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Fluidized Regime
Packed bed
Umf
Gas Velocity
Ut
Relationships
between Fixed Grate, Fluidized Bed, and Pulverized Firing
Stoker Firing (Fixed Bed) Fluidized Bed Firing BFB CFB
Gas Gas Gas
Fuel
Air Fuel & Sorbent Air Ash 4 - 10 ft/ sec (1.2 - 3.0 m/ s) 1,000 m Air Ash 15 - 23 ft/ sec (4.6 - 7.0 m/ s) 100 - 300 m
Air Fuel
6,000 m
Secondary Air
Lignite+Lime stone (Sorbent)
Furnace Bed
SO2 Capture
SO2 Capture achieved by limestone injection
CaCO3
CaO + SO2 + O2
Optimum temperature : 850 C
SO2Capture efficiency
800
850
900
T (C)
NOx Emissions
NOx Emissions influenced by 3 main parameters : NOx
- Combustion temperature
- N2 in fuel
- Excess air and staggering 800 1 000
T (C)
1 200
General Process
Flue gas
Bed temperature
Coal Temperature maintained by heat pick up in exchange surfaces Either in furnace Or in FBHE Air As h
Air
Air
CFBC - Advantages
Fuel Flexibility
Compactness
CFBC
(800-9000C)
Operating Flexibility
Advantages
Fuel Flexibility Not sensitive to fuel ash characteristics as firing temperature is held below the ash softening point. Wide range of fuels (low grade coals, lignite,bio mass, wastes, wood chips etc.)with varying ash & sulphur content can be used.
Operating Flexibility
Can be designed for cyclic or base load operation. Part loads down to 25% of MCR and load rates upto 7% per minute are possible.
Advantages
Low SOx emissions
Sorbent -lime stone reacts with SO2 released from burning the fuel. At a Ca/S molar ratio of ~ 2, over 90% of the sulphur in fuel is converted to gypsum.
Advantages
High Combustion Efficiency 98-99% carbon burnout can be achieved due to intimate gas/ solids mixing and long retention / residence time of fuel in the circulating fluidized bed.
Compactness
Small Furnace cross section as high heat release rate per furnace cross section (5MW/M2) High Availability
Manufacturers
Foster Wheeler USA (> 150 units) Lurgi Lentjes babcock Energietechnik GmbH- Germany (42 units) M/s Babcock & Wilcox 40 Units M/s Alstom
More than 310 units available world over.
Akrimota, 2 x 125 MW
+ 50.0 m
Live Steam 138 bar 538 C 405 t/h Reheater Steam 36 bar 537 C 375 t/h Feedwater 247 C Fuel High Sulphur Lignite
0.0 m
012 217p
Furnace
No. of Lignite Feeders No. of Oil Burners
Angle of Inclination(Degree) Fuel Oil (HFO) Flow Air Flow Thermal Capacity of Burners
- 4 (Rear) - 8 3(F)+2(L&R)+1(Rear)
-30 - 4.31Kg./Sec. -60.37 kg./Sec. -170.9 MW - 650mm -450mm -70mm
Air Flow
Hot SA
SA Fan PA Fan
SC AP H SC AP H
T A P H
FURNACE Hot PA
Primary Air
No. of PA Fans No. of Primary Air Nozzles Pitch Between PA Nozzles Nozzle Less Due to L- Valve Depth of Grid Width of Grid Thickness of Grid Refractory -2 - 1624(76 W*22 D) -165mm -48 -3670mm -12692mm -80mm
Secondary Air
No of SA Fans -2 No. of Air Nozzles - 16 (F-6, R-2, L&RS-4) Pitch Between PA Nozzles -165mm Level of Nozzle above Grid -5000mm Angle of Inclination -30 Diameter -255mm Thickness -5mm Air Flow 100% Load (Lignite)/Nozzle-1.8Kg./s Max. Air flow/nozzle -2.9Kg./s Min. Air flow / Nozzle -0.3Kg./S
Air Flow
CYCLONE SYPHON SEAL Bottom
FA Fan Com mon Head er
Salient Features
Air Distribution. 100% BMCR Design Lignite Air Mass Flow
PA SA Burner Air Air to lignite feeding ports Sealing Air Ash cooler air Air to loop seal Air to lignite feeders Lime stone transport air Flame detrs,ignitrons,oil guns Air for L-valves Total Combustion Air Air thro air pre-heater Coal Air
(Kg./S) 65 28.8 28.8 11 0.8 4.1 2.2 1.3 1.9 0.4 0.1 144.4 133.6 10.8
Flow Rate
% 45 19.9 19.9 7.6 0.6 2.8 1.5 0.9 1.3 0.3 0.1 100 92.5 7.5
Rate
Kg./S 57.8-86.7 4.2-43.3 7.6-53.4
Material Data
Lignite Consumption Design Coal (T/hr.)
100% BMCR 100% TMCR 60%TMCR 40% TMCR Reqd. Ca/S Ratio Lime Stone Flow(Kg./S) Sulphur Content(%) Ash Content(%) CaO in Ash(%) CaCO3 in Lime Stone(%) Desulparisation rate(%) - 101.704 - 93.841 - 58.536 - 41.785 3.45 14.54 3.87 21 3.98 80.6 97
Ash Distribution
Design Lignite (T/hr.) Worst Lignite
Coal Flow Lime Stone Flow 28.251 14.54
17.78 4.81 12.97 96 136
49.802 29.817
41.78 12.47 29.31 260 157 23 39.84 300 200
Normal Conditions
Total Ash Flow(Kg./S)Bottom Ash Flow(kg./S)Fly Ash Flow(Kg./S) Bottom ash temperature Filter Ash temperature Max. Bottom Ash low(Kg./S) Max. Fly Ash flow Max. bottom ash temp. Max. filter ash temp.
Design Conditions
Cyclone Separator
No. of Cyclone Inlet Duct Height Inlet Duct width at Inlet Inlet Duct width at outlet Diameter Vortex Finder diameter at I/L Vortex Finder diameter at O/L Vortex Finder height Vortex Finder Eccentric Arrangement Cylinder height Hopper Height Total Height Outlet Duct diameter Down comer Distance I/L duct ceiling to Cyclone Ceiling Slope cyclone Inlet Slope Cyclone Hopper Flue Gas Velocity at Cyclone I/L(max.)(m/s) Flue Gas Velocity at Cyclone I/L(max.)(m/s) Pressure loss I/L to O/L (mbar)
Gas Outlet
-2 Nos. -5570 -3110 -1990 -8000 -2990 -3510 -1950 -560 -8400 -10160 -18560 -1400 -880 -10 -18 -27 Fuel Air Mix. -31 -15
Unburned particles
All dimensions in mm
Typical Cyclone
Second Pass Eccentric Vortex Finder Arrangement Downward Inclined Inlet Duct Advanced Vortex Finder Shape
056 329p
Shepherd & Lapple derived Optimum Dimensions for various sections of Cyclone as a function of its body diameter.
Air Data
Item Primary TAPH Inlet TAPH Outlet Secondary TAPH Inlet TAPH Outlet Mass Flow T/hr. 233.964 233.964 246.96 246.96 Temp. 0C 52 254 47 254 Pressure mbar 182.5 164.5 112.5 94.5