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Professionnel Documents
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Standard Disk
Parity bit
A parity bit is a bit that is added to ensure that the number of bits with value of one in a given set of bits is always even or odd Parity bits are used as the simplest error detecting code.
Transmission sent using even parity: A wants to transmit: 1001 A computes parity bit value: 1^0^0^1 = 0 A adds parity bit and sends: 10010 *** TRANSMISSION ERROR *** B receives: 11010 B computes overall parity: 1^1^0^1^0 = 1 B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.
Introduction to RAID
What is RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (Berkeley paper) Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAB) First defined in University of California (Berkeley) paper 1987
RAID-0:Striping
Block 0 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1
Drive
LUN
0
I/O Stream
Storage Array
Drive
Drive
Drive
Block 0 Block 4
Block 1 Block 5
Block 2 Block 6
Block 3 Block 7
RAID-1:Mirroring
LUN
Sector 0
0
I/O Stream
Storage Array
Sector 1
Sector 2
Drive
Drive
LUN
I/O Stream
MIRROR
Storage Array
MIRROR
Drive
0
STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1 STRIPE 2 Block 0 Block 2 Block 4
Drive
1
Block 0 Block 2 Block 4
Drive
2
Block 1 Block 3 Block 5
Drive
3
Block 1 Block 3 Block 5
RAID-2:Hashing
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5
RAID Controller
Hash Disk
HOST
Byte 0 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 Byte 6 Byte 7 STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1
Drive Drive
LUN
0
I/O Stream
Storage Array
Drive
Drive
Drive
Byte 0 Byte 4
Byte 1 Byte 5
Byte 2 Byte 6
Byte 3 Byte 7
RAID Controller
HOST
Block 0 Block 1
LUN
0
I/O Stream
Storage Processor
Block 2
Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7
Drive
Drive
Drive
Drive
Drive
STRIPE 0 STRIPE 1
Block 0 Block 4
Block 1 Block 5
Block 2 Block 6
internal disks
LVD/SE HVD
HOST A
Very fast: up to 320 MB/sec for SCSI Ideal for internal storage
SCSI port SCSI port
storage array
internal disks
LVD/SE HVD
Scalability limitations
HOST B
storage on a Local Area Network Uses standard network and file sharing protocols Communication with a NAS device is at the file level
Unix Client
Windows Client
Unix Client
Network
Host Computer
HBA or NIC HBA or NIC
Host Computer
HBA or NIC HBA or NIC
FC or IP network
fixed content Uses hash (MD5 or similar) of the content to provide access key Requires application specific server to mediate between user and storage Provides for long term, tamper evident storage
Networked Storage
SAN
Storage Area Networks
Type of transport Fiber Channel IP IP
NAS
Network-Attached Storage
IP
CAS
Content Addressed Storage
Type of data
Key requirement
Block
Deterministic performance
Software and product Content development, file Management, server consolidation Archive
Information Lifecycle