ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN POWER STATION

CONSTITUENTS OF AN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

BREAKER SFU BUS BAR C.T P.T AUX. RELAY POWER CONTACTOR THERMAL OVER LOAD RELAY SUPPORT INSULATOR PROTECTIVE RELAY CABLING & WIRING

BREAKERS
INDOOR 415V, 3.3KV, 6.6KV, 11 KV, 33 KV OUTDOOR 33KV, 66 KV, 132KV, 220KV, 400KV, 765KV

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
Equipment
Generators Busbars

Purpose
Driven with prime mover for power production

Remarks
Synchronous machines are used

It receive power from one May be indoor or out circuits and delivers to door type.ACSR/AAAC other circuits. stranded/solid/pipe bus bars supported by strain insulators Stepping Down current for measurement, protection and control To isolate live parts for maintenance purpose Protective CT/Measuring CT Located both side of the Circuit Breaker. Centre rotating/Centre break/Vertical Swing/Pantograph Type Normally mounted on the frame of the Isolator. Provided in the out going /incoming line

Current transformer

Isolators

Earth Isolators

Discharge the voltage on the circuit to the earth for safety

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
Equipment Voltage Transformer Purpose Steps down voltage for measurement, protection and control. Remarks Normally connected to the bus. At incoming /outgoing point for higher KV system for protection purpose.

Circuit Breaker

For switching during normal and abnormal condition. Interrupts short circuit currents.
To step up or down A.C.voltages.To transfer power from one voltage level to another. Discharges the overvoltage surges to the earth and protect the equipment insulation from Switching/Lightning surges

SF6 Vacuum Air blast Minimum Oil

Heart of the electrical system. Generally filled with transformer oil. Connected between live conductor and earth. First equipment at the incoming/outgoing point. Always placed beside the transformer

Transformers /Auto Transformers

Lightning arresters

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
Lightning Shield/Mast Isolated Phase Bus System To protect the station from the direct lightning stroke. Interconnection between Generator and Generator transformer for very high current Lightning mast around the substation Aluminium Enclosure for each phase .

Neutral Grounding resistor To limit short circuit Connected between current during ground fault neutral point and ground Station earthing To give low earth resistance Earth mat. earth electrode placed under ground and all the equipments body connected there. For communication through PLCC 1-core/3-core XLPE /PVC insulated Multi core,copper,armoured and PVC insulated

Wave Trap Power cable Control Cable

Inductive coil mounted outdoor For power flow For control, protection and measurement purpose

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

Equipment Carrier Equipment Purpose For communication,Scada etc To house measuring/control instruments and protective relays For control and protection supply and emergency lighting system. Remarks Wave trap,CVT,Coupling capacitor,PLCC Panels Indoor equipment.

Control and relay panel

D.C. system/

Battery bank with charger.

Medium voltage and low voltage a,c.switchgears

To provide a.c. power to the auxiliaries/station lighting etc

Indoor equipment

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Tests on CTs:
1) Ratio test 2) Polarity test 3) CT sec. Resistance 4) V-I characteristics 5) IR value
Three basic types of CTs used in Switchgears: 1) Measuring CT 2) Protection CT 3) Protection CT for special application

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
1) Measuring CT: specified in terms of
accuracy class, VA rating Relevant IS27051992 Eg Cl 1, VA=15 has ratio error of +/- 1% at 100 to 120% of rated current and +/- 1.5% error at 20O% of rated current
accuracy limit factor, VA rating Eg. 5P10, 15VA CT means composite error of +/- 5%at 10 times rated current, ratio error of +/- 1% at rated current with rated connected burden of 15VA

2) Protection CT: specified by class,

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
3) Protection CT for special application: PS
class used where balance is required between associated CTs such as for differential relays specified by a) knee point voltage b) magnetising current c) CT secondary resistance For PS class turns ratio error is limited to 0.25% which help maintain balance during maxm. fault condition. Typical specification of PS class CT ratio 100/1 A, Vk >100V , Im<30mA at Vk/2, Rct < 1 ohm

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Three Uses of VTs :
1) metering VTs eg Cl 0.1,0.2,0.5,1,3 2) protection VTs eg 3P,6P ( ratio error +/- 3%, +/6% respectively) 3)residual VTs - a) V-V b) Y-Y c) Y-open delta Specifications in terms of Voltage ratio Accuracy class Rated VA burden Rated voltage factor

Eg. 11KV/110V, Cl: 1, VA 50, VF 1.2 continuous/ 1.5 for 30

sec

D.C. SYSTEM
Backbone of the Substation. Needs utmost care and preservation. Comprises of a battery bank of lead acid storage cells, Float/Boost charger and D.C.distribution board. Feeds control power to the protective circuitry and operating circuits.

BATTERY TROUBLE SHOOTING

Troubles Overcharging Symptoms 1.Gassing 2.Falling of active material from + plates 3.Plate buckling 4. Increased Temperature 1.Low sp. Gravity 2 Lighter colour of plates 3.Reversal of cell Voltage. 4.Plate buckling 5. Oxidisation of battery links Abnormal drop of voltage during normal discharge without corresponding temperature rise. Remedies 1. Reduce Charging current. To sp.gr. 1200 2. Add distill water

Undercharging

1. Increase charging current. To sp.gr.1200

2. Remove and clean in warm water Contact manufacturer, needs special treatment

Loss of capacity

BATTERY TROUBLE SHOOTING

Troubles Excessive sulphation Symptoms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Undercharging Too strong/weak acid Over discharge Local action Short circuits Too rapid discharge Plates exposed to air due to low level of electrolyte Remedies 1.Sulphation at initial stage can be cured by low rate repeated charging and discharging 2. Sulphation at advanced stage needs manufacturers attention

Internal discharge (local action)

1.Gassing in idle condition 2.Abnormal gassing during charging. 3.Reduce capacity for electrolytedecomposition/ impurity coming in contact with active materials

Use pure electrolyte and room should be clean and airy.

EARTHING
Safety to personnel ,step and touch potential should be within safe tolerable limits. Min. Damage to the equipt. During heavy fault current. So resistance of the earthing system should be as low as possible.

GOOD EARTHING

To meet these requirements, an earthing system comprising an earthing mat buried at suitable depth below ground, supplemented with ground rods at suitable points is provided in the switchyard. All the non current carrying parts of the equipments in the substation are connected to that earthing mat so as to ensure that under fault condition ,non of theses parts is at a potential higher than that of the E/mat.