Potable Water Standards As Prescribed by WHO and

COVER PAGE
Name of Project: Potable Water Standards used by
WASA and Implemented by WHO

CRN: 23784 Course Code: ENVH 223 Name of Lecturer: Dr. Deryck D. Pattron. Campus: City Campus
COVER PAGE
Group Members
Azam A. Mohammed Laura Hyacinth Richard Nadram Dakota Malco Giselle Khan
Neila Nedd
Samantha Grant Germaine Gabriel
Potable Water Standards as Prescribed by WHO and used by WASA
Introduction
According to the Millennium Development Goals, access
to safe drinking is one of the targets to be achieved by 2015.

How much water is used on average basis? 70 % water is used for agriculture, 20% for industrial use
and a startling 10 % for domestic use, according to statistics from the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI).
Results of Water Shortage

What will happen if potable water is scarce or
contaminated?
Increase of diseases due to contaminated water such as
cholera, typhoid etc.

Loss of crops and livestocks when there is drought. Famine and death from dehydration.
WHOs Vision
The WHO has stated:All people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.
The first WHO document dealing specifically with public
drinking-water quality was published in 1958 as International Standards for Drinking-Water.
WASA
WASA was established on September 1965.
Vision:- To be a high quality utility service provider for
the people of Trinidad and Tobago and thereafter to be the center of Excellence within the water sector in the Caribbean.
WASA
Mission
-To deliver consistent, reliable, quality water and wastewater services. -To achieve sustainable financial self-sufficiency.
-To improve the organization's impact on the environment and pursue water security for the nation.
Water Sewerage Acts Conservation & Protection for Potable Water.

The Water and Sewerage Act has various clauses for
protection of potable water.

There are penalties for pollution of drinking water. There are also regulations for execution of water of works
for protection water supplies.

There are laws for prevention of waste to potable water
Water Sewerage Acts Conservation & Protection for Potable Water.

The Act discusses that the Authority( WASA in this case)
can erect public stand pipes at any place and remove any of the stand pipes at there discretion.
These public standpipes are used for filling of water for
domestic use in case water is not available in the house.

The standpipes are not used for bathing or washing of
vehicles. Most standpipes are lined with PVC since it is less reactive.
Taste, Odour & Appearance

Water should be acceptable based on taste, odour &
appearance.
When water has an unpleasant taste, odour &
appearance, it is natural for consumers to reject this water (i.e water that is discoloured or dirty.).
Taste and odour can be influenced by chlorination,
presence of dissolved solids and corrosion of pipes.

Treatment of taste, odour and appearance problems
Problems will be prevented by treatment processes such
as coagulation, sedimentation and chlorination.

Manganese can be removed by chlorination and by
filtration.
For removing hydrogen sulphide aeration, granular
activated carbon, filtration and oxidation is utilised.

Treatment of taste, odour and appearance problems
Ammonia can be removed by nitrification.
Precipitation can remove hardness.
Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

WHO recommends that water supplies should be inspected from source to distribution taps. -Sampling should be recorded under any climatic conditions (especially after heavy rainfalls). -If a water supply is deemed polluted as a result of microbial testing (bacteriological) and sanitary inspection, use of the water supply should be condemned.

The quality of a water supply must at all times be tested
with multiple samples over a time.

The examination of a single sample is not enough as
conditions can change.

The following distinguishes water-borne pathogens from other water contaminants:-Pathogens cause acute and chronic illnesses
-Pathogens grow in the environment and are discrete.

-Pathogens multiply in their hosts. -Water-borne pathogens are able to multiply in food, beverages etc.

Microbes found in drinking water includes: Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoa

Most public health risks associated with water is through
the consumption of water that is contaminated with human and animal excreta.
Contaminated water will most like show under a
microscope, the presence of bacteria, protozoa, viruses and helminthes.

Not only faecal contamination is associated with water-
drinking safety. Some organisms actually grow in pipe systems such as Legionella.

Pathogens that are transmitted through water (Bacterial)
Pathogen Persistence in water supplies Moderate Moderate Moderate Long Moderate Long Resistance to chlorine Low Low Low Moderate Low Low Relative infectivity Low Moderate Low High Moderate High
Burkholderia pseudomallei Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli Escherichia coli Francisella tularensis Legionella spp. Leptospira

Pathogens that are transmitted through water (Bacterial)
Pathogen Persistence in water supplies Resistance to chlorine High Low Relative infectivity Low Low
Mycobacteria Moderate (nontuberculous) Salmonella Typhi Short
Shigella spp.
Vibrio cholerae
Short
Short
Low
Low
High
Low

The following table shows viruses that can be found in potable water. The table is taken from the WHOs book Guidelines for Drinking Water.
Pathogen Persistence in water supplies Long Long Resistance to chlorine Moderate Moderate Relative infectivity
Adenoviruses Astroviruses
High High
Enteroviruses
Rotaviruses Sapoviruses
Long
Long Long
Moderate
Moderate Moderate
High
High High

The following table shows protozoa that can be found in
potable water. The table is taken from the WHOs book Guidelines for Drinking Water.
Pathogen Persistence in water supplies May multiply Resistance to chlorine Low Relative infectivity High
Acanthamoeba spp.
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Entamoeba histolytica Naegleria fowleri
Long
Moderate May multiply
High
High Low
High
High Moderate

Standards
The following microorganisms should be 0 per 100 ml: - E. coli
-
Clostridium perfringens
- Coliform bacteria
-
Viruses Nematodes Helminths Streptococcus faecalis Clostridium welchii
Chlorine Requirements
Chlorine is used as a universal disinfectant for water Both domestic and industrial potable water supplies are
disinfected with chlorine as WASA.

Chlorine is added after the entire filtration process to destroy
harmful microorganisms such as bacteria.

The WHO recommends 5 mg/l. Removing excess chlorine is important to prevent taste
problems.
Physical Properties of chlorine
a) b) c) d) e)
Boiling point-34.6 C Melting point-101 C Density -3.214 g/litre at 0 C and 101.3 kPa Vapour pressure-480 Pa at 0 C Water solubility-14.6 g/litre at 0 C
Types of chlorination -Breakpoint chlorination
-Marginal chlorination
-Super chlorination/dechlorination
Sodium hypochlorite solution is dosed using a positive-
displacement electric dosing pump or gravity feed system.

Calcium hypochlorite has to be dissolved in water. Breakpoint chlorination is a method in which the chlorine
dose oxidizes all the ammonia nitrogen in the water and leaves a suitable free residual chlorine available to protect the water .
When chlorine reacts with water, it forms hypochlorous
acids and hypochlorites.

Special precaution must be taken to ensure that the limit
set by WHO is not exceeded as this may lead to a pungent taste (somewhat like bleach).
Chlorination can be attained by using liquefied chlorine
gas, sodium hypochlorite solution or calcium hypochlorite granules.
Superchlorination/dechlorination is the addition of a large
dose of chlorine for quick disinfection and chemical reaction, followed by reduction of excess free chlorine.
Chlorine also acts as an oxidant and can remove or
assist in the removal or chemical conversion of some compounds that can be removed from water by filtration.
Chemical & Physical Requirements

Since potable water is normally made from several mechanical purification of undrinkable water, there can exist traces of chemicals not fully removed by the purification process. The WHO has recommendations for all water treatment internationally and nationally (WASA) the trace amount of chemicals that is allowed.

Standards The following is the amount of metallic element that is allowed in drinking water (toxic elements) Cyanide- 0.01 mg/l Lead -0.1 mg/l Chromium-0.05 mg/l Arsenic-0.01 mg/l Selenium-0.05 mg/l If the amount is exceeded, then the water should not be fit for consumption and should be rejected.

Standards
Acrylamide -0.5 g/l Alachlor-20 g/l Aldicarb-10 g/l Aldrin and dieldrin-0.03 g/l Aluminium- 0.9 mg/l

Standards
Ammonia- 0 mg/l
Antimony- less than 5 g/l

Bentazone- 0 mg/l Benzene- 0.01 mg/l

Standards
Barium- 0.3 mg/l Berillium -0 mg/l Boron- 0.3 mg/l Cadmium- 0.003 mg/l

Standards
Chloride- 250 mg/l Carbofuran -0.007 mg/l Carbon tetrachloride-0.004 mg/l Copper- 2 mg/l

Standards
Chlordane -0.0002 mg/l
Cyanazine- 0.0006 mg/l

Cyanogen chloride- 0 mg/l Fluoride- 1.5 mg/l

Standards
Iodine 0 mg/l
Lindane - 0.002 mg/l

Mecoprop- 0.01 mg/l

Standards
Mercury- 0.006 mg/l
Methoxychlor- 0.02 mg/l

Metolachlor- 0.01 mg/l Molinate -0.006 mg/l

Standards
Nickel- 0.07 mg /l
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)- 0.2 mg/l

Nitrates and Nitrites- 50 mg/l of nitrogen Pendimethalin-0.02 mg /l

Standards
Permethrin-0.3 mg/l
Selenium- 0.01 mg/l

Silver- 0 mg/l Sodium- 200 mg/l

Standards
Sulphate- 500 mg/l
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)- 0 mg/l

Standards The following are the guidelines for organic chemical compounds in potable water. Chlorinated Alkanes: Carbon tetrachloride-2 g/l Dichloromethane -20 g/l 1,1-Dichloroethane -20 g/l

Chlorinated Alkanes (contd) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane-2000 g/l Chlorinate alkenes:
Trichloroethene -70 g/l 1,2-Dichloroethene -50 g/l Tetrachloroethene -40 g/l

Endrin- 0.6 mg/l Ethylbenzene-0.3 mg/l Hexachlorobutadiene-0.000 6 mg/l N-Nitrosodimethylamine-0.000 1 mg/l
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol-0.2 mg/l

Xylenes -0.5 mg/l Styrene-0.02 mg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene - 0.000 6 mg/l

Terbuthylazine- 0.007 mg/l 1,2-Dichlorobenzene- 1 mg/l
Biological Requirements
Biological water standards addresses the presence of
living organisms present in water.

An essential goal for the provision of safe drinking water
is that it be free of (at low risk of containing) diseasecausing microorganisms. (WHO, 2002)
The term plankton is used in a broad sense by the World
Health Organization to include microscopic and nearmicroscopic free floating forms as well as minute attached organisms which develop on shores of lakes or reservoirs, or are attached to rocks or structures.
Most waterborne microbes are favorable, mostly as food
chain decomposers.
However some microbes may be pathogenic (potentially
disease causing).
The occurrence or lack of pathogens is very important,
particularly in potable water quality.
Waterborne pathogens are placed in the general
categories: Bacteria Viruses Algae Protozoa Helminthes
Biological, or microscopic examination must be done. It should include qualitative analysis of the types of organism
present and quantitative estimation of their number or bulk.

Biological examination of water requires special laboratory
equipment and procedures.

Biological examination does not test for individual organisms.
Water is tested for indicator organisms to test for possible sewage
contamination.
Not many pathogens are easily detected. Indicator organisms are a fundamental monitoring tool used
to measure both changes in water quality or conditions and the potential presence of hard-to-detect target pathogenic organisms.
An indicator organism provides evidence of the presence or
absence of a pathogenic organism.
A fecal coliform (sometimes faecal coliform) is a
facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, nonsporulating bacterium.

Coliform bacteria include genera that originate in faeces
(e.g. Escherichia) as well as genera not of fecal origin (e.g. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter).
Some More Biological ContaminantsActinomycetes and fungi- Found in surface water sources and reservoirs. Cyanobacteria and algae-Can impede coagulation and filtration causing colour change in water. Can cause turbidity as well.
Invertebrates-Most of these invertebrates are microscopic such as Crangonyx pseudogracilis and Cyclops spp.
The current criteria of an ideal or preferred indicator of
fecal contamination have been defined and stated by WHO and other authorities.
According to these authorities the essential criteria of a
fecal indicator are the following (WHO, 2002):
The indicator should be absent in unpolluted water and present
when the source of pathogenic microorganisms of concern (fecal contamination) is present.

The indicator should be present in greater numbers than the
pathogenic ones.
The indicator should respond to natural environmental
conditions and water treatment processes in a manner similar to the pathogens of concern.
The indicator should be easy to isolate, identify and enumerate.
The test should be inexpensive thereby permitting numerous
analyses to be taken.
Biological quality of water determined by
Source Treatment processes Distribution
Faecal coliform, like other microorganisms, can usually be
inhibited during the disinfection process.

At home boiling water is usually sufficient to inhibit
coliforms.
Filtration with domestic filters can remove small animals.
Disinfection is a process that deactivates almost all
pathogenic microorganisms (but not all microbial life).

There are different methods of disinfection including heat ,
radiation treatment, chemical treatment.

WASA uses chlorination for disinfecting supplied water.
Biological Examination of water will aid in the following:-
a) Determine the causes of objectionable tastes and odours in water and controlling remedial treatments. b) Detect the organic pollution of water and contamination with toxic substances. c) Explain the causes of clogging of distribution pipes.
Radiological Requirements
Pollution of potable water by radioactive substances
(radionuclides) is a serious hazard.

