Chemical name Ethanoic acid Calcium carbonate Calcium hydroxide

Formula CH3COOH CaCO3 Ca(OH)2

Common name Vinegar Limestone or marble Slaked lime

Calcium oxide
Ethanol Magnesium hydroxide Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sucrose Sulphuric acid

CaO
C2H5OH Mg(OH)2 NaHCO3 NaCl NaOH C12H22O11 H2SO4

Quicklime
Grain alcohol Milk of magnesia Baking soda Table salt Lye Cane sugar Battery acid

A form of classifying elements systematically by placing elements with similar features in the same group
-arranged in ascending order of their proton number

1.

Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794) -the first person to attempt to classify elements -4 groups, based on similar chemical properties -failed as many elements showing different chemical properties classified together

2. J.W. Dobereiner (1780 1849) -introduced the Triad Law -failed too because it was limited to some elements only

3. John Newlands (1838 1898) -proposed the Octave Law (classified elements according to increasing relative atomic mass -this law could be applied to the first 17 elements only

4. Lothar Meyer (1830 1895) -succesfully showed that the properties of elements varied periodically by plotting the graph of atomic volume against the atomic mass of each elements -properties of elements recur periodically

5. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907) -left gaps for elements yet to be discovered -although the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, he changed the order of the elements if the chemical properties are not similar

6. Henry Moseley (1887 1915) -arranged the elements in the periodic table in order of increasing proton number -basis for classifying elements in modern P.T

Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794) - first person J.W. Dobereiner (1780 1849) - Triad Law
John Newlands (1838 1898) - Octave Law Lothar Meyer (1830 1895) - properties of elements varied periodically by plotting the graph of atomic volume against the atomic mass of each elements Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907) - left gaps

Henry Moseley (1887 1915) - increasing proton number

-119 elements -the elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number, related to electron arrangement of the elements -same chemical properties are placed in the same group -vertical columns are called groups-18 groups -horizontal columns are called periods-7 periods

Period 1 hydrogen & Helium Period 2 & 3 eight 8 elements (short periods) Period 4 & 5 18 elements (long periods) Period 6 Lanthanide Series Period 7 Actinide Series

-all members in the same group have the same number of valence electron -group 1 one valence electron -group 2 two valence electrons -group 17 seven valence electrons The period number is indicated by the number of filled electrons shells All elements in the same period have the same number of filled electrons shells

Activity 4.1 Practical Book (page 33) Thank you!

Helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn) -called noble or inert gases -they comprise single atoms and so are monoatomic gases

Physical Properties -atomic size increase as we go down the group Why? -an additional shell is added on for each elements -cannot dissolve in water -cannot conduct electricity and heat -colourless

-melting and boiling point increase down the group as the atomic radius increases (the Van der Waals forces become stronger and thus, more heat energy is needed to overcome these forces) -proton number increase down the group (Ar increases)

-noble gases are not chemically reactive because they exist as monoatomic, -cannot combine ionically or covalently -their outermost shells are completely filled -obey duplet and octet rule -cannot accept, donate or share electrons

Element He Ne

Proton number 2 10

Electron arrangement 2 2.8

Ar
Kr Xe Rn

18
36 54 86

2.8.8
2.8.18.8 2.8.18.18.8 2.8.18.32.18.8

Helium

-second lightest gas after hydrogen -used to fill air ships and weather balloons -mixed with oxygen and used in the gas tanks of deep-sea divers Neon -burns with an orange-red colour -used to light up billboards hotel, building and even airport runways. Argon -used in filament bulb to prevent the burning of the tungsten filament. -provide inert atmosphere in welding work Krypton -used to fill high-speed flash bulbs in photography -also used in electric bulbs

-also known as alkali metals, consists of Lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). -grey in colour with shinning surfaces, soft and easily to cut -conduct electricity and heat -high melting and boiling points

Element Li Na K Rb Cs

Proton number 3 11 19 37 55

Electron arrangement 2.1 2.8.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.18.8.1 2.8.18.18.8.1

Fr

87

2.8.18.32.18.8.1

Alkali properties change gradually as we go down the group Increase in the number of filled electron shells will result in increased atomic size, mass and density Melting and boiling are not so high atomic radius increases, the bonds between the atoms become weaker

-very reactive elements (must be kept in paraffin) -do not exist in their free form but in combination with other elements -have one valence electron, group 1 elements always donate one electron to attain the noble gas stability become cation (positively-charge ion) Exmple: Li Li+ + eNa Na+ + e-

-same chemical properties -reactivity increase as we go down the group Why? The atomic radius increase, the distance between the valence electrons and nucleus increases. The protons in the nucleus exert a weaker force of attraction on the valence electron. As a result, it is easier to release the valence electron.

A. Reactions of alkali metals with water

B. Reactions of alkali metals with oxygen gas, O2

Alkali metal water

-react with water to produce an alkali and hydrogen gas Example: 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 -the reactivity increase from lithium to potassium

Reaction with Oxygen gas

-react with oxygen to produce a white metallic oxide Example: 4Li + O2 2Li2O 4Na + O2 2Na2O 4K + O2 2K2O
scoop oxygen

Lithium burns Gas jar

Metallic oxide dissolve in water to form an alkali Li2O + H2O 2LiOH Na2O + H2O 2NaOH K2O + H2O 2KOH

-react with chlorine to form metallic chloride Example: scoop 2Li + Cl2 2LiCl Chlorine gas 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Alkali metal 2K + Cl2 2KCl
Gas jar

The reactivity increases from lithium (Li) to potassium (K)

Give three physical properties of sodium b. Explain why the melting and boiling point of the alkali metals decrease as we go down the group c. Give one chemical property of the alkali metals d. Using rubidium as the alkali, compare it reactivity with sodium, with reference to the chemical properties of sodium.
a.

