Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 16

Replication

Standard Disk

Mirrored Disk 1991

Remote Mirror 1994

Parity bit
A parity bit is a bit that is added to ensure that the number of bits with value of one in a given set of bits is always even or odd Parity bits are used as the simplest error detecting code.
Transmission sent using even parity: A wants to transmit: 1001 A computes parity bit value: 1^0^0^1 = 0 A adds parity bit and sends: 10010 *** TRANSMISSION ERROR *** B receives: 11010 B computes overall parity: 1^1^0^1^0 = 1 B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.

Introduction to RAID

What is RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (Berkeley paper) Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAB) First defined in University of California (Berkeley) paper 1987

Acronym coined 5 levels defined (1-5)

RAID-0:Striping

Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1
Drive

LUN

0
I/O Stream
Storage Array

Drive

Drive

Drive

Block 0 Block 4

Block 1 Block 5

Block 2 Block 6

Block 3 Block 7

RAID-1:Mirroring

LUN

Sector 0

0
I/O Stream
Storage Array

Sector 1
Sector 2

Drive

Drive

Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2

Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2

RAID10:Striping after Mirroring

LUN

Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5

I/O Stream
MIRROR

Storage Array

MIRROR

Drive

0
STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1 STRIPE 2 Block 0 Block 2 Block 4

Drive

1
Block 0 Block 2 Block 4

Drive

2
Block 1 Block 3 Block 5

Drive

3
Block 1 Block 3 Block 5

RAID-2:Hashing
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5

RAID Controller
Hash Disk

HOST

RAID-3:Striping with Fixed Parity

Byte 0 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 Byte 6 Byte 7 STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1
Drive Drive

LUN

0
I/O Stream
Storage Array

Drive

Drive

Drive

Byte 0 Byte 4

Byte 1 Byte 5

Byte 2 Byte 6

Byte 3 Byte 7

Parity 0-3 Parity 4-7

RAID-4:Striping with Fixed Parity


Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk P

RAID Controller

HOST

RAID-5:Striping with Distributed Parity

Block 0 Block 1

LUN

0
I/O Stream
Storage Processor

Block 2
Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7

Drive

Drive

Drive

Drive

Drive

STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1

Block 0 Block 4

Block 1 Block 5

Block 2 Block 6

Block 3 Parity 4-7

Parity 0-3 Block 7

RAID-6:Striping with Double Parity

DAS: Direct Attached Storage


DAS

Example SCSI Solution

Dedicated physical channel Parallel transport Examples


Parallel SCSI ESCON Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC_AL)

internal disks

LVD/SE HVD

Advantage: low protocol overhead


HOST A

Very fast: up to 320 MB/sec for SCSI Ideal for internal storage
SCSI port SCSI port

DAS is ill-suited to enterprise storage connectivity:


storage array

Static configuration Distance limitations Topology limitations

internal disks

LVD/SE HVD

Scalability limitations
HOST B

NAS: Network Attached Storage


NAS
Shared
Application Application Application

storage on a Local Area Network Uses standard network and file sharing protocols Communication with a NAS device is at the file level

Unix Client

Windows Client

Unix Client

Network

SAN: Storage Area Network


SAN networked architecture that provides I/O connectivity between hosts and storage devices Communication over a SAN is at the block I/O level The storage network can be: A Fiber Channel network Uses a network of Fiber Channel connectivity devices: FC Switches and Directors For transport, an FC SAN uses FCP FCP is serial SCSI-3 over Fiber Channel Or an IP network Uses standard LAN infrastructure: Ethernet switches For transport, an IP SAN uses iSCSI iSCSI is serial SCSI-3 over IP

Host Computer
HBA or NIC HBA or NIC

Host Computer
HBA or NIC HBA or NIC

FC or IP network

Array (eg Symmetrix, CLARiiON, EVA)

Array (eg Symmetrix, CLARiiON, EVA)

CAS: Content Address Storage


CAS
Stores

fixed content Uses hash (MD5 or similar) of the content to provide access key Requires application specific server to mediate between user and storage Provides for long term, tamper evident storage

Networked Storage
SAN
Storage Area Networks
Type of transport Fiber Channel IP IP

NAS
Network-Attached Storage
IP

CAS
Content Addressed Storage

Type of data
Key requirement

Block
Deterministic performance

File Multi-protocol Sharing

Object, fixed content Longevity, integrity assurance

Typical applications OLTP, data warehousing, ERP

Software and product Content development, file Management, server consolidation Archive

Information Lifecycle

Content is created and actively shared

Content is fixed and preserved

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi