Computer Networks

ARP and Real Networking

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ARP and Real Communication

1. IP Addresses and IP Addressing Rules What is a Physical Segment?

ARP Local or Remote

2.To Obtain the MAC Address From A Local Host: 3. To Obtain the MAC Address From A Remote Host:

The Local or Remote Algorithm

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4. What Breaks It!

IP Addresses Identifies which Portion of IP Address is the Network ID and Which Portion is the Host ID

IP Address

Unique Device (Host) Address

IP Address of the Router on the Same Physical Segment

Subnet Mask Default Gateway

152.107.102.7 255.255.0.0 152.107.102.1 (IP Address) (Subnet Mask) (Default Gateway
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What is Physical Segment

Each Device (Host) Needs at Least One Unique IP Address

All Devices on the Same Physical Segment Share a Common Network ID (Subnet Mask)

Each Physical Segment Has a Unique Network ID (Subnet Mask)

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Broadcasts
The portion of the network that you can retrieve information from by using a broadcast packet!

Ignore Repeaters, Bridges, or Switches

All Devices on the Same Physical Segment Share a Common Network ID Forward Broadcasts

Everything (all devices) -

Out a port of a router Between two routers Routers Dont Forward Broadcasts

IP Addressing Rules

Each Physical Segment Has a Unique Network IDs

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ARP
Maps a MAC (Hardware) Address to a Destinations Hosts or Routers IP Address

Obtains MAC Address From Cache or With a Local Broadcast

Address Resolution Protocol

RFC 826

The MAC Address is Used in the Address Field of the DataLink Frame (Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.)

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Local or Remote

Local The Destination Device/Host is on the Same Physical Segment/Subnet

Remote The Destination Device/Host is on a Different Physical Segment/Subnet

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Local or Remote algorithm IP Address of Destination Computer is Obtained (DNS, WINS, Broadcast, etc.) IP Address of Destination is Analyzed to Determine if it is Local or Remote

To Setup a TCP Connection: The Source Host Uses Its Subnet Mask to Determine the Network ID of the Destination Hosts IP Address The Source Host Compares the Destinations Network ID to Its Network ID

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To obtain MAC address

If the Destination Hosts Network ID is the Same as the Source Hosts Network ID; the Destination is Local (On the Same Physical Segment/Subnet) The Source Host Checks its ARP Cache For a Cached MAC Address of the Destination Host

If the Destination Hosts MAC Address is Not in Cache, A Local Broadcast is Initiated to Obtain the Destinations Host MAC Address

The Returned MAC Address is Cached for Reuse

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To obtain MAC address for Remote Host

If the Destination Hosts Network ID is Different From the Source Hosts Network ID; the Destination Host is Remote (On a Different Physical Segment/Subnet) The Source Host Checks Its Local Route Table for a Special Route to the Network of the Destination Host

If There is a Special Route, The Source Computer Checks its ARP Cache For a Cached MAC Address of the Router Associated With the Route in the Local Route Table

If the Routers MAC Address is Not in Cache, a Local Broadcast is Initiated to Obtain the Routers MAC Address

The MAC Address is Cached for Reuse

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MAC Address for Remote Host

If There is No Special Route in the Source Hosts Local Route Table, The Source Computer Checks its ARP Cache For a Cached MAC Address of the Default Gateway If the Default Gateways MAC Address is Not in Cache, A Local Broadcast is Initiated to Obtain the Default Gateways MAC Address

The MAC Address is Cached for Reuse

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What breaks it ??
All Hosts on the Same Physical Segment Must Have the Same Network ID

Each Physical Segment Requires a Unique Network ID

IP Address Entered Incorrectly

Subnet Mask Incorrectly

Break Local/Remote Algorithm Can Communicate Outside Local Segment

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Default Gateway Entered Incorrectly

Incorrect Entries in Local Route Table

ARP

Maps a MAC (Hardware) Address to an IP Address Obtains MAC Address From Cache or With a Local Broadcast Works Automatically if IP Addresses are Correct!

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