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23.March.2010
1546 the term petroleum was first used (German mineralogist George Bauer ) 1854 to 1856 the first oil refineries built by Ignacy Lukasiewicz near Jaslo, Austrian Empire (now in Poland)
More than 4000 years ago Asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus)
Top three oil producing Saudi Arabia, Russia and United States of America
Can she stop talking about the history and tell me what is petroleum erm I really want to know
Petroleum???
Macam pernah dengar tapi di mana ya???
Petroleum is a complex mixture of organic liquids called crude oil and natural gas, which occurs naturally in the ground and was formed millions of years ago.
Crude oil varies from oilfield to oilfield in colour and composition, from a pale yellow low viscosity liquid to heavy black 'treacle' consistencies.
The following changes occur as their boiling points increase: * molecules become larger * the liquids flow less easily (more viscous) * the liquids burn less easily * when the liquids burn, they do so with a smokier flame (soots produces due to incomplete combustion)
Refining Process
Begins with Distillation Reforming Cracking Alkylation Isomerisation Polymerisation
Distillation (Fractionation)
Two types of distillation are performed:
Atmospheric distillation Vacuum distillation
Atmospheric distillation
takes place in a distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure crude oil is heated to 350 - 400oC and the vapour and liquid are piped into the distilling column
removed
Vacuum distillation
recover additional heavy distillates allows heavy hydrocarbons with boiling points of
>450oC be separated without them partly cracking into unwanted products such as coke and gas
Use solvent extraction
Reforming
a process which uses heat, pressure and a catalyst
chemical reactions which upgrade naphthas into high
e.g. catalyst heptane C7H16 -> -> toluene C7H8 + + hydrogen 4H2
Cracking
processes break down heavier hydrocarbon molecules
Catalytic cracking
convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions obtained by
controlled heat (450 - 500oC) and pressure, in the presence of a catalyst(silica magnesia)
Thermal cracking
uses heat to break down the residue from vacuum
distillation
cracked gases are converted to petrol blending
Hydrocracking
catalytic cracking in the presence of hydrogen increase the yield of petrol components
Alkylation
chemical bonding of these light molecules with
isobutane to form larger branched-chain molecules (isoparaffins) that make high octane petrol
e.g.
catalyst
isobutane
butylene
->
isooctane
C4H10
C4H8
->
C8H18
Isomerisation
chemical rearrangement of straight-chain
hydrocarbons (paraffins)
contain branches attached to the main chain
(isoparaffins)
hexanes and hence make them into better petrol blending components.
Polymerisation Under pressure and temperature, over an acidic catalyst, light unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules react and combine with each other to form larger hydrocarbon molecules used to react butenes (olefin molecules with four carbon atoms) with iso-butane (branched paraffin molecules, or isoparaffins, with four carbon atoms) to obtain a high octane olefinic petrol blending component called polymer gasoline.
Light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha) Middle distillates (kerosene, diesel) Heavy distillates and residuum (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax, asphaiti)
Children - transportation Family - cooking Worker - industry Community facilities Country increase the economy
Yes..any question??