Radioactivity in water should be kept as minimum as
possible.
The upper limits in potable water are:
alpha-emitters: 0.000000001 microcuries per millilitre beta-emitters: 0.00000001 microcuries per millilitre
Standards 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second.
Radiation dose from radionuclide ingestion depends on
fraction of intake from the gut.

In case of water, activity is given in Becquerel per
seconds.
Standards The following are the guideline levels of radio nuclides in
drinking water (in Bq/l).

Radionuclides Guideline level/Bq per Litre
Hydrogen-3 Berellium-7
10 000 10 000
Carbon-14 Sodium-22
Phosphorus-32
100 100
100
Radionuclides Phosphorus-33 Sulphur-35 Chlorine-36 Calcium-45 Calcium-47 Scandium-46 Scandium-47 Scandium-48 Vandium-48 Chromium-51 Manganese-52 Manganese-53 Manganese-54 Guideline level/Bq per Litre 1 000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 100 100000 100
Radionuclides Iron-55 Iron-59 Cobalt-56 Cobalt-57 Cobalt-58 Nickel-59 Zinc-65 Germanium-71 Yttrium-90 Zirconium-93 Zirconium-95 Guideline level/Bq per Litre 1000 100 100 1000 100 1000 100 10000 100 100 100
Laboratory Facilities for Examination of Water

Water of required standards must be tested in a well
equipped laboratory with suitably qualified staffs.

WASA requires one to possess a Water Resourse
Management degree or any other qualifications such as an undergraduated degree in chemistry.

Laboratory taking examinations of water should be
accredited by the health authority or other agencies responsible for water quality.
Before granting such approval or accreditation to any
laboratory, the agency concerned should make certain that the facilities, quarters and equipment are adequate for the suitable working of the laboratory.
Laboratories must be certified by the Bureau of Standards.

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: -Incubators -Water baths -Sterilizers -Autoclaves -Pipettes -Dilution bottles -Petri dishes -Refrigerators -Colony counters

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Incubators: a) A uniform and constant temperature(35-37C) at all times in all parts at all times. b)Should be provided with shelves spaced to ensure uniformity of temperature throughout the chamber. c) Dimensions of the chamber should be at least 50 x 50 cm at the base and 60 cm high, to accommodate a maximum of 200 Petri dishes.

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Water baths: a) Should be capable of maintaining a temperature of 44C (+ or - 0.25C). b) should be equipped with a reliable thermostats for sensitive regulation of the temperature. c) should be adequately insulated against heat loss.

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Sterilizers: a) Sterilizing ovens should be of satisfactory size to prevent crowding of the interior.
b) equipped with suitable thermometers capable of registering accurately in the range 160-1 80C

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Autoclaves: a) Should be of adequate size to avoid crowding of the interior. b) Should be constructed to provide homogeneous temperatures within chambers up to and together with the sterilizing temperature of 121C. c) Should be equipped with pressure gauges, appropriately adjusted safety valves, and precise thermometers with bulb properly located on exhaust line.

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Pipettes: a) Error of calibration should not surpass 2.5%. b) Should be of unbroken tips and with graduations specifically indicated. c ) No damaged tip pipette should be used except if repaired properly.

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Dilution bottles: a) Pyrex should be used. b) Must be accompanied with rubber stoppers,glass stoppers or screw caps. c) For closures, cotton plugs should be avoided at all times. d) Gradations should be clearly marked.

Microbial Testing Equipments needed: Requirements. -Petri dishes: a) Should be 100 mm in diameter. b) Side wall at least 15 mm high. c) Bottoms of the dishes should be free from bubbles and scratches and should be flat.

Microbial Testing Test for Faecal Streptococci. -Direct Azide Method -Inoculated volumes of water in sodium azide medium in test tubes. -The test tubes with the mixture are incubated at 44 to 45 degrees centigrade. -Presence of Streptococci is indicated by acid production in medium.

Microbial Testing Test for Faecal Streptococci. -Tellurite Lactose Broth Method. -Inoculated volumes of water are placed in tubes containing tellurite-lactose broth. -They are incubated at 35 to 37 degrees centigrade for 48 hours. -Black deposit indicates presence of Streptococci.

Microbial Testing Test for Faecal Streptococci. -Confirmatory Test -Inoculated media is placed on McConkeys agar. -Presence of minute red colonies indicate faecal streptococci.

Microbial Testing Test for Clostridium welchii -Inoculated water into tubes of freshly boiled litmus milk media. -Mixtures are heated at 80 degrees centigrade for 15 minutes. -Tubes are incubated for five days. -Results confirmed by a stormy clot.

