Chuang 2 GIAO DICH OIEN To.

2.1. Ho ding din tir

2.1.1. Khdi niem, rkic diim hgp clang dien tic Trong b6i canh nen kinh to the giei phat then vii tic dO nhanh chong va su canh tranh gift cac doanh nghiep ten the gioi dien ra ngay cang kh6c Viec tim kiem d6i tac, khach hang, tim kiem thi truing mai, to chuc kenh cung irng linh host, gin nhe, nhanh chong vii chi phi giam cling nhu kha nang phan ling nhanh ham vii cac ca hOi mai trong nen kinh to town cau la nhang loci the khing the thieu dii vii mOt doanh nghiep mutin tin tai va phat trien theo kip thi truing the giai. Thuang mai dien tir noi chung va hop ding dien tir noi rieng chinh la chic kh6a giup cac doanh nghiep nang cao nang l%rc earth tranh trong lieu kien hOi nhap kinh to qu6c te.

2.1.1.1. Khai niem hop clang then ter

Theo quy dinh tai di'eu 388, BO lust Dan su Viet Nam (2005): "Hop cling dan su la ste thoa thuan girea cac ben ve viec xac lap, thay doi hoac cham dtit quyen, nglira vu dan sy.". Dieu 24, Luat Thuang mai (sea d6i, 2005) ding quy dinh ye hinh thirc hap ding mua ban hang h6a. Theo do, "Hop cling mua ban hang hOa dupe the hien bang lOri noi, bang van ban hoac dirge xac lap bang hanh vi cu the. Doi vii cac logi hop ding mua ban hang hoa ma phap luat quy Binh phcii decoy lap bang van ban thi phai twin theo car quy dinh d". V'e ca ban, hop .ding dien tir ding gi6ng hop ding truyen thing ve chirc nang, nOi dung va gia tri phap 1ST. Diem khac biet noi bat la hinh thirc the hien va phuang thirc ky ket h9p ding dien tir. Lust mAu ve Thuang mai dien tiz cua UNCITRAL (1996) quy dinh "Ye hinh thicc hop &Ong, trio khi cac ben c quy dinh khac, chao hang va chOp nhan chao hang c the &toy the hien bang thong cliep du- lieu. Khi thOng diep da. lieu Ayr su dung de

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hinh thanh hop djng, hop &Ong do khong bi phu nhan gia tri phap 135 chi vi no dtrorc thi hien 144'ng thong diep di? lieu" [Dieu 11, mix 1]. Luat Giao dich dien tir caa Viet Nam ding da quy dinh: "Hop dcing dien tit la hop ding dwoc thiit lap duol dgng thong diep dit lieu theo quy dinh cua Luat nay" [Dieu 33]. "Thong diep du lieu" ding dugc quy dinh cu the la "thong tin dugc tao ra, dugc giri di va dugc luu frit bang phucmg lien dien tir", ding theo d6, "phucmg lien dien tir" dugc quy dinh la "phuong tien hoat Ong dua tren cong nghe dien, dien tir, ky thu4t so, tir tinh, truyen dAri khong day, quang hoc, dien tir ho4c cong nghe tuang tu" [Dieu 4, muc 12]. Ludt Giao dich dien tir Viet Nam va Cong uac cila Lien hop quic ve sir dung thong diep dit lieu trong giao ket . hop doing quic to deu khong phan biet hgp dung dien tir co tinh thumg mai va hgp ding dien tir khong co tinh thucmg mai. Doing thari cac nguin lua't nay ding khOng phan biet cong nghe cu the nao dirge sir dung a ky ket hop ding. Dieu nay la phii hop vi hop ding dien tir dugc dieu chinh chu yeu ve viec hinh thanh hop ding va gia tri phap 1S, dm hop ding nham giam thieu su thay doi, bi sung cac nguin lu'at lien quan khi ap dung hop ding dien Hop ding dien tir dugc ky ket co nhieu cap de tir dan gian den phirc tap. Viec ky ket hgp ding dien tir co the don gian nhu dZit mua ye may bay, mua sach hay mua met chiec dien thoai di deng qua mang Internet... va thanh town bang the tin dimg. Viec ky ket hop ding dien tir ding c6 the phirc tap han, vi du nhu viec lua chin va mua met chi& may tinh ten website ban hang to doing, ho4c Iva chin va d4't mua met chiec 8 to qua Internet. Hgp ding dien tir con co the dugc hinh thanh phirc tap han qua hinh thirc dau gia tivc tuyen gifta cac ca nhan tren website cua eBay ho4c cac nha cung cap linh kien san xuAt 0 to teen website mua sam dia cac nha san xuAt 8 to. Mire dO phirc tap nay thuong kh6ng chi do ding nghe hinh thanh hgp ding ma con do tinh pink tap dia ban than giao dich thuang mai hay quy trinh kinh doanh trong timg linh vuc cu the. Hgp ding dien tir du thucmg mai hay phi thucmg mai, du don gian hay phirc tap tnrac het Van la met hop ding, c6 cac nOi dung ca ban nhu hop ding truyen thing. Su khac biet loin nhAt la o each thirc giao ket va hinh thanh hop ding, di la giao ket thong qua cac phuang tien dien tit va hgp ding dien tir dugc truyen gixi, nhan thOng qua cac mang van thong. Chinh su khac biet nay tao nen mot s8 d4c diem rieng dm hop &Ong dien
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* Khai niem v"J giao kit hop cljng lien ter Giao ket h9p dtmg la thuat ngcr dugc BO lust Dan str Viet Nam nAm 2005 sir dung chi viec 14 ket h9p Sing. VI vay, giao ket h9p dong dien tir la qua trinh dam phan, thuang thao, tao lap va ky ket hap Sing thong qua viec trao d6i cac dir lieu dien tir. Cac hap d6ng dugc giao ket nhu vay se dugc luu tit mOt phAn hoac hoan toan a dang dir lieu dien tCr. Lust Giao dich dien tir n'am 2005 dm Viet Nam dinh nghia "Giao ket hap d6ng dien tir lien hanh mOt ph&n hoac toan b0 giao la viec sir dung thong diep dir lieu dich trong qUa trinh giao ket h9p dtmg".

