COOKING OIL

Group 2
Athena Kong Mei Tze Kevin Ong Rui Meng Richard Chung Wong Siew Yung BK11110030 BK11160361 BK11110258 BK11110326

RAW MATERIALS ( PALM OIL )

An edible plant oil that derived from the mesocarp of the fruit of the oil palm (Elaeis Guineensis). While, palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit or coconut oil derived from the kernel of coconut palm (Cocos Nucifera). They differ in colour and in saturated fat content. Palm mesocarp oil is 41% saturated while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81% and 86% saturated respectively.

Reddish in colour. Semi-solid in room temperature. Contains several saturated and unsaturated fats in the forms of glycerol laurate(0.1% saturated), myristate (1% saturated), palmitate(44% saturated), stearate(5% saturated), oleate(39% monounsaturated), linoleate(10% polyunsaturated), and alphalinolerate(0.3% polyunsaturated).

Composed of fatty acids, esterified with glycerol just like any ordinary fat. Gives its name 16-carbon saturated fatty acid palmitic acid. Monosaturated oleic acid is also a constituent of palm oil. Unrefined palm oil is a large natural source of tocotrienol, part of the vitamin E family.

THE APPROXIMATE CONCENTRATION OF

FATTY ACIDS IN PALM OIL

 Palm

oil products are made using milling and refining processes: first using fractionation, with crystallization and separation processes to obtain solid (stearin), and liquid (olein) fractions. Then melting and degumming removes impurities. Then the oil is filtered and bleached. Next, physical refining removes smells and coloration, to produce "refined bleached deodorized palm oil", or RBDPO, and free sheer fatty acids, which are used as an important raw material in the manufacture of soaps, washing powder and other hygiene and personal care products. RBDPO is the basic oil product sold on the world's commodity markets, although many companies fractionate it further into palm olein, for cooking oil or other products.

PALM OIL REFINING PROCESS

To

remove free fatty acids, phosphatides, odouriferous matter, water as well as impurities such as dirt and traces of metals from the crude palm oil (CPO).

PHYSICAL REFINING VS CHEMICAL REFINING

Physical

refining is also known as deacidification (deodorisation) by steam distillation in which free fatty acids and other volatile components are distilled off from the oil using effective stripping agent which is usually steam under suitable processing conditions. Chemical refining or also known as alkali refining is a conventional method used to refine the CPO. 3 stages of refining processes: Gum Conditioning and Neutralization Bleaching and Filtration Deodorisation

CHEMICAL REFINING

CHEMICAL REFINING PLANT

CHEMICAL REFINING
Alkali-neutralization-the

crude oil is heated to a temperature of 8090C. Phosphoric acid of 80 85% concentration is then dosed in at a rate of 0.050.2% (of the feed oil). This serves to precipitate the phospholipids. The degummed oil is further treated with a caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) solution. The reaction results in the formation of sodium soap The neutralized palm oil (NPO) is then washed with 1020% hot water to remove traces of soap still present. After another stage of centrifugal separation, the washed oil is then dried under vacuum to a moisture level below 0.05%.

 Earth

bleaching- to remove colour pigments and metal ions The neutralized palm oil is treated with bleaching earth in a similar manner as that described in physical refining. However, in this case, the earth also removes traces of soap that are present.

 Deodorization-the

neutralized and bleached oil is then channelled to the deodorizer in a similar manner to that in the physical refinery. The oil is subjected to distillation at a temperature of 240260C and a vacuum of 25 mm Hg with direct steam injection. The final product, called neutralized, bleached, and deodorized (NBD) palm oil is then cooled down to 60C and passed through polishing filter bags before pumping to the storage tanks.

ADVANTAGES OF CHEMICAL REFINING

It

is likely that when chemical refining were invented, environmental pollution and chemical usage in food processing industry were not become such main issues and thus, the chemical refining steps involved seem to have been fully acceptable. However, as consumers become more concern in health implications when consuming chemically refined oil and the legislation authorities becoming more stringent on environmental pollution, physical refining seems to be a better alternative for food processing.

ENVIRONMENTAL & SAFETY

Palm

oil production has been documented as a cause of substantial and often irreversible damage to the natural environment. Its impacts include: Deforestation Habitat loss of critically endangered species such as the Orang Utan and Sumatran Tiger Significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions Soil erosion

 Disposal

problems are associated with the processing of soapstock and mucilage. The soap is first boiled and separated with sulphuric acid (break up the emulsion). Fatty acids produced can be separated from the acid solution in settling tanks. The acid solution is then neutralised and cooled with slaked lime. Organic substances and the remaining wastewater must comply with the following conditions for drainage (standard German values as a guide): maximum temperature 35C max. sulphate content due to addition of sulphuric acid 600 mg/l.

 The

quantity of wastewater from chemical wet neutralisation and the subsequent soapstock fractionation is around 0.5 m3/t of initial product under modern production conditions. This is only equivalent to about 5% of the total wastewater from a refinery, but because of the high organic content and consequently the much higher Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), this alone amounts to 50 - 60 % of the admissible total COD load of a refinery in Germany. The discharge of wastewater must therefore be inspected to ensure compliance with the relevant limit values.

WASTEWATER
In

crude oil refining, a wastewater quantity of 10-25 m3/t initial product must be assumed. Constituents of the wastewater: sodium sulphate or sodium chloride calcium phosphate fatty acids (in part as calcium soap) mono-, di- and triglycerides Glycerin Protein Lecithin Aldehyde Ketones Lactones Sterines

refinery's wastewater output can be reduced by up to 90% if the vapour cooling water is managed in a circuit. A system however, which results in higher COD concentrations in the circuit water. The minimum requirements for the final discharge of refinery wastewater must take account of this circumstance. However, despite the higher COD concentration where the cooling water is managed in a circuit, there is an overall general reduction in pollutant load. Biological wastewater treatment cannot yet be described as the most modern state-of-the-art process in view of the land required, the higher energy consumption and the problem of sludge disposal.

TABLE 1: LIMIT VALUES FOR THE DISCHARGE OF ACID SOLUTIONS FROM SOAP FRACTIONATION
Quantity
Maximum temperature pH value Settleable solids which can precipitate in 30 mins Fat 3C 6.0-9.0 10mg/l 250mg/l

0.3 m3/t oil

SO4

600mg/l

MASS BALANCE OF PALM OIL MILL