methods of attempting to protect the self and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings or events

operates at the unconscious level of awareness, people are not aware of what they are doing and often need help to see the reality

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Compensation Conversion
Expression of an emotional conflict through the development of a physical symptom, usually sensorimotor in nature

Denial
Failure to acknowledge an unbearable condition; failure to admit the reality of a situation, or how one enables the problem to continue

Overachievement in one area to offset real or perceived deficiencies in another area

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Displacement
Ventilation of intense feelings toward persons less threatening than the one who aroused those feelings

Dissociation
Dealing with emotional conflict by a temporary alteration in consciousness or identity

Fixation
Immobilization of a portion of the personality resulting from unsuccessful completion of tasks in a developmental stage

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Identification
Modeling actions and opinions of influential others while searching for identity, or aspiring to reach a personal, social or occupational goal

Intellectualization

Introjection

Separation of the emotions of a painful event or situation from the facts involve; acknowledging the facts but not the emotions

Accepting another persons attitudes, beliefs, and values as ones own

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Projection Rationalization
Reaction Formation

Regression

Unconscious blaming of unacceptable inclinations or thoughts on an external object

Excusing own behavior to avoid guilt, responsibility, conflict, anxiety, or loss of self-respect

Acting the opposite of what one thinks or feels

Moving back to a previous developmental stage in order to feel safe or have needs met

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Repression
Excluding emotionally painful or anxietyprovoking thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness

Resistance
Overt or covert antagonism toward remembering or processing anxietyproducing information

Sublimation
Substituting a socially acceptable activity for an impulse that is unacceptable

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Substitution
Replacing the desired gratification with one that is more readily available

Suppression
Conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness

Undoing
Exhibiting acceptable behavior to make up for or negate unacceptable behavior

INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)
American psychiatrist, believed that personality dynamics and disorders are caused primarily by social forces and interpersonal situations viewed loneliness as the most painful human experience emphasized that early relationship with the significant other as crucial for personality development and believed that healthy relationships were necessary for a healthy personality

INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Anxiety is an interpersonal phenomenon that is transmitted empathically from the significant other to the child, and also by perceived degrees of approval or disapproval felt by the child
all behavior is aimed at avoiding anxiety and threats to self esteem

INTERPERSONAL THEORY
ways to avoid anxiety:
good me focusing on positive attributes bad me hiding the negative aspects of ourselves
from others and even from ourselves

not me represents things that we find

objectionable that we cannot even imagine them being part of us

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

a hands on system in which therapist actively guide in challenged maladaptive behaviors and distorted views
focus is on the here and now with the emphasis on the patients life and relationship at home, at work, and in the social realm therapist becomes participant observer the premise of this work is that if people are aware of their dysfunctional pattern and unrealistic expectations, they can modify them

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Ivan Pavlov (1927)
is famous for investigating classical conditioning in which involuntary behavior or reflexes could be conditioned to respond to neutral stimuli

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
John B. Watson (1930)
rejected psychoanalysis and was seeking an objective therapy that did not focus on unconscious motivation he contended that personality traits and responses, adaptive and maladaptive, were learned conditioned Little Albert, a 9-month-old to be terrified at the sight of white fur or hair concluded that through behavioral techniques anyone could be trained to be anything, from a beggar to a merchant

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
B.F. Skinner (1938)
conducted research on operant condition in which voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences of reinforcement positive reinforcement a consequence that causes the behavior to occur more frequently negative reinforcement punishment, a consequence that causes the behavior to occur less frequently

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Behavioral Therapy/ Behavior Modification
uses basic tenets from each of the behaviorists attempts to correct or eliminate maladaptive behaviors or responses by rewarding or reinforcing adaptive behavior

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Systematic Desensitization
based on classical conditioning learned responses can be reversed by first promoting relaxation and then gradually facing a particular anxiety-provoking stimulus successful in extinguishing PHOBIAS

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Aversion Therapy
based on both classical and operant conditioning and is used to eradicate unwanted habits by associating unpleasant consequences with them ei disulfiram (Antabuse); people who take this medication and then ingest alcohol become extremely ill; with sex offenders who may receive electric shock in response to arousal from child pornography

