CHAPTER 3 MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

72, J.J.Singer and G.L.Nicholson introduce fluid-mosaic model of embrane structure in which protein molecules float about in a hospholipid bilayer.

e phospholipid molecules arrange themselves in a layer of two molecules of phospholipid.

Outside cells

Inside cells

ydrophilic heads of one layer point towards outside of the cell, w ydrophilic heads of the second layer point towards the inside ce

bstances that can move through phospholipid bilayer: non-polar molecules ethanol,acethone,O2,CO2 lipid-soluble molecule

sma membrane have transport proteins that partially or wholly mbedded in plasma membrane.

o types of transport proteins are: Channel protein have pores that allow particular molecules or to cross the plasma membrane - K+,Na+,Ca2,ClCarrier protein have binding sites that take up specific molecu one side and release them on the other side

membrane is semi-permeable membrane or partially permeable mbrane.

mi-permeable property of the plasma membrane determine the mposition of cytoplasm by controlling the types of material ente d leaving the cell.

terials pass into or out of the cells by the following processes: simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport

- The meaning of technical words: a) a polar molecules an unequal distribution of electric charges that can attract other polar molecules. e.g. water

b) Hydrophilic attracted to water/ water loving c) Hydrophobic repel water / water hating

Consist of phospholipid bilayer because plasma membrane has two sheets of phospholipids.

Other molecules that present in plasma membrane: a) cholesterol making plasma membrane more rigid and stable b) glycolipids recognize each other c) Glycoprotein combination of protein and carbohydrate recognize each other

Properties of plasma membrane

Can pass through phospholipid bilayer

Pore/Channel proteins Small water soluble molecule/polar molecule Charged ions (Na+,K+)

Carrier proteins Large water -soluble molecule/polar molecule (glucose,amin o acid)

Lipidsoluble molecule/no n-polar molecule (fatty acids,glycer ol, vitamin A,D,E,K)

Nonpolar molecule (oxygen, CO2)

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

usion movement of particles (molecules or solutes) within a ga liquid from a region of high concentration to a region concentration.

tors affecting the rate of diffusion: surface area between the two region- the larger the surface area higher the rate of diffusion

Distance which diffusion occurs the shorter the distance which diffusion occur, the higher the rate of diffusion Concentration gradient the greater the difference in concentra between the two regions, the higher the rate of diffusion Size and nature of the particles smaller particles diffuses faste larger particles Temperature at higher temperature, the particles have more k energy and so they diffuse at higher rate

fusion of different types of particle can take place in opposite d

example, when oxygen diffuse out of the alveolus, at the same O2 diffuse into alveolus.

usion occur until it achieve a dynamic equilibrium when the oncentration is the same in all regions.

 Examples of simple diffusion

Gaseous exchange in alveoli

Gaseous exchange in leaves

Absorption of digested food (glycerol,fatty acid,vitamin A,D,E,K through the villi of small intestine

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

stances that are not soluble in lipids cannot pass through phosph yer.

e substances, such as glucose, amino acids, proteins and nuclei ss through the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion.

stances move down the concentration gradient, from higher conc ower concentration.

lve two types of proteins : hannel protein Carrier protein

ANNEL PROTEIN (PORE PROTEINS)

ovide functional pore in the membrane for the diffusion of mole or ions.

he pores are selective about which ions can pass through.

he main route of water diffusion is through the pores. However, lso can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer because it is a sm molecule.

Charged ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-) cannot pass through phospholipid. Pore proteins open up pores or channels across the membrane to allow entry or exit. Each pore or channel is specific and will only allow one particular type of ion to pass through.

- Pore can open or close, acting as gates.

RIER PROTEIN

low larger polar molecules such as sugar and amino acids o cross.

ck up the diffusing molecules on one side of the membrane and hem on the other side.

e carrier protein has binding sites to attach molecules just like t ctive site of an enzyme and its substrate.

Examples of facilitated diffusion a) Absorption of glucose into red blood cells b) Absorption of amino acids

OSMOSIS

osis movement of water molecules from a region of low solute centration (high water concentration) to high solute concentrati w water concentration) through semi-permeable membrane.

permeable membrane allows water molecule, but not solute ecules to pass through.

er continues to flow from high solute concentration to low solute ncentration until the solute concentration in both regions are the

 Water move from dilute solution to concentrated solution Dilute solution contain less solute compare to concentrated solution The water level in hypotonic solution decreased, the water level in hyp solution increased.

xamples of osmosis:

Absorption of water in root hairs of plants by osmosis plants take in most of their water through the root hairs

root hairs have thin walls and large surface areas to absorb wate mineral salts

acuole inside the root hair contain more concentrated solution and other dissolved substances.

water passes into the root hair from the outside b y osmosis.

rom the root cortex cells to the xylem vessel, their vacuoles con increasingly more concentrated solution.

ater in root hair cells is drawn in by osmosis from the cortex cel he xylem to be carried up into the plant.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

carrier protein and energy to move specific molecules or ions a e plasma membrane against the concentration gradient.

ergy is provided by the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule.

mples of active transport: Absorption of dissolved mineral salts by root hairs

Dissolve mineral

nts need mineral salts (nitrates, phosphates, sulphates) to mak rotein and for growth.

ese ionic mineral salts are absorbed through the root hairs by a ransport.

rates inside the root are at a higher concentration than nitrates ssolved in water around the soil particles.

ls have to actively transport nitrates outside the cells to enter t

rates move from lower concentration gradient to higher concent radient into the cell through the carrier protein.

ergy required for carrier protein is provided by ATP.

bsorption of glucose and amino acids by cells in the small intest

Active transport

Facilitated diffusion

Epithelial cell of small intestine take in glucose, galactose and amino acids by active transport, using energy from ATP molecule. Monosaccharides and amino acids then cross the plasma membrane of epithelial cell by facilitated diffusion before diffuse into the blood capillary. c) Collect and concentrate ions. For example, the active transport of sodium ions from inside of the cell to the outside cell, across the plasma membrane.

he concentration of sodium ions outside the cell is higher than th concentration of sodium ions inside the cells.

ons diffuse near a carrier protein.

hree ions attach to the binding site of the carrier protein.

he carrier protein uses energy from ATP molecules, changes shap releases the three sodium ions outside of the cell.