-Flourine, F, Chlorine, Cl, Bromine, Br, Iodine, I and Astatine, At. -known as halogens (salt former) -reactive non-metals -exist as diatomic covalent molecules with the formulae of F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and At2 -high electronegativity (flourine is the most electronegative element) Electronegativity measurement of the strength of its atom in a molecule to pull electrons towards its nucleus.

-the reactivity (electronegativity) decrease going the group The reason; -the number of shells occupied with electrons in the atoms of halogens increases when going down the group, this cause the outermost occupied shell to become further away from the nucleus. Hence, the strength of the nucleus to attract electrons become weaker.

General

-low melting and boiling point (weak Van Der Waal forces) -low density -do not conduct electricity -weak conductor of heat

-atomic radius increase gradually Reason number of shells occupied with electrons increases -low boiling and melting points Reason molecular size increase, forces of attraction increase, more heat energy is required to overcome the attraction -the density increase gradually Reason the increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume The colour of halogens become darker

-similar chemical properties -electrons arrangement F, 2.7 Cl, 2.8.7 Br, 2.8.18.7 I, 2.8.18.18.7 At, 2.8.18.32.18.7 -seven (7) valence electrons -reactivity decrease down the group -easier gain electron, more reactive is the halogen

-7 valence electrons -gain one electron to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement, hence ion with a charge -1 is formed -atomic size increase, the outermost occupied electron shell becomes further away from the nucleus. Therefore, the strength of the nucleus to attract one more electron decrease the reactivity decrease

-good oxidising agents (the strength decrease down the group)

Produce two types of acids Example: Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

-HCl (hydrochloric acid) -HOCl (Hypochlorous acid) Hypochlorous acid exhibit bleaching property

Produce iron(III) halides Example: 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 -FeCl3 (Iron(III) chlorides halide)

Produce two types of sodium salts and water Example: Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O -NaCl (Sodium Chloride salt) -NaOCl (Sodium Chlorate(I) salt) -water

Astatine below iodine in Group 17 Can react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide solution but these reactions are slower than iodine. -flourine poisonous (dangerous gas) Astatine radioactive Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine vapour are poisonous

-horizontal row of elements known as a period -7 periods -the period number of element is the number of shells occupied with electrons -across the period, the proton number increases by one -number of valence electron increases by one

a. Atomic radius -decreases when going across a period from left to right Reason increase number of electrons are placed in third shell, all atoms have 3 shells occupied with electrons, cause the positive charge of the nucleus increase, attraction by the nucleus become stronger and the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus. Therefore, the atomic radius decreases across the period

-a measurement of the strength of an atom of that element in a molecule to attract electrons towards its nucleus -increase when going across the period, why? i. The positive charge increases ii. Atomic radius decreases -Period 2 & 3 less electronegative, whereas non-metals on the right are more electronegative

-change from solid to gas Metallic properties -metallic properties decrease across the period -Si is semi-metal/metalloid Electrical conductivity -Na, Mg, Al good; Si weak; P, S, Cl cannot conduct electricity

-Period 3 elements can be classified into metals or non-metals based on the basic or acidic properties of their oxides -metals basic properties only

-both acidic and basic amphoteric oxides

-non-metals acidic properties only

Silicon weak conductor, but increase with the rise of temperature -doped with boron or phosphorus, become good conductor (known as semiconductor), only allows electric current to flow in one direction -use in microelectronic industry, the electronic component are used to make microchip -germanium is another semi-metal used in microelectronic in industry

Quick Review E Page 75

First series Scandium, Sc, Titanium, Ti, Vanadium, V, Chromium, Cr, Manganese, Mn,

Iron, Fe, Cobalt, Co, Nickel, Ni, Copper, Cu, Zinc, Zn

Physical properties do not change much i. Atomic radii (atomic size) almost the same ii. Properties as metals -all metals -solid and shiny surface -ductile and malleable -high tensile strength -high melting and boiling point -good conductors of heat and electricity Iron (as steel) and copper (as electric wires or cable) are widely used

-low but increases slowly (when going across the period) -Zn, is not a transition element

Form coloured ions or compounds Example: Compounds, Cobalt chloride crystal pink Copper (II) sulphate crystal blue Iron (II) sulphate crystal pale green Iron (III) sulphate crystal - brown

Copper (II) ion, Cu 2+ - blue Iron (II) ion, Fe 2+ - pale green Iron (III) ion, Fe 3+ - yellowish-brown/brown Cobalt (II) ion, Co 2+ - pink Nickel (II) ion, Ni 2+ - green Chromium (III) ion, Cr 3+ - green Manganese (II) ion, Mn 2+ - light pink Manganate (VII) ion, MnO4- - purple Chromate (VI) ion, CrO4 2- - yellow Dichromate (VI) ion, Cr2O7 2- - orange

-aqueous solutions are coloured -react with sodium hydroxide and ammonia to form coloured precipitates may be soluble/insoluble -in daily life added to paints and glass Example: Green glass adding a mixture of chromium (III) oxide and copper (II) oxide -precious stones (gemstones) naturally occurred compounds

Quick review F Page 77