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Chapter 1
Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomy is a broad field of science in which the body is studied at different levels. Definition of anatomy (to cut up): study of internal and external structures and the physical relationship between body parts Physiology is the study of body function: Structure Determines Function
Anatomy Terminology
Language of Anatomy: Mastery of this language is essential for your success in this class A. Pay attention to Greek and Latin roots (Appendix, p. 822) B. To learn this new language it is recommended to: - create vocabulary flashcards pertaining to each chapter - practice the new vocabulary consistently - recognize that different terms can be used to describe the same structure (Appendix, p. 823)
Metric System (Appendix, p. 820-821) Length, volume, weight are measured in metric units Length Volume Weight Anatomical Variability Structures presented in books are largely representative of those found in individuals Due to genetic diversity every individual is not structurally identical Neither do sensory organs perceive the environment in exactly the same way.
1nm
10nm
100nm
10mm 100mm
1m
10m
Transmission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Compound light microscope Unaided human eye
Branches of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic
- surface: study of general form (morphology) - regional: superficial and internal features in a specific body area - systemic: structure of major organ systems
Microscopic (histology) anatomy - cytology Developmental - from conception to physical maturity Comparative anatomical organization of different animals Clinical anatomical features that undergo changes during illness Radiographic structures visualized by imaging techniques
- cross-sectional
Comparative Anatomy
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord forming brain and spinal cord Notochord a stiffened rod below spinal cord, usually replaced by vertebrae Muscular tail extends beyond exit of digestive tract Somites segmental blocks forming muscles, vertebrae, etc. Skull surrounds brain in cranial cavity Vertebrae surround spinal cord in spinal cavity
Digestive tract Salmon (bony fish) Skull Limb bud Somites Vertebrae
Heart Mouth
Anus
Chicken
Braincase of cartilage or bone surrounds the brain Pharyngeal (gill) arches may persist or be modified to form other structures in adult Ventral body cavity contains thoracic and abdominopelvic organs
Skull Somites
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Human
Dorsal hollow nerve cord runs along the back in the median plane
- cord develops into the brain and spinal cord
Notochord (back string) and vertebrae rod in embryo deep to spinal cord
- quickly replaced by the vertebrae, - some persists as cores of the discs between the vertebrae
Levels of Organization
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Cellular Level: smallest unit of life Tissue Level: group of similar cells that perform a common function Organ Level: group of 2 or more tissue types that together perform complex physiological processes Organ System Level: various organs with similar or related functions that work together to accomplish a common purpose Organismal Level- result of all simpler levels working together to sustain life Homeostasis (homeo, unchanging + stasis, standing) Failure of maintaining homeostasis - Disease
Hydrogen 62%
Nitrogen 1.5%
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Sulfur Chlorine Magnesium Iron Iodine Trace elements
0.2% 0.2% 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04% 0.03% 0.0005% 0.0000003% (see caption)
Lipids 10%
Carbohydrates 3%
Molecular composition of the human body
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Organism Level
Levels of Organization
Organ System Level
Endocrine Nervous Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
The heart
Organ Level
Atoms in combination
Tissue Level
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Cellular Level
Life
Responsiveness - irritability and adaptability Growth and Differentiation - size increase and specialization
Humans
- Digestion and CV system (internal transport system)
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
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Lymphoid system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
Defense against infection and disease Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
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Hair
Skull Epidermis & associated glands Sternum Ribs Upper limb bones Supporting bones (scapula and clavicle)
Vertebrae Sacrum
Fingernail
Axial muscles
Appendicular muscles
Peripheral nerves
Suprarenal gland
Pancreas
Vein
Ovary in female
Testis in male
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Nasal cavity Pharynx Trachea Thymus Lymph nodes Lung Diaphragm Spleen
Lymphatic vessel
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Salivary gland
Pharynx Esophagus Liver Gallbladder
Kidney Ureter
Urethra
Anus
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Urethra
Superficial Anatomy
Anatomical Position - supine or prone Anatomical Regions
Anatomical Landmarks
Frons or forehead (frontal) Nasus or nose (nasal) Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular) Cranium or skull (cranial) Auris or ear (otic) Bucca or cheek (buccal) Cervicis or neck (cervical) Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic) Mamma or breast (mammary) Abdomen (abdominal) Umbilicus or navel (umbilical)
Trunk
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Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) Carpus or wrist (carpal) Palma or palm (palmar) Pollex or thumb Patella or kneecap (patellar) Crus or leg (crural) Tarsus or ankle tarsal) Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Hallux or great toe Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Manus or hand (manual) Inguen or groin (inguinal) Pubis (pubic) Femur or thigh (femoral)
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Shoulder (acromial) Dorsum or back (dorsal) Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal) Lumbus or loin (lumbar)
Upper limb
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Lower limb
Abdominopelvic Region
To facilitate its study, the abdominopelvic region can be divided into different regions and quadrants There are four quadrants and nine regions
- provides clinicians a useful frame of reference
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
Cecum, appendix, and portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter
Most of small intestine, and portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
Abdominopelvic Regions
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
R. Hypochondriac - right, upper 1/3; gallbladder, liver, r. kidney Epigastric - Upper, central 1/3; liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum L. Hypochondriac - left, upper 1/3; spleen, colon, liver, l. kidney, small intestine R. Lumbar - right, lateral 1/3; cecum, ascending colon, liver, r. kidney, small intestine Umbilical - center; umbilicus (navel) is located here; jejunum, ileum, duodenum, colon, kidneys, major abdominal vessels L. Lumbar - left, lateral 1/3; descending colon, l. kidney, small intestine R. Iliac (inguinal) - right, lower 1/3; appendix, cecum, small intestine Hypogastric (pubic) - lower, center 1/3; urinary bladder, small intestine, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs L. Iliac (inguinal) - left, lower 1/3; small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Stomach
Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder
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Spleen
Directional Terms
Cranial Right Left
Caudal
Distal
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Anatomical Directions
Sectional Anatomy
Planes any slice through a 3 dimensional object can be described through 3 sectional planes
- sagittal, transverse, frontal (coronal)
Serial reconstruction a series of sections at small intervals in one sectional plane Body cavities vital organs are suspended in these internal chambers to provide protection Visible Human Project http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
Planes of Section
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
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Body Cavities
Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity
Superior mediastinum Thoracic Pleural Cavity Cavity Mediastinum with pericardial cavity Diaphargm Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity or coelom contains the viscera 2 major divisions: Thoracic Cavity
- enclosed by the chest wall
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- enclosed by the abdominal wall and pelvis
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Provides protection; allows organ movement; lining prevents friction separated by diaphragm into
Surrounds heart
Serous Cavities
Serous cavity narrow fluid-filled space lined by a serous membrane (serosa)
- Pleura - Pericardium - Peritoneum
Parietal serosa pleura covers the opposing mediastinal surface and inner body wall; pericardium is continuous with the viseral serosa; peritoneum lines the body wall Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs Serous Fluid watery lubricant secreted by both serous membranes to minimize friction between organs and cavity walls Mesenteries organs (stomach, small intestine, parts of large intestine) are suspended by double sheets of peritoneum to provide support and stability with limited movement
Serous Cavities
Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Heart Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Air space Diaphragm Peritoneal cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Balloon Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Diaphragm
Sternum Heart in pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Right lung Left lung Pleura Mediastinum Spinal cord Right lung Left lung
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Clinical Terms
CT, CAT (computerized [axial] tomography) Diagnosis and prognosis Disease MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Pathology Radiologist
Ultrasound
X-rays and radiodensity (air, fat, liver, blood, muscle, bone)
X-Ray
Barium-contrast X-ray
Stomach
Ultrasound - echogram
Liver Aorta Spleen Left kidney Right kidney Vertebra
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Kidney
CT Scan
Stomach Liver Aorta Rib Left kidney
Vertebra
Liver
MRI
Stomach
Kidney
Vertebra
Spleen
Spleen
Spiral CT
Sternum Aortic arch Heart First rib
Heart
Aorta
Vertebral column
Right scapula
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