Microbial World and You

By:

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

Terminologies
Colony

A visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or a group of the same microbes.

Procaryotes

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope

Eucaryotes

Cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus.

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

Terminologies
Algae

Photosynthetic eukaryotes

Bacteria

Prokaryotic organism characterized by peptidoglycan cell wall

Saprophytes/decomposers

Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matters

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

What is Microbiology?
Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye Bio - life ology - study of Is the study of very small living organisms called microorganisms/microbes. Microbes are ubiquitous Meaning they are virtually everywhere!

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY???

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

Microbes play important roles

They are living on/in our body Some colonize our body Produce oxygen thru photosynthesis Decomposition of dead organisms/waste products of living organisms
Decomposers/saprophyte

Decompose industrial waste (oil spills) bioremediation Involved in Elemental cycle (carbon, nitrogen,oxygen, sulfur and phosphorous cycles)
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 Algae and bacteria serve as food for tiny animals Aid in the digestion of food in human (E. coli) Microbes process our food and beverages biotechnology Genetic engineering Cause 2 categories of diseases:
Infectious diseases (colonizes the body) Microbial intoxications (ingest toxin)

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

Organisms included in the study of Microbiology

1. Bacteria 2. Protozoans 3. Algae 4. Parasites 5. Yeasts and Molds
Fungi

Bacteriology Protozoology Phycology Parasitology

6. Viruses

Mycology Virology

Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs

LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms

1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Protista 5. Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
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5 Characteristics of Life
1. Cells 2. Maintain structure by taking up chemicals and energy from the environment 3. Respond to stimuli in the external environment 4. Reproduce and pass on their organization to their offspring 5. Evolve and adapt to the environment
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Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom Division/Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Man Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapien
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Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Cat Animalia Chordate Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis domestica
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LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

Binomial System of Taxonomic Classification

Use only the Genus and species
Homo sapien Felis domestica Escherichia coli

Genus and species are either underlined or italicized Genus is always capitalized species is never capitalized
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Classification System
3 Domains
1. Bacteria
Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing peptidoglycan

1978 Carl Woese

2. Archaea
Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan in cell wall

3. Eukarya
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
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Bacteria - what comes to mind?

Diseases Infections Epidemics Food Spoilage Only 3% of all known bacteria cause human diseases About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
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Microbes Benefit Humans

1.Bacteria are primary decomposers recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants) 2. Microbes produce various food products
cheese, pickles, green olives yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread Beer, Wine, Alcohol

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3. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics

Penicillin
Mold
Penicillium notatum

1928 Alexander Fleming

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4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize
Example: E. coli
B vitamins - for metabolism Vitamin K - blood clotting

Escherichia coli
Dr. Escherich Colon (intestine)

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5. Biochemistry and Metabolism

Very simple structure rapid rate of reproduction provides instant data

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6. Microbial Antagonism
Our normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body

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7. Insect Pest Control

Using bacteria to control the growth of insects Bacillus thuringiensis
caterpillars bollworms corn borers

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8. Bioremediation
Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes Exxon Valdez - 1989

2 Genera
Pseudomonas sp. Bacillus sp.
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9. Recombinant DNA Technology Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering

Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins they normally would not produce
Insulin Human Growth Hormone Interferon
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10. Microbes form the basis of the food chain

Marine and fresh water microorganisms

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Microbes do benefit us, but they are also capable of causing many diseases
Pneumonia Botulism Cholera Syphilis Chlamydia Meningitis Strep Throat Black Plague Whooping Cough Typhoid Fever Scarlet Fever Gonorrhea Tuberculosis Tetanus Lyme Disease Diarrhea

Measles Mumps Herpes 1 Herpes 2 RMSV AIDS Gangrene

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LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

History of the Study of Microorganisms

1665 Robert Hooke
little boxes - cells Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells

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Spontaneous Generation
Theory that life just spontaneously developed from non-living matter Example:
toads, snakes and mice - moist soil flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh

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Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi Rudolph Virchow Louis Pasteur 1668 1858 1861
Showed that worms which appeared on rotting meat were from fly eggs Theory of Biogenesis
Cells can only arise from preexisting cells

Showed that appearance of microbes in sterilized media was from air-borne bacteria Showed that sterilized materials remained sterile if kept isolated from the external environment

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674

- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms

wee animalcules
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ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1st to see live bacteria and protozoa FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY & PROTOZOOLOGY Fabric merchant, a surveyor, wine assayer and a minor city official Hobby:

ground tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in small metal frames (single-lens microscope)

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ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

He never speculated on the origin of microbes nor associate them with infectious disease.

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Scientist became convinced of the existence of tiny creature (not seen by naked eye)
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY /ABIOGENESIS was established Life could develop spontaneously from inanimate substances/nonliving organisms.

UNTIL the time of Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall who disproved the theory and prove that

LIFE CAN ONLY ARISE FROM PREEXISTING LIFE ALONE

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LOUIS PASTEUR
Contributions makes the foundation of
science of microbiology modern medicine

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LOUIS PASTEURS CONTRIBUTION

1. Wine contamination: Discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation.

Demonstrated that different microbes produce different fermentation products. E.x. yeast converts glucose in grapes to ethanol by fermentation

Acetobacter, a contaminating bacteriaconverts glucose to acetic acid (vinegar)- ruining the taste of the wine.
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2. Thru experiment, dealth the fatal blow to the theory of spontaneous generation.

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Pasteur designed special swan-necked flasks with a boiled meat infusion

Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped dust particles which may contain microbes
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LOUIS PASTEURS CONTRIBUTION

3. Discovered forms of life that are with no oxygen.

Aerobes microbes needs Oxygen Anaerobes microbes can live without oxygen

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LOUIS PASTEURS CONTRIBUTION

4. Pasteurization process that kills microbes

that cause wine to spoil

Can be used to kill pathogens in liquids. Process:

- Heating and maintaining to 6365oC for 30 minutes or 73-75oC for 15mins

Note: not ALL microbes are killed, ONLY the pathogens

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LOUIS PASTEURS CONTRIBUTION

5. Discovered the causative agent that were causing silkworm diseases in silk industry in France and how to prevent such disease. 6. Contributed on the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases.
e.x. anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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LOUIS PASTEURS CONTRIBUTION

7. Championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens. 8. Developed vaccines to prevent cholera,anthrax and swine erysipelas (skin disease) 9. Developed RABIES vaccine in dogs and successfully used to treat human rabies.

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Germ Theory of Disease

Hard for people to believe that diseases were caused by tiny invisible wee animalcules Diseases, they thought, were caused by:
demons witchcraft bad luck the wrath of God curses evil spirits
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Robert Koch - 1st to prove that

bacteria actually caused diseases
1876 Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease
etiology - the cause of a disease

Developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria Established scientific rules to show a cause and effect relationship between a microbe and a disease
Kochs Postulates
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Staining

Koch Postulate

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Kochs Postulates
1. The same organisms must be found in all cases of a given disease. 2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The isolated organism must reproduce the same disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible animal. 4. The original organism must again be isolated from the experimentally infected animal.
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Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

1. Some organisms have never been grown in pure culture on artificial media Treponema pallidum - Syphilis

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Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy

Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media Seven Banded Armadillo
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Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

In exclusively human diseases, it is not morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly pathogen into a human guinea pig HIV

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Koch established the Microbial Etiology of 3 important diseases of his day

1. Cholera (fecal-oral disease)
Vibrio cholerae

2. Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Work on tuberculin (protein from M. tuberculosis) that led to devt of skin testing to diagnose TB.

3. Anthrax (sheep and cattle)

Bacillus anthracis
Discovered that B. anthracis produce spores that is capable of resisting adverse conditions.

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Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Gram (+), non-motile, aerobic, spore forming rod Streptobacilli with central spores Livestock
Sheep, cattle, goats

Humans
Handle hides, wool, goat hair, handicrafts from the Middle East made from animal products

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3 Forms of Human Anthrax

1. Cutaneous Anthrax
Enters thru cut or abrasion Results in painless ulcer (1-3 cm) with black (necrotic) center About 20% mortality rate in untreated cases

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 2. Gastrointestinal Anthrax
Contaminated meat Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting blood, severe diarrhea 25% to 60% mortality rate

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 3. Inhalation Anthrax Initial symptoms resemble common cold

Progress to severe breathing problems and shock Usually results in death 1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms Mortality rate 99% in untreated cases Treatment usually not effective after symptoms are present
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Anthrax as a Biological Weapon

Deadly if not treated early Spores can be produced in large quantities using basic knowledge of biology Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least) Spores can be spread
Missiles, rockets, bombs, mail, crop dusters ?

