APNEA DETECTOR WITH HEART BEAT AND TEMPRATURE MONITOING

:PRESENTED BY: GROUP : 3 b.M Engg.

SUBMITTED BY
SUBHASREE SAHOO SHARADA PRASANNA DAS PRANAY PARITOSH ARPITA PATRA NAMRATA PANDA

INTRODUCTION
The Application of Electronics Engineering in the field of medical diagnostic and management of Patients in large hospital is one of the needs of the present scenario of technological diversification and development The different body parameter of the patient is continuously need to be monitored and those parameters should be with in a range of safety limit. If any of the body parameter goes beyond the safety limit then the patient need to be attended by the specialists In this project work the sensors used to read the body parameter in the form of analog or digital data. A system is designed using a AT89C51 microcontroller for reading the data and store in a local computer

The microcontroller communicate data to the local computer through its serial port i.e. COMPORT. The microcontroller based system is designed in such a way it reads the sensors on TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and transmit the data to the computer for Data storage and further analysis. The Microcontroller is also comparing the data received from the sensor with an extreme data conditions or reference value for detecting the abnormality. If the abnormality is not detected then the system read the next channel else the system indicates the fault condition locally and generates a DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) signals carrying information regarding patient identification and parameter. There is a common attendant for all the patients in the CCU/ ICU there a microcontroller based system is designed to receive the information. A FM receiver is designed and tuned to the particular frequency which receives the transmitted code from the ICU/ CCU. The received signal again decoded by a DTMF decoder and the code is analyzed by a polling algorithm based system designed using an AT89C51 microcontroller.

This System blow an alarm and indicate the information regarding the patient and the channel on which abnormality condition appeared in an LCD display unit. In this way different patients are monitored at a single point located at a distance with out having any wire contact. As this system is wireless tedious wiring and cabling is not required.

DESIGN PRINCIPLE

This project is designed to Measure body parameters such as Heart beat rate, Body Temperature and Respiration (Apnea). This system is a microcontroller based system, which is used for maintaining the temperature in counting and on line mode. The heart beat is updated after every one minute

This instrument employs a simple opto-electronics sensor, conveniently strapped on the finger, to give continuous indication of the pulse digit. The heart beat sensor is a LDR /IR based design and read the change of blood density at the finger tip, after heart pumps the blood. Those pulses are sampled and counted to measure the heart rate.

The heart rate of the subject is measured from the thumb finger using IRD (infra red device sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD). The device displaying the heart beat rate and counting values through sending pulses from the sensor.

The body temperature is measured by using a LM35 IC, that is a temperature dependent current source that current is connected into voltage amplifier and feed to the microcontroller through an ADC, The controller display the body temperature ,heart rate and as well as for Apnea IR Tx and IR Rx (respiration) on the LCD display

MAIN BLOCK DIAGRAM

Main Block Diagram of Apnea detector with heart beat and temperature monitoring

Basic Reqiurements:The different voltage levels required for operating the devices. Here +5 Volt require for operating microcontroller. And +12 Volt for required drivers etc. >The current requirement of each device or load must be added to estimate the final capacity of the power supply. i.e. output voltage=5volt + 12volt, capacity=100mA

Step Down Section Rectifire Section

Regulator Section

Circuit Representation of Dual power supply of Apnea detector with heart beat and temperature monitoring

PHOTO DIODE
A PHOTO DIODE is light sensitive device the junction of the photo diode is such that it generates carriers when the lights fall on it. There are different type of diodes, which generates carriers in different magnitudes at different frequency this depends on the nature and doping of the junction In the forward biased condition the majority carrier current is so high that the current generated due to fall of light signal is very negligible. The photon bombardment cause the avalanche break down of the junction and generate current which is in the order of 100s micro ampere to few 10s of mA, due to the above mentioned causes the photo diodes to connected in the reverse biased condition. In the reverse biased condition the normal current is always in the order of few microamperes, the current generated due to fall of light signal on the junction is also in the order of microampere so the net current through the diode is appreciably increased.

CIRCUIT OPERATION
Here photodiode is used as a detector to detect the presence of IR signal which converts light / IR signal into an electrical signal. At normal condition during the absence of IR signal, the output of the photo diode voltage potential voltage (3v) goes to the input of the non-inverting (+) terminal of the comparator and a set voltage say 7V to the inverting terminal (-) of that comparator as shown in the circuit diagram below. In this case inverting terminal is greater than the non-inverting terminal at normal condition. That means output of the comparator is LOW i.e, the infrared signal is absence at the photodiode. If the infrared is present at the photo diode or during the presence of the IR signal, the corresponding voltage will increase say for example 9V as a potential voltage according to the signal strength of received IR

That voltage goes to the input of the non-inverting terminal (which is a reference voltage) of the Op-amp (lm393) which is configured as a voltage comparator. In this comparator we have set the voltage say 7V to the inverting terminal. In this case non-inverting terminal is greater than the inverting terminal. That means output of the comparator goes to Vsat to +Vsat i.e., LOW to HIGH transition output. Monostable multivibrator using ICs 555 timer for a square pulse. It is also called as a one-shot multivibrator. This circuit requires an external triggering pulse to change the state of the output, hence its name one-shot multivibrator. It is a pulse generating circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the 555 timers. When an external trigger pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high. The external RC network connected to the timer determines the time output remains high. At the end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic low state.

Then finally that output siganal is fed to the signal conditioning circuit which is configured as a transistor as an inverter /switch. Signal conditioning is such a circuit that output signal is compatible with the controller. Because the output signal of the comparator is not compatible (with CMOS logic standard) with the controller due to +12V saturation output For that reason we have designed a signal conditioning circuit. Finally that output is fed to the controller as input signal due to the +5V saturation output.

Circuit Diagram of Apnea Detector.

SENSOR
The sensor consists of a light source and photodetector; light is shone through the tissues and variation in blood volume alters the amount of light falling on the detector. The source and detector can be mounted side by side to look at changes in reflected light or on either side of a finger or earlobe to detect changes in transmitted light. The particular arrangement here uses a wooden clothes peg to hold an infra red light emitting diode and a matched phototransistor. The infra red filter of the phototransistor reduces interference from fluorescent lights, which have a large AC component in their output. The peg is drilled with 3mm holes to take the led, the phototransistor, the pair of wires linking the two and the 2-core screened output cable. The holes for the led and phototransistor are drilled in one go so that they line up

The ends of each side of the peg are filed on the inside to enlarge the gap and pieces of black closed-cell foam (cannibalized from a mouse mat and punched with 3mm holes) are stuck in place (Super Glue / Crazy Glue) to improve grip and make a (more or less) light-tight seal against the skin. At this point, the spring should be adjusted so that the peg will grip an ear lobe while at the same time not being so tight that it excludes blood from a finger. Pieces of strip-board glued to the peg are used to make connections to the wires; two copper strips wide for the led (anode and cathode connections) and three for the phototransistor side (collector, emitter and led cathode, and led anode - led wires coming through the peg from the other side). The light-emitting diode (Siemens SFH487) and the phototransistor (Siemens SFH309FA) are wedged in their holes and soldered to their respective pieces of strip board. Neither component is critical and many other types will work. The wires are then soldered in place; the screen of the connecting lead is soldered to the emitter and cathode copper pad.

Constructing the sensor

AMPLIFIER
The amplifier uses an LM358 dual op amp to provide two identical broadlytuned band pass stages with gains of 100. Again, the type of op amp is not particularly critical, as long as it will work at 6V and drive the output rail to rail

The circuit runs from a single 6 Volt battery and the output zero is offset by about 1 Volt by referring everything to an internal common line at a voltage set by a pair of forward-biased silicon diodes. This is convenient for interfaces with a 0-5Volt input.
The potentiometer allows the overall gain to be adjusted so as to prevent clipping on large signals. Components are not critical but the two 2.2 F capacitors must be able to stand some reverse bias so they should be nonpolarized or tantalum. Two problems are common when using a pulse plethysmograph: movement will cause the trace to swing around wildly, so persuade the subject not to move as much and if the subject is very cold (pale, pinched looking) the circulation at the extremities may be reduced to the point where there is very little signal.

Pulse plethysmograph amplifier circuit.

HEART BEAT SENSOR

The heart beat sensor contains following sections:I). IR LED. II). LDR and Amplifiers. III). Signal conditioning. The optical heart beat sensor is sensed by using a high intensity type IR LED and photodiode. The finger is placed between the IR LED and Photodiode. As Sensor a photo diode or a photo transistor or a LDR can be used. The skin may be illuminated with visible (red) using transmitted or reflected light for detection. The very small changes in relectivity or in transmittance caused by the varying blood content of human tissue are almost invisible. Various noise sources may produce disturbance signals with amplitudes equal or even higher than the amplitude of the pulse signal. Valid pulse measurement therefore requires extensive preprocessing of the raw signal.

The setup described here uses a red LED for transmitted light illumination and a LDR as detector. With only slight changes in the preamplifier circuit the same hardware and software could be used with other illumination and detection concepts. The detectors photo current (AC part) is converted to voltage and amplified by an operational amplifier (LM358) output is given to another non-inverting input of the same LM358; here the second amplification is done.

Vcc=+5V 680K 68 33K 2.2uF

8

680K 68K 2.2uF

8

68K

100nF

100nF 10K

470
PHOTODIODE

IR LED

68K

U1A 3 +
4

5 1

68K

U1B 6 +
4

1.5K BC547 330

LM358
LED

HEART BEAT DETECTOR

TEMPERATURE DETECTOR . In this section our aim is to detect over temperature, for that we needs a
temperature sensor as a (THERMISTOR) which is a N.T.C type for sensing the temperature and for comparing the temperature we needs a OP-AMP which is configured as an voltage comparator (LM393) which compares the two input voltage and gives the corresponding outputs according to the temperature

CONNECTION
The temperature sensor (THERMISTOR) one end of the terminal of the thermister is connected to a Vcc and the other end terminal is connected to the GND through a series connected resistances, which forms a voltage divider network At constant room temperature, the corresponding voltage will be available at the output. If the temperature increases the corresponding voltage will increase according to the increase in temperature. That output signal is given to the comparator for comparing the voltage

If the comparator input is connected to the inverting terminal (+) reference value is greater than the non-inverting terminal (-), the comparator output is high i.e. ON condition. Similarly, if the comparator input is connected to the non-inverting terminal (-) reference value is greater than the inverting terminal (+), the comparator output is low OFFcondition.

But, here both of the comparator input of inverting and non-inverting of both of the comparator is connected to the temperature sensor and the set value input inverting and non-inverting of both of the comparator through a variable resistance (10k). That output signal is given to the LED indicator section for indication purpose for the availability of the signal at the output of the comparator.

Circuit Diagram of Temperature detector using temperature sensor to detect over/ Under temperature