polar Rules
The Polar classes have been developed by IACS to establish a
common system of ice classes. Similar to the CSR process and
prior URs, the PC classes bring together the experiences of many
prior rule systems, including those of several Classification societies
and Governments, including;
Canadian ASPPR/CAC (9 Classes)
Russian MRS/NSR (9 Classes, 4 Icebreaker)
Finnish/Swedish (Baltic) (5 Classes)
ABS (USCG) (5 Polar, 5 Baltic Classes)
DNV (3 Icebreaker, 3 Polar, 5 Baltic Classes)
LR (5 Polar, 5 Baltic Classes)
Other classification societies
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Polar Class descriptions
Polar
Class
Ice Description (based on WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature)
PC 1 Year-round operation in all Polar waters
PC 2 Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions
PC 3 Year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions.
PC 4 Year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
PC 5 Year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
PC 6 Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
PC 7 Summer/autumn operation in thin first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
Class Descriptions
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Polar Classes
In many circumstances class selection will depend on an analysis of
ice statistics, owners experience, ice expertise and
financial/economic considerations. The Polar Rules give on general
guidance. All Polar classes can find ice that will damage the
structure. Class selection is a balance among ice conditions,
operational requirements and cost.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Class Selection
Selection of class factors can be easy or difficult, depending
on the situation.

When the ship is intended for a specific route and operation
in one of the controlled arctic shipping regions, the
required class is set by the shipping control regime.

For example:
Russia ice passport, NSR regulations
Baltic FMA escort regulations
Canada ice numeral system
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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UR Concept of Loads
Polar Rules are based on the concept that ice loads can be
rationally linked to a design scenario.
The design scenario is a glancing collision with an ice edge
(edge of a channel, edge of a floe). This scenario is
valid for both independent and escorted operations.




Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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UR Concept of Loads
The load equation is derived from the solution of a collision
model.
Ice thickness, ice strength (crushing pressures), hull form,
ship size and ship speed are all taken into account.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Ice Load Derivation
Scenario: ship striking an ice edge.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Ice Load Derivation
ice edge indentation.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Ice Load Derivation
Normal Kinetic Energy = Ice Indentation Energy

Find indentation Find force, area, pressure.
ice normal
IE KE =
}
=
m
n n e
d F V M
o
o o
0
2
) (
2
1
( )
}
=
+ +
m
ex ex
ship
ship
d ka Po l V
Co
M o
o o
0
2 2 1
2
2
1
Solve for o
then solve for Force
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Ice Load Derivation
( )
ex
ex
n n
ex
ex
ex
ex
ex
n
V Po ex F
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
'

'
+ =
2 3
2 2
2
2 3
1
2
2 3
1
2 3
2 2
2
1
) ( cos ) sin(
) 2 / tan(
2 3
| |
|
Exact Solution is:
64 . 0 28 . 1
36 . 0
ship ship n
M V Po fa F =
Simplifies to:
64 . 0
D CFc fa F =
Becomes Rule Equation:
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Class Factors
The class factors represent the increasingly challenging ice
conditions that ice classes are designed for. In deriving these
values, ice thickness, strength and ship speed are all taken
into account.
There are other class factors for other aspects.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Ice Load Derivation
Other Rule Equations:
Also from o and Force:
3 . 0 2 22 .
AR CF F p
D n
=
pressure:
line load:
width:
height:
35 . 0 61 .
= AR CF F Q
D n
Q F w / =
p Q b / =
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Rule Load:
The whole bow is to be designed with one load patch. To
arrive at the design load, 4 specific values are calculated
The largest of F, Q and p are used in the assembles bow
design load.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Hull Areas
The areas other than the bow are designed for a portion of
the bow load. The hull areas are defined based on the shape
and waterlines of the vessel.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Hull Area Factors
The hull area factors are applied to a standard (for all vessel
shapes) bow load patch.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Polar Class Structural Rules
Ice loads based on ice mechanics
Rectangular load patch, with horizontal orientation
Uniform pressure patch, with P/A effects in pressure term
Structural design based on realistic plastic response
analytical (energy) solutions, verified by FE analysis (and lab tests)
plate folding for shell plate
bending/shear considerations for frames
Simple buckling-based slenderness limits
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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plate folding based on perfectly plastic hinge formation
equate internal plastic work with external work
gives nominal plastic capacity (>2 x yield)
small plastic strains (shown by FE analysis)
substantial membrane & material reserve (little chance of rupture)
Plate requirements
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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similar to plastic collapse formula for uniformly
loaded plate
s/b term reflects load height effect
b
s
FY
p
s t
5 . 0 1
1
5 . 0
+
=
Plate requirements
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Plating Rule Text:
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Frame requirements
3 limit states checked
Two involve shear/bending resulting in interaction effects
Third is pure shear
Frame design allows tradeoffs
Over-capacity in web area allows saving in modulus and v.v.
Design point is post-yield, but still quasi-elastic
Permanent deflections are ~0, with significant strength reserve.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Frame requirements
Design point is onset of permanent deflections.
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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1
st
limit state 3 hinge formation
Frame requirements
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|


=
1 1 2
2
2
1
8
2
Aw
Ao
kw
L
b L S b P
Zp
y
o
Zo
Rule requirement
for plastic
modulus:
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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2
nd
Limit state : shear panel formation
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|


=
L
b
Ao
Aw
kz L
b L S b P
Zp
y
2
1 2
1
) 75 . 5 1 . 1 (
8
2
1
8
7 .
o
Zo
Frame requirements
Rule requirement
for plastic
modulus:
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Frame requirements
Aw=Ao
3
rd
Limit state : end shear
Rule requirement
for min web area:
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Frame requirements
3 limits in the design space for
modulus and area.
end shear:
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
=
L
b Ao
Aw
kz
Zo
Zp
2
1 2
1
1
) 75 . 5 1 . 1 (
4
7 .
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1 1 2
1
2
Aw
Ao
kw
Zo
Zp
3 hinge:
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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IACS Polar Rules
FE validation
FE results show stable post-yield behavior
Plastic behavior in 2 stages
1- continued near-linear deflections (small
strain, small perm.deflection)
2- knuckle leading to large strains, large
permanent deflections
Energy method gives results that are
comparable with small plastic strains, small
permanent deflections.
3-hinge mechanism
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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FE validation
FE results show stable post-yield behavior
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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Experimental validation
Experimental results show stable post-yield behavior

Load-deflection curves for points under the load patch
0
40
80
120
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Deflection (mm)
L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
)
piont 6 - the lowest point
point 5
point 4
point 3
point 2
point 1-the highest pint
LVDT
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15
Deflection (mm)
L
o
a
d

(
k
i
p
)
Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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UR structural requirements - summary
plastic capacity with substantial reserve at design load levels
analytical energy methods give useful design equations
validation by non-linear FE analysis, and experimentation
multiple limit states for frames (improved mechanics)
design effort required (by users) to satisfy multiple and interacting
effects
gives flexibility for designer
more realistic structural behavior
aim: safer, economical structures.


Polar Class Rules - Sea Ice Engineering / C. Daley / Memorial Univ.
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