INDIAN RAILWAYS- AN INTRODUCTION

Andrew Hicken

Scheme of presentation
History of rail roads

Evolution of IR
Organizational structure and management

Staffing pattern
Management of staff Welfare activities Negotiating machineries Grievance redressal mechanisms

History of Rail roads

1550 AD Roads of rails called wagon ways used in Germany wooden rails, horse drawn carriages 1776 AD Rails now of metal. Wheels metalcalled tram ways horse drawn-spread all over Europe 1789AD William Jessop- invented the flanged wheel 1803 AD Steam engine built by Richard trevethick

History of rail roads

RAILROADS feasible due to invention of

steam engine
1789- first flanged wheels designed Jessop 1804 first tramway steam engine built and used R. Trevithick 1825-Stockton and Darlington railways functional 1814-George Stephenson built first rail engine 1826- john Stevens- first American railroad 1857 first sleeping car built Pullman 1869-george Westinghouse invention of air brakes 1970s high speed technology

HISTORY OF RAILRODSINDIA
1832 first proposed in madrasbangalore 1836-survey carried out 1840- lord Hardinge decides to support building of railwaysirrespective of commercial viability 1845-two companies EIR and GIPR operating Dec 22 1851roorkee functional railway system to haul construction material April 16 1853- Bombay thane first passenger train run 15 august 1854 Howrah to hoogly

History of railroads in India

The British government encouraged the setting up

of railways by private investors under a scheme that would guarantee an annual return of 5% during the initial years of operation. Once completed, the company would be passed under government ownership, but would be operated by the company that built them. 1862-Howrah benaras 1870- East and west network linked 6400 kms and 95 million pounds investment

History of railroads India

By 1880 the network had a route mileage of about 14,500 km

(9,000 miles), mostly radiating inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896 sent engineers and locomotives to help build the ugandan railways . In 1900, the GIPR became a government owned company. The network spread to modern day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh and soon various independent kingdoms began to have their own rail systems. 1901 railway board constituted 1907 most companies taken over by governmentfirst electric locomotive 1914-1918impact of world war I 1920 61000 kms networkindependent railway budget 1940-44impact of second world war

History of IR pre independence

IRCA
The Indian Railway Conference Association came into existence in the year 1902. AT that time railway network in India consisted of 19 privately owned separate railways systems covering a total of 8,475 miles. Each company had formulated its own rules and regulations regarding charging, booking and carriage of Passengers and Goods. Due to multiplicity of rules the user was very much inconvenienced. With a view to overcome the difficulties in regard to different rules and regulations and to frame rules regarding movement of wagons of one railway system over the other, the Indian Railway Conference Association was formed in the year 1902. Initially the Association was constituted to frame rules and regulations for booking of traffic and interchange of trains between railways, to act as a consultative Committee and as a Board of Arbitration. Subsequently the Committees for prescribing common standards for wagon maintenance and Classification were formed and by 1926 it was decided to have permanent Committees and Technical sections covering all spheres of Railway working under IRCA.

History of IR post independence

1946 all company railways taken over by

government. 40% railways in Pakistan 42 separate systems (32 Princely state railways); 55000 KMSMulti gauge 1951- reorganization and merger of all company railways6 Zones 1952BG standard, indigenous production units; electrification 1986-steam phased out Metro built in Calcutta 1998-konkan railway built

History of IR post independence

1946 all company railways taken over by

government. 40% railways in Pakistan 42 separate systems (32 Princely state railways); 55000 KMSMulti gauge 1951- reorganization and merger of all company railways6 Zones 1952BG standard, indigenous production units; electrification 1986-steam phased out Metro built in Calcutta 1998-konkan railway built

EAST INDIAN RAILWAY -1860

Railway medical services

Railway medical services

Staff welfare
Staff Benefit Fund is an important

channel for providing additional facilities to railway employees and their families in the spheres of education, recreation, medicare, sports, scouting and cultural activities. Dispensaries under the indigenous systems of medicine, viz. Ayurvedic and Homeopathic, are run with the help of this Fund.

Important statistics
Approximately 42% staff have been

provided with railway quarters. 253 canteens served subsidized meals and refreshments to employees during the year at their work-places. Co-operative societies of various types are encouraged as a part of welfare programme for employees.

Important activities
171 registered Railwaymen's Consumer Co-

operative Societies, 19 Railwaymen's Cooperative Housing Societies and 29 Labour Contract Cooperative Societies were functional on IR during 2007-08. IR attaches due importance to recreation for its employees and provides excellent facilities through Institutes/Clubs for sports, libraries, etc. and Holiday Homes to enable the employees and their families to enjoy holidays at nominal expenses.

Railway Minister's Welfare and Relief Fund

The Fund provides financial assistance and relief to railway

employees and their families in times of distress. Voluntary contributions from the employees and Railway Women's Welfare Organizations constitute the primary source of the Fund. Life Line Express, with all medical facilities, runs under the aegis of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi for

 Railway Schools IR runs and manages 365 railway schools

which include nearly 100 Senior/Secondary/High Schools. These schools provide quality education at subsidized cost to about one lakh children of railway employees and about 30,000 nonrailway wards. There are about 5,500 teachers and about 1,100 nonteaching staff employed in these railway schools. IR also supports 62 Kendriya Vidyalayas for the benefit of wards of railway employees.

