SSRC 2010 P1003

1
Metwally Abu-Hamd
Professor of Steel Structures
Cairo University, Egypt
Cairo University
Outline
1- INTRODUCTION
2
Abu-Hamd - 2010 SSRC Annual Stability Conference
2- COMPRESSION FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING
3- WEB BEND BUCKLING
4- WEB SHEAR BUCKLING
5- EFFECT OF EDGE CONDITIONS
6- CONCLUSIONS
3
Applications: Short\Medium Span Bridges
Design Considerations
4
Design Limit States:
1- Flexural Strength:

1-1) Compression Flange Local Buckling

1-2) Compression Flange Lateral Torsional Buckling

1-4) Tension Flange Yield

1-3) Web Bend Bulking

2- Shear Strength:

2-2) Web yield in Shear

2-1) Web Shear Bulking

Local Buckling Modes
5
Local Buckling Consideration
Depending on the width-to-thickness ratio of the plate
girder components, AISC and AASHTO LRFD Design
Specifications classify structural steel elements into:

6
Section\Element Classification (AISC\AASHTO):
1- Compact: < p
2- Non-compact: p > > r
3- Slender: > r
Local Buckling Resistance
7
F
n
or M
n
Inelastic Buckling
(non-compact)
Elastic Buckling
(Slender)
Inelastic Buckling
(Compact)

F
yr
or M
r
/CSA) 3 Section Classification (EC
Eurocode EC3 and the Canadian Standard
CAN/CSA-S16-01 classify structural steel elements
into four classes: Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 according to:
8
1- Element Slenderness Ratio
2- Performance requirements for resistance to
bending moments.
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
Model of
Behaviour
Moment
Resistance
Rotation Capacity
Class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sufficient
Limited
None
None
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
1
2
3
4
Plastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment
on gross section
Elastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment on
effective section
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
el
elastic moment resistance of cross-section
M
pl
plastic moment resistance of cross-section
M applied moment
| rotation (curvature) of section
| rotation (curvature) of section required to generate fully plastic stress distribution
across section
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rot
pl
pl
pl
pl
9
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
Model of
Behaviour
Moment
Resistance
Rotation Capacity
Class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sufficient
Limited
None
None
M
Mpl
M
Mpl
M
Mpl
M
Mpl
1
2
3
4
Plastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment
on gross section
Elastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment on
effective section
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
el
M
pl
M applied moment
across section
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rot
pl
pl
pl
pl
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
Model of
Behaviour
Moment
Resistance
Rotation Capacity
Class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sufficient
Limited
None
None
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
1
2
3
4
Plastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment
on gross section
Elastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment on
effective section
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
el
M
pl
M applied moment
across section
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rot
pl
pl
pl
pl
1 Class
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
Model of
Behaviour
Moment
Resistance
Rotation Capacity
Class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sufficient
Limited
None
None
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
1
2
3
4
Plastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment
on gross section
Elastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment on
effective section
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
el
M
pl
M applied moment
across section
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rot
pl
pl
pl
pl
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
f
y
Moment
Local
Buckling
M
el
Model of
Behaviour
Moment
Resistance
Rotation Capacity
Class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sufficient
Limited
None
None
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
M
M
pl
1
2
3
4
Plastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment
on gross section
Elastic moment
on gross section
Plastic moment on
effective section
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
pl
M
el
M
pl
M applied moment
across section
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
pl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rot
pl
pl
pl
pl
3 Class
4 Class
Canadian) \ Section Classification (European
2 Class
Local Buckling Strength
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Euler Buckling Stress
0,5 0,6
0,9
1
1,0
p
N
f
p
u
y
=
o
10
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
k 4 . 28
/
5 . 0
o
c
o
t b f
cr
y
p
Codes give comparable results
for Compact (Classes 1,2) and
Non-Compact (Class 3)
Elements.
11
Same Codes differ considerably
in the treatment of Slender
(Class 4) Elements:
AISC\ AASHTO EC3
Reducing the
design bending
compressive stress
to the critical
buckling stress
Reducing the cross
section to an
effective section
according to the
effective width
concept
12
This paper presents a comparative study of local
buckling effects in American and European Codes.
AASHTO Critical Stress Approach \ AISC
Where k
is the plate buckling factor, which depends on

the stress distribution and the edge support conditions.
13
2
2
2
) 1 ( 12
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
t E
k F
cr
v
t
o
The Elastic Buckling stress of a compressed plate, F
cr
, is:
Buckling Behaviour - Post
14
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