No cloud or color No smell No taste Antibiotics only effective if administered early (within 24 48 hours)

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Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify culture media

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Golden Age of Microbiology

Pasteur
Pasteurization Fermentation

1857 - 1914

Joseph Lister
Phenol to treat surgical wounds 1st attempt to control infections caused by microoganisms

Robert Koch
Kochs Postulates

Edward Jenner
vaccination

Paul Erlich
1st synthetic drug used to treat infections Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
salvation from Syphilis
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Naming of Bacteria
Genus and species - Binomial System of Taxonomic Classification Information usually given:
1. Describes an organism 2. Identifies a habitat 3. Honors a scientist or researcher

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Bacterial Morphology
Bacilli Cocci

Spiral

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Arrangements
Staphylo

Strepto
Diplo Sarcinae Tetrad Vibrio (comma shaped)
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 Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Vibrio cholerae Rhodospirillium rubrum Bacillus subtilis Micrococcus luteus

Escherichia coli Bacillus anthracis Salmonella enteridis Streptococcus pyogenes Steptococcus lactis Streptococcus faecalis Erlichia canis Campylobacter jejuni Helicobacter pylori Enterobacter aerogenes
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LUDY MAE B. NALZARO, BSM, RN, MN

Microbiology: A Human Perspective

Microorganisms cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope There are more than 200,000 known microbes Exist in virtually any environment that has water Exhibit tremendous biodiversity Compose the largest biomass group of living organisms Microbes exist for more than 3.5 billion years

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Applications of Microbiology

Food production: bread, beer Bioremediation: decontamination of hazardous wastes Useful products: ethanol fuel, antibiotics, amino acids Genetic engineering: pharmaceuticals, vaccines Genomics: genome sequencing permits understanding of disease mechanisms

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Medical microbiology

Infectious diseases have killed more people than all wars and natural disasters combined Outbreaks have changed the course of history

Vaccines have dramatically decreased the incidence of infectious diseases, especially in children

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Medical microbiology (cont.)

Re-emergence of Old Infectious Diseases

Cases of whooping cough have increased in the last few years Many microbes have evolved antibiotic resistance

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Medical microbiology (cont.)

Emerging infectious diseases

As humans encroach upon wild habitat, new infectious agents (microbes) are discovered
These agents are typically hosted by animals and are termed zoonotic agents Agent Ebola virus SARS virus Sin Nombre virus Nipah virus Host Bats Bats Deer mouse Bats Disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever Severe acute respiratory syndrome Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome Nipah encephalitis

Dengue virus
Machupo virus Avian influenza viruses

Mosquitos
Vesper mouse Various birds

Dengue fever; Dengue hemorrhagic fever

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Influenza

Some recently discovered agents and their animal hosts

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Terminologies
Bacteriocins Toxins produce by enterobacteria that are lethal to related strains of bacteria. Resident flora Collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body, yet produce infection in another.

Infection Is an invasion of body tissue by microbes and their growth

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 Infectious agent
Microbes that cause infection.

Asymptomatic/subclinical
Microbes do not produce clinical evidence of disease.

Disease
Detectable alteration in normal tissue function

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Virulence

Microbes ability to produce disease Infectious agents that can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as airborne infection e.x. common colds Ability to produce disease Disease causing microbes 3% of known microbes are capable of causing disease. Do not cause disease.

Communicable disease

Pathogenicity

Pathogen

Non-pathogens

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Terminologies
Opportunistic pathogen Causes disease only in a susceptible individual

Asepsis Freedom from disease-causing microbes.

Medical asepsis All practices intended to confine a specific microbes to a specific area, limiting the #, growth, & transmission of microbes.

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Medical asepsis Objects are CLEAN (absence of almost all microbes) Surgical asepsis/sterile technique Practices that keep an area or object free of all microbes Practices that destroys all microbes & spores Sepsis State of infection and can take many forms, including septic shock.

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GRADED RECITATION

Microorganisms are said to be ubiquitous. Can you think of any locations that would be devoid of microorganisms?

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Of all the various areas of microbiology mentioned in this chapter, which appeal to you the most? Why?

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Assume that you are entering a health-related profession. Of what value will knowledge of microbiology be to you?

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Many people consider Louis Pasteurs contributions to be the foundation of the science of microbiology and a cornerstone of modern medicine. What contributions did he make that would cause people to believe that?
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You have isolated a bacterium from the blood of a patient with a newly described disease. What steps would you take to prove that the organism that youve isolated is the cause of the patients disease? (Hint: Remember Kochs Postulates.)
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