Empowerment, Welfare, and Development of Women

IR is the largest employer in the country with 13,94,520

employees of which 82,712 are women employees as on March 31, 2008. Various privileges are also available to women railway employees like maternity leave, special leave for promoting family welfare and most significantly Child Care Leave for a period of 2 years which has been introduced recently. Complaint redressal system under gender discrimination Handicraft centres and Mahila Samities have been instituted to impart skills necessary for pursuing income generating vocations. A specific outlay is earmarked under Staff Benefit Fund towards Women Empowerment Activities. This is for women family members Women Welfare Organisations are also being run by wives of Railway Officers who are also promoting the cause of women through activities like nursery schools, crches, institutions for mentally challenged children, promoting talent amongst wards of the employees and rendering necessary financial assistance in

Other major activities

Sports

Help to differently abled persons Concessions Facilities at stations and in coaches Reservation in posts-3%
Staff grievance redressal system

Pension adalats
Permanent negotiating machinery

Undertaking under IR
CONCOR Set up in 1989 3500 crores turn over 22% profit

Center for railway information system Responsible for creation and implementation of major IT systems on IR
Dedicated freight corridor corporation of India Set up 2006 November

Undertakings under IR
IRCON Set up 1976 Internationally spread Construction company 2100 crores turnover IRCTC Manages catering, tourism and e-ticketing

IRFC Facilitates market mobilization of finances for railways

Undertakings under IR
KRCL Started in 1998 Runs 760 km long railway line PRCL RAILTEL RITES TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND CONSULLTANCY SERVICES

Undertakings under IR
RVNL to raise non budgetary resources SPV Construction activities Advisory boards Rail users committees Research advisory board Our heritage 3 heritage railways Rail museum

Grievance
Specific complaint or formal notice of

employee dissatisfaction related to adequacy of pay, job requirements, work conditions, other aspects of employment, or an alleged violation of a collective bargaining agreement.

Understanding of Grievances on IR
If an organization has to move towards excellence,

maintenance of harmonious and cordial relationship is a vital condition. Similar to organization expectations from the employees. The employees do have more expectation in terms what they have contributed to each other. Failure to meet with each others expectation or the deviations from what has already been accepted may lead to indiscipline, grievance and stress are of continuing in nature and often judicial- legal process may not be of much help in resolving them.

Types of Grievances experienced on IR

Individual Grievances

Group Grievances
Union Policy Grievances

Industrial Grievance and Relations

LABOUR RELATIONS EMPLOYER- EMPLOYEE RELATIONS GROUP RELATIONS PUBLIC RELATIONS

DETERMINANTS OF IR
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
ECONOMIC FACTORS TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

STRIKE
Section 2 (q) of the Industrial Disputes Act. 1947 defines strike to mean: a cessation of work by a body of persons employed in any industry acting in combination, or a concerted refusal; or a refusal under a common understanding of any number of persons who are or have been so employed to continue to work or to accept employment.

TYPES OF STRIKE
GENERAL STRIKE

GO SLOW
PEN DOWN/ TOOL DOWN

WILD CAT STRIKE

SYMPATHY STRIKE JURISDICTIONAL STRIKE HUNGER STRIKE

 SICK OUT STRIKE

WORK TO RULE STRIKE

UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICE STRIKE

LOCK- OUT
Section 2(1) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 defines "Iock-out" to mean: The temporary closing of employment or the suspension of work, or the refusal by an employer to continue to employ any number of persons employed by him.

PROHIBITION OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUT on IR

Section 23 prohibits strikes and lock-outs: No workman who is employed in any industrial establishment shall go on strike in breach of contract and no employer of any such workmen shall declare a lock-out, (a)During the pendency of conciliation proceedings before a Board and seven days after the conclusion of such proceedings; (b) During the pendency of proceedings before a labour Court, Tribunal or National Tribunal and two months after the conclusion of such proceedings;

(c)During the pendency of arbitration proceedings before an arbitrator and two months after the conclusion of such proceedings, where a notification has been issued under Sub Section (3A) of Section 10A; or (d)During any period in which a settlement or award is In operation in respect of any of the matters covered by the settlement or award.

Additional Restrictions on Strikes and Lock-out in Public Utility Services

1)
(a)

(b) (c) (d)

No person employed in a public utility service shall go on strike in breach of contract: Without giving to the employer notice of strike. As herein after provided. within six weeks before striking; or within fourteen days of giving such notice; or before the expiry of the date of strike specified in any such notice as aforesaid; or during the pendency of any conciliation proceedings before a conciliation officer and seven days after the conclusion of such proceedings.

(2) (a)

(b) (c)
(d)

No employer carrying on any public utility service shall lock-out any of his workmen: without giving them notice of lock-out as hereinafter provided. within six weeks before lockout; or within fourteen days of giving such notice; or before the expiry of the date of lock-out specified in any such notice as aforesaid; or during the pendency of any conciliations proceedings before a concUiation officer and seven days after the conclusion of such proceedings

Methods used by employers to deal with strikes

Strike preparation Strike breaking Union busting

Lockout

Penalty for Illegal Strikes and Lock-outs

A workman who is involved in an illegal strike can be penalized with imprisonment for a term extendable to a month or with a fine or five hundred rupees or both. In a similar way, an employer who initiates and continues a lockout is punishable with imprisonment extendable to a month or with a fine of one thousand rupees or both. According to Section 25 of Industrial Disputes Act 1947, no person should provide any sort of financial aid to any illegal strike or lock-out. Any person who knowingly provides such a help in support of any illegal strike or lock-out is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both

Analysis Of Strikes andLockouts

1965- 197069 74 *average % of lockout **average % of man days lost due to lockout Avg man days lost per year per worker(M) strike lockout 10.6 29.3 11.9 25.9 1975- 1980- 1985- 199079 84 89 94 13.4 36.3 16.4 36.4 29.4 58.8 31.1 59

7.8 29

9.2 30.4

10.6 50

21.4 63.1

9.9 84.9

12.3 45.2

* % of avg total no industrial disputes per year **% of avg total no of man days lost due to industrial disputes per year

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