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Biofeedback
is a technique in which individuals learn to control physiological responses such as breathing rates, heart rates, BP, brain waves, and skin temperature this control is achieved by providing visual and auditory biofeedback of the physiological response and then using relaxation techniques such as slow, deep breathing or meditation

COGNITIVE THEORY
Aaron T. Beck
develop a cognitive therapy approach with depressed patients, he became convinced that depressed people generally had standards patterns of negative and self-critical thinking

COGNITIVE THEORY
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
a commonly used effective and well research therapeutic tool based on both cognitive and behavioral theory and seeks to modify negative thoughts that lead to dysfunctional emotions and actions Goal: first to identify the negative patterns of thought that lead to negative emotions, once identified, they can be replaced with rational thoughts

COGNITIVE THEORY
ABCs of Irrational Belief a four-column format to record the precipitating event or situation, the resulting autonomic thought, the proceeding feelings and behaviors, and finally, a challenge to the negative thoughts based on rational evidence and thoughts

Activating Event Trent has been in counseling for depression. His therapists secretary called and canceled this weeks appointment.

Belief
My therapist is disgusted with me and wants to avoid me.

Consequences
Sadness, rejection, and hopelessness. Decides to call off work and return to bed.

Reframing
There is no evidence to believe that I disgust my therapist. Why would he have rescheduled if he really didnt want to see me?

COGNITIVE THEORY
Autonomic thoughts rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas cognitive distortion irrational because people make false assumptions and misinterpretations

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

All or nothing thinking Thinking in black and white, reducing complex outcomes into absolutes Cheryl got second highest score in the cheerleading competition. She considers herself a loser Over generalization Using a bad outcome as evidence that nothing will ever go right again Marty had a traffic accident. She refuses to drive and says I shouldnt be allowed on the road

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

Labeling A form of generalization where a characteristic or event becomes definitive and results in an overly harsh label for self or others Because I failed the advance statistics exam, I am a failure. I might as well give up Mental Filter Focusing on a negative detail or bad event and allowing it to taint everything else Anns boss evaluated her work as exemplary and gave her a few suggestions for improvement she obsessed about the suggestions and ignored the rest

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

Disqualifying the Positive

Maintaining a negative view by rejecting information that supports a positive view as being irrelevant, inaccurate, or accidental Ive just been offered a job Ive always wanted. No one else must have applied

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

Jumping to Conclusions Making a negative interpretation despite the fact that there is little or no supporting evidence My fianc Mike didnt call me for 3 hours therefore he doesnt love me Mind Reading inferring negative thoughts, responses, motive of others The grocery store clerk was grouchy and barely made eye contact. I must have done something wrong Fortune Telling Error anticipating that things will turn out badly as an established fact Ill ask her out, but I know she wont have a good time

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

Magnification or minimization Catastrophizing

Exaggerating the importance of something or reducing the importance of something Im alone on Saturday night because no one likes me. When other people are alone, its because they want to be

An extreme form of magnification in which the very worst is assumed to be a probable outcome If I dont make a good impression on the boss at the company picnic she will fire me

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

Emotional Reasoning Drawing a conclusion based on an emotional state Im nervous about the exam. I must not be prepared. If I were I would not be afraid Should and Must Statements Rigid self directives that presume an unrealistic amount of control over external events My patient is worst today. I should give better care so that she will get better. Personalization Assume responsibility for an external event or situation that was likely out of personal control Im sorry that your party wasnt more fun. Its probably because I was there.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
a Swiss psychologist and researcher described cognitive development as a dynamic progression from primitive awareness and simple reflexes to complex thoughts and responses according to Piaget, our mental representations of the world, or schemata depend on the cognitive stage we have reached

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Sensorymotor Stage 0 to 2 years
begins with basic reflexes and culminates with purposeful movement, spatial abilities, and hand eye coordination 9 months, object permanence is achieved, peek-a-boo

Preoperational Stage 2 to 7 years

children are not able to think abstractly or generalized qualities in the absence of specific objects but rather think in a concrete fashion egocentric thinking inability to conserve mass, volume or number

Concrete Operational Stage 7 to 11 years

logical thought appears and abstract problem solving is possible see a situation from anothers point of view conservation is possible understand the concept of reversibility

