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Science and religion or spirituality do not mix Psychologys endeavour to become a science Experimental psychology, behaviourism,
Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
But something is missing!
Cognitions underlie feelings and behaviour which are under our voluntary control and can be changed (Ibn al Qayyim) Graded exposure to the threat will lead to habituation of negative feelings (Al Ghazali) Contemplation and the rememberance of Allah (Zikr) is the key to inner peace and well being
cognitive & behavioural prescriptions: decreases physiological arousal (anxiety) and enhanced emotional functioning (mood management).
characteristic of Islamic thinking style prescribed by early Muslim scholars eg Ibn al-Qayyim
above all other competing schema (eg. Familial, traditional, cultural) Islam is a powerful instrument for cognitive realignment Islamic psychology uses CBT, offering key to unlock / access / modify schema for enhanced pt wellbeing / outcomes.
contemplation and Sufism (eg Rumi) Methods similar: focus on breathing, Zikr and Allah Hu Notion of unconditional acceptance of the here and now akin to concept of total submission and trust in Allah
Spiritual Assessment
General
Are you spiritual? What is your religion? What do you think drives our mind and our body? Where do you believe we came from? What are your beliefs about the nature of Man? What happens when we die? What do you see as the purpose of life? Why does adversity happen to us? What does your faith say about acceptance?
Muslim
some of your beliefs? How do you make sense of what is happening to you? What does Islam say about this event? Why do you think it happened? As a Muslim how do you cope with this?
Identifies Muslim clients with various degrees of faith, eg was born a Muslim but do not follow any of its tenets to, Islam is an integral part of my life, I live and breathe it.
about Islam, their practice of Islam, their cognitive evaluation of what it means for them eg say prayers five times a day because it is compulsory vs indepth knowledge of why it is prescribed, what are the benefits and how it is meant to be said. Explore what spiritual practices they have, eg fasting outside of Ramadhan, doing Zikr, reading the Quran, contemplation,
Treatment
Components of Treatment
Psychoeducation: nature, cause and
maintenance of the disorder. Cognitive restructuring/acceptance model Emotional distress management Exposure Problem solving Assertion training Activity scheduling Goal setting
Islamic Methods
Education from the Quran and Hadith.
Nafs (ego, feelings, desires, -ve thoughts) Ruh (the spirit, the true human, the one in
charge, live on after physical death)
Aim
To use the rational, reasoning mind (Aql) to problem
solve, understand ourselves and the world To develop the Heart (Qalb), make it pure, eg through Sadaqa (charity), patience, compassion, kindness, honesty. To tame the Nafs Ammara (lower negative self) via self discipline To develop the Nafs Lawwama (self reproaching self) via self analysis, remorse and repentence To continuously strive to achieve Nafs Mutmainnah (peaceful self) via following the righteous path, overcoming negative thoughts, feelings, behaviour. Use of Zikr, prayers, contemplation, mindfulness.
Case Study
Involved in an MVA. Minor physical injuries. Developed PTSD. Stopped driving for 4mnths. Sx of reliving (thgts, images, emot arousal, hallucinations, nightmares, flashbacks) avoidance (of thgts feelings situations, amnesia, dissociation, detachment) hyperarousal (irritability, insomnia, poor memory, startle, hypervigilance at home and outside). IES: v. high. Impact: moderate on interpersonal/marital, high on occupational and severe on social.
background but limited knowledge of the essence, spiritual basis . Treatment: CBT plus the Islamic methods and Mindfulness meditation. Exposure imaginal and in-vivo. Cognitive realignment re fear of death, chronic pain, why me? Outcome: V. effective. Reduction in all Sx, increase in quality of life, in spirituality, sense of self peaceful