Microbial Testing Distinguishing E.coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and E. freudii. -Four (4) Test used: 1) Indole 2) Methyl red 3) Voges-Proskauer 4) Sodium Citrate

Microbial Testing Distinguishing E.coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and E. freudii. - Idole Test - Medium used: Triptone Broth a) 10g of Bacto-tryptone is added to 1 litre distilled water. b) Heat while stirring. c) Place in 5ml portions in test tubes. d) Place in autoclave

Microbial Testing
Distinguishing E.coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and E. freudii. - Idole Test - Reagent: a) Dissolve 5 g p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 75 ml of amyl alcohol.
b) Add 25 ml concentrated HCL c) Reagent appears yellow

Microbial Testing
Distinguishing E.coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and E. freudii. - Idole Test Procedure for Testing:a) Inoculate 5-ml portions of the medium. b) Incubate at 35-37C for 22 to 24 hours c) After incubation, add 0.2-0.3 ml of reagent and shake. d) Observe tubes after 10 minutes. e) A dark red colour in the amyl alcohol surface layer constitutes a positive indole test (remember colour was yellow initially).

Microbial Testing
Distinguishing E.coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and E. freudii.

Methyl-Red Test Medium used: Peptone a) Add 5 g of Proteosepeptone to 800 ml of distilled water. b) Heat while over steam, while stirring, for about 20 minutes. c) Filter through filter paper and cool to 20C. d) Dilute to 1 litre with distilled water. e) Distribute 10-ml portions into sterilized test-tubes. f) Sterilize by whatever method used in your laboratory.

Microbial Testing

Methyl-Red Test Reagent: Methyl-red indicator. a) Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl red in 300 ml of ethanol. b) Dilute to 500 ml with distilled water.

Microbial Testing

Methyl-Red Test Procedure for Testing:a) Inoculate 10-ml portions of the medium. b) Incubate at 30C for five days. c) Add 5 drops of methyl-red indicator solution to 5 ml of the culture. d) A red colour shows a methyl-positve result while a yellow colour shows a methyl negative result.

Microbial Testing

Voges-Proskauer Test Medium used: 5-ml portion of the medium inoculated for the methyl-red test. - Test should be made after 24-48 hours incubation at 30C.

Microbial Testing

Voges-Proskauer Test Reagent: a) In 100 ml of ethanol dissolve 5 g of a-naphthol. b) In 100 ml of distilled water dissolve 40 g of potassium hydroxide.

Microbial Testing Distinguishing E.coli, Aerobacter aerogenes and E. freudii. Voges-Proskauer Test Procedure for Testing:a)
To 1 ml of culture add 0.6 ml of a-naphthol solution and 0.2 ml of potassium hydroxide solution. A crimson to ruby colour forms in the mixture from 2 to 4 hours after adding the reagents. Results should be read not later than 4 hours after addition of the reagents.
b)
c)

Microbial Testing

Sodium Citrate Test : Medium a) Dissolve 1.5 g of sodium ammonium phosphate (microcosmic salt), 1 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2 g of magnesium sulfate, and 2.5-3.0 g of sodium citrate crystals in 1 litre of distilled water.

Microbial Testing

Sodium Citrate Test : -Procedure: a) Inoculate in medium with a standard inoculation needle. b) Incubate at 35-37OC for 72-96 hours, and record visible growth as positive (+), no growth as negative (-).

Chemical Testing - Due to the large number chemicals that are significant to potable water, not all test can be listed.
- Only the most significant ones are listed. - Organic compound testing have been omitted for brevity.

Chemical Testing
Arsenic Testing: a) 5 ml of 24N sulfuric acid solution and 5 ml of concentrated nitric acid is added to portion of the sample containing from 0.002 to 0.040 mg of arsenic.
b) Cool and add 25 ml of distilled water and repeat to expel oxides of nitrogen. c) Dilute to 25 ml with distilled water.
Chemical Testing
Arsenic Testing: d) Dip the cotton roll into the lead acetate solution and put into the glass column in the Gutzeit generator. e) Add 5 ml of 24N sulfuric acid solution and cool To the 25 ml of the sample concentrate in the generator. f) Add 5 ml of potassium iodide solution, 4-5 drops of stannous chloride solution, and, 2-5 g of zinc. g) Connect as soon as possible, the absorption tube to the generator. Immerse the apparatus in a water-bath kept at 20-25C and leave for 1% hours. h) Amount of arsenic present can be estimated by means of a standard curve established in the laboratory.

Chemical Testing -Chloride Testing: a) 100 ml sample or a suitable aliquot diluted to 100 ml is used. b) Add 1 ml of potassium chromate indicator solution, and titrate with silver nitrate standard solution until a colour change from pure yellow to pinkish-yellow is noticeable. c) Calculation of chloride (Next Slide).
d) An indicator blank should be determined by titrating
distilled water by the same method.

Calculation of chloride:(A-B) x C x 35.46 x 1000 Cl (mg/l) = ml of sample A= ml of silver nitrate solution used for sample B= ml of silver nitrate solution used for blank C= normality of silver nitrate solution.

Chlorine Determination a) A colorimetric method can be used to determine free chlorine in water at concentrations of 0.110 mg/litre.
b) The minimum detectable concentration of chlorine is
about 0.02 mg/litre

Testing For Magnesium a) Add 1.5 ml of the buffer solution and 2.5 ml of saturated solution of ammonium oxalate to 100 ml of the sample. b) Mix the solution and allow to stand for 2 hours.
c)
Filter using filter paper.
d) Pipette 26 ml or 52 ml and add indicator
solution and titrate with 4.0 g of disodium dihydrogen ethylenediamine-tetra-acetate dihydrate (sodium versenate) in 1 litre of distilled water

Testing For Magnesium e) Magnesium is determined directly in terms of CaCO3 because of the calcium content of water.
f) Calculation for determining magnesium content: Mg (mgl/l) = mg of CaCO3 x 0.24

Biological Testing Equipments used:a) Filtering funnels b) Cloth discs c) Compound microscopes d) Petri dishes e) All equptments that are also used for microbial testing.

Biological Testing
a) Samples are normally taken from the distribution
system. b) Samples are placed on petri dishes and observed under a light microscope for presence of plankton, small crustaceans and algae. c) A counting-cell is used to provide a known volume and area for microscopic examination and enumeration of organisms
Conclusion
The potable water standards used by WHO are used by WASA
locally and other water treatment plants internationally.

The requirements of the various chemicals, radionucleii and
microscopic organisms in minute quantities are used to prevent poisoning of the drinking water for human and consumption.
Laboratory procedures are used to accurately detect the correct
proportion of chemicals, microorganism and ensure that colour, odour and taste of water is acceptable.
Conclusion
All of the strict procedures are to be able to provide
excellent quality water free of contaminant for individuals.

Good quality water will prevent death from diseases,
famine and drought.
References
World Health Organisation, (1958). International Standards for Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organization Publishing. World Health Organisation, (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality - 4th ed. Gutenberg: World Health Organization Publishing. World Health Organisation, (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality 3rd ed. Gutenberg: World Health Organization Publishing. Basch,P.F.(1999). Textbook of International Health. New York: Oxford University Press

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COVER PAGE

Name of Project: Potable Water Standards used by

WASA and Implemented by WHO

Potable Water Standards as Prescribed by WHO and used by WASA

to safe drinking is one of the targets to be achieved by 2015.

Results of Water Shortage

cholera, typhoid etc.

drinking-water quality was published in 1958 as International Standards for Drinking-Water.

Vision:- To be a high quality utility service provider for

Water Sewerage Acts Conservation & Protection for Potable Water.

protection of potable water.

for protection water supplies.

Water Sewerage Acts Conservation & Protection for Potable Water.

domestic use in case water is not available in the house.

Taste, Odour & Appearance

presence of dissolved solids and corrosion of pipes.

Taste, Odour & Appearance

as coagulation, sedimentation and chlorination.

activated carbon, filtration and oxidation is utilised.

Taste, Odour & Appearance

Precipitation can remove hardness.

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

with multiple samples over a time.

conditions can change.

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

-Pathogens grow in the environment and are discrete.

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

microscope, the presence of bacteria, protozoa, viruses and helminthes.

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Mycobacteria Moderate (nontuberculous) Salmonella Typhi Short

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Microbial Requirements for Drinking Water

Viruses Nematodes Helminths Streptococcus faecalis Clostridium welchii

disinfected with chlorine as WASA.

harmful microorganisms such as bacteria.

displacement electric dosing pump or gravity feed system.

acids and hypochlorites.

gas, sodium hypochlorite solution or calcium hypochlorite granules.

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Antimony- less than 5 g/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Cyanazine- 0.0006 mg/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Lindane - 0.002 mg/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Methoxychlor- 0.02 mg/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)- 0.2 mg/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Selenium- 0.01 mg/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)- 0 mg/l

Chemical & Physical Requirements