Formal Operational Stage 11 years to adulthood

conceptual reasoning commences

THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
a German born American child psychoanalyst describe development as occurring in eight predetermined life stages

HUMANISTIC THEORY
Carl Rogers (1961)
developed patient-centered psychotherapy technique that emphasized the role of the patient in understanding ones own problems, the role of the therapist is that of facilitator rather than director

HUMANISTIC THEORY
Abraham Maslow (1970)
known for developing a theory of personality and motivation based on a hierarchy of needs when lower level needs are met, higher needs are able to emerge

HUMANISTIC THEORY
SelfTranscendence needs: Self-Actualization needs: Becoming every ting one is capable of Esteem needs: self-esteem related to competency, achievement and esteem from others Belongingness and Love needs: Affiliations, affectionate relationships, love Safety needs: Security protection, stability, structure, order and limits

Physiologic needs: Oxygen, food, water, sleep, sex

THEORY OF OBJECT RELATIONS

developed by interpersonal theorist who emphasized past relationships in influencing a person sense of self as well as the nature and quality of relationships in the present

THEORY OF OBJECT RELATIONS

Margaret Mahler (1895-1985)
Hungarian psychologist who worked with emotional disturbed children, developed a framework for looking at how an infant goes from complete self absorption with an inability to itself as separate from its mother, to a physically and psychologically differentiated toddler Notes that raising healthy children does not require that parents never make mistakes, and that good enough parenting will promote successful separation-individuation.

THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
an American psychologist, develop a theory on how people progressively develop a sense of morality

THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Pre-Conventional level
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
focus on rules and on listening to authority, people at this stage believe that obedience is the method to avoid punishment

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

individuals become aware that not everyone thinks the way that they do, and that rules are seen differently by different people, if they or others decide to break the rules, they are risking punishment

THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Conventional Level
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
People begin to view rightness or wrongness as related to motivations, personality, or the goodness or badness of the person, people should not get along and have similar values.

Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order

a rule are rules mindset people had begun to adopt a broader view of society

THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Post-Conventional Level
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
still believe that social order is important, but social order must be good; has the duty to protect the rights of others

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

actions should create justice for everyone involved; we are obliged to break unjust law

ETHICS OF CARE THEORY

Carol Gilligan (1936)
an American psychologists, ethicist, and feminist who inspired the normative ethics of care theory suggests that a morality of care should replace Kohlbergs justice view of morality, which holds that we should do what is right no matter the personal cost or the cost to those we love.

Stages of Moral Development

Goal PreGoal is individual survivalconventional selfishness Conventional Self sacrifice is goodnessresponsibility to others PostPrinciple of nonviolence conventional do not hurt others or self Stage Action Caring for self
Caring for others Balancing caring for self with caring for others

 mental disorders are believed to have physical causes, therefore, mental disorders will respond to physical treatment 1950-chlorpromazine (thorazine), widely used for treatment of schizophrenia Biological therapy
psychopharmacology ECT talk therapy

EXISTENTIAL THEORIES
believe that behavioral deviations result when a person is out of touch with himself or herself or the environment

Rational Emotive Therapy Albert Ellis

a cognitive therapy using confrontation of irrational belief that prevent the individual from accepting responsibility for self and behavior

 Logotherapy Viktor E. Frankl

a therapy designed t help individuals assume personal responsibility the search for meaning (logos) in life is a central theme counselors and therapists who work with clients in spirituality and grief counseling often use this concepts

 Gestalt therapy Frederick S. Perls

a therapy focusing on the identification of feelings in the here and now, which leads to self-acceptance believed that self-awareness leads to self-acceptance and responsibility for ones own thoughts and feelings often use to increase clients self-awareness by writing and reading letters, journaling and other activities designed to put the past to rest and focus on the present

 Reality Therapy William Glasser

therapeutic focus is need for identity through responsible behavior individuals are challenged to examine ways in which their behavior thwarts their attempts to achieve life goals working with persons with delinquent behavior, unsuccessful school performance, and emotional problems who often blame their problems on other people, the system, or society

THANK YOU!
CHAPTER 3 UNIT TEST JANUARY 10 8am-9:15am 141 items
Multiple choice Matching type Identification Fill in the blanks enumeration