S
t
r
e
s
s
F
Average Axial Strain
uniform stress prior to
Straight line indicates
buckling
b
Low b/t
F
y
c
r
High b/t
strength
Post buckling
Buckling Behaviour - Post
15
Effective Section Approach 3 EC
Cross-sections with class 4 elements
are replaced by an effective cross-
section taken as the gross section
minus holes where the buckles may
occur.
16
Designed in a similar manner to
class 3 sections using elastic cross-
sectional resistance limited by
yielding in the extreme fibers
Effective widths of compression
elements are calculated using a
reduction factor which is
dependent on the normalised plate
slenderness
Non-effective Zones
Comparison of Slenderness Limits
Considerable variations between
American and European Codes
17
Code Compact Non-compact
1- Compression Flange Local Buckling:
AISC/AASHTO 9.24 16.33
EC3 8.25 11.55
2- Web Bend Buckling:
AISC/AASHTO 91.43 138.61
EC3 68.5 102.34
3- Web Shear Buckling:
AISC/AASHTO 59.81/60.90 74.49/76.12
EC3 49.32 77.01
18
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Flange Slenderness f
EC3
E
C
3
:

=
6
8
.
5

A
I
S
C
/
A
A
S
H
T
O

:

p
=
9
.
2
4

Flange Slenderness f
EC3
E
C
3
:

=
6
8
.
5

A
I
S
C
/
A
A
S
H
T
O

:

p
=
9
.
2
4

A
A
S
H
T
O

:

r
=
1
3
.
6
2

A
I
S
C

(
S
W
)
:

r
=
1
6
.
3
4

A
I
S
C

(
C
W
)
:

r
=
1
8
.
4
7

Comparison of Flange Buckling Stress
F
c
r

/

F
y

E
C
3
:

r
=
1
1
.
5
5

EC3 gives much higher results because of
considerations of Post-Buckling

19
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Flange Slenderness
f
F
n
/
T
h
e
o
r
y

Comparison of Flange Buckling Stress
AASHTO
AISC (CW)
AISC (SW)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
5
0
1
7
0
1
9
0
2
1
0

Web Slenderness (D/t)
F
c
r

/

F
y

E
C
3
:

p
=
6
8
.
5

E
C
3
:

r
=
1
0
2
.
3

A
I
S
C
/

A
A
S
H
T
O

:

r
=
1
3
8
.
6

Comparison of Web Bend Buckling Stress
20
A
I
S
C
/

A
A
S
H
T
O

:

p
=
9
1
.
4

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
30 60 90 120 150 180
V
n

/

V
p

E
C
3
:

p
=
4
9
.
3

A
I
S
C
/

A
A
S
H
T
O

:

i
x
=
6
0

Comparison of Web Shear Buckling Stress
Stiffened Webs) - (Un
21
Stiffened Webs) - (Un
22
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
140 160 180 200 220
F
n
/
T
h
e
o
r
y

AASHTO
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
30 60 90 120 150 180
) 1 = (Stiffened Web,
23
V
n

/

V
p

) 1 = (Stiffened Web,
24
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
80 100 120 140 160 180
AISC/AASHTO
25
Effect of Edge Conditions
Numerical analysis ( Finite Element/ Finite Strip)
may be used to study the effect of real edge
conditions (EC3:EN 1993-1-5).

CUFSM (Schafer and Adany) was used in the
present study.

The parameters varied in the study are:
1) Web plate height of 1000, 1500, and 2000 mm, and
2) Flange plate width of 250, 300,400,500 mm.

The corresponding web and flange plate thicknesses
were selected to cover the following combinations:
a) Slender flange with compact, non-compact, and
slender web,
b) Slender web with compact, non-compact, and slender
flange.

Steel: F
y
=345 Mpa, E = 204000 MPa.

Abu-Hamd - 2010 SSRC Annual Stability
Conference 26
Effect of Edge Conditions
Flange Buckling Coefficient
27
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
14 16 18 20 22
Simple: k = 0.43
Fixed: k = 1.28
Flange Slenderness
f
B
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

k
f

28
0
10
20
30
40
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
B
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

k
w

Web Slenderness
w
Simple: k=23.9
Fixed k=39.6
Web Bend Buckling Coefficient
29
0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
Flange Slenderness
f
Simple: k=23.9
Fixed k=39.6
B
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

k
w

30
0
10
20
30
40
5 10 15 20 25 30
B
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

k
w

Ratio (
w
/
f
)
31
Cairo University

SSRC 2010 P1003

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1

is the plate buckling factor, which depends on

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