2.1.1.2. Dac diem clic: hop djng then ter Do hap Sing dien tir dugc hinh thanh qua cac th8ng diep dir lieu va truyen giri qua Internet va cac mang vien thong nen hop diing dien tir co nhimg dac diem chinh sau day: a (i). Thj hien being thong diep dir lieu: Dac diem not bat nhl t dm hop d6ng dien tir la hinh th*c the hien. Hap Sing dien tir dugc tao lap bai cac thong diep dit lieu, de hien thi cac nOi dung oh hap Sing dien tir can c cac thiet bi dien tir vi du nhu may tinh, dien thoai di dung... Hinh thirc dm hop Sing dien tir hoan toan khac voi hinh thuc ph6 bien nhAt cua hop ding truyen th6ng tren giAy. Chinh dac diem nay cua hqp Sing tao cam giac h9p clang. Sing dien tir la "ao", khOng "cam nAm" dugc mOt each (ii). Do cac phwong tien dien tir too ra, trulett 01 vie lwee tra.: Hop dong dien tir duce giao ket thong qua cac phucmg tien dien tir nha su tien b0 cua cac cong nghe hien dai nhu: cong nghe dien tir, ding nghe s6, tir tinh, quang h9c, mpg vien thong khong day, mang Internet... Viec sir dung cac phucmg tien dien tir va mpg vien thong gill') viec giao ket h9p Sing thuan tien, chinh xac va nhanh han so vai truyen th6ng. DSc biet, c8 nhting giao dich dien to ma h9p &Ong dien tir dugc 14 ket hoan toan to dOng gifra mOt ben la Ichach hang va mOt ben la doanh nghiep dugc dai dien bai website ban hang to dOng nhu trong cac mo hinh ban le B2C. (iii).Pham vi ky kit Ong: H9p ding dien tir duce 14 ket thong qua cac phucmg tien dien tir va mang vien thong, chinh cac yeu t6 nay ma rOng pham vi giao ket hap dong dien tir ra khip the giai. DSc biet la viec sir dung mang Internet trong qua trinh giao ket hap Sing, cac ben tham gia h9p dong c the 14 ket hgp ding tir m9i nai ten the gioi.

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(iv).Pink tap v' Ity thaft: Ben canh su thu'an lien va Wet kiem chi phi e do sir dung phuong tien dien tir va mpg vien thong de ky ket hgp ding. Chinh nhimg y611 to nay lai tao ra met se khO khan ban dAu cho vice sir dung vi hop ding dien tir dei hei nguoi sir dung can c6 kiln thirc va ky nang nhAt dinh khi sir dung cac phucmg tien dien dr. (v).La@ clan chink chwa hg thimg viz chi tilt: Phap luat truyen thong chua de cap den cac vAn de nhu thong diep dir lieu, trao del dir lieu dien dr, chit k5, dien ter, chUng thuc chit 14 dien ter, phong tranh va xir IST cac hanh vi gian len, lira dao, gia mao chit k3'r dien tir... Chinh vi hop ding dien tir la met linh vx.rc mai dei vai ca cac ben tham gia va cac ca quan quan ly nen chua the c6 met h0 thong hoan chinh de giai quyet triet de nhimg van de phat sinh. 2.1.1.3. Phan loci hop clang dien tit flgp ding dien ter hinh thanh va phat trien song song voi su hinh thanh va phat trien cua thuang mai dien tir. Dua tren thuc an qua trinh phat trien va cong nghe dugc sir dung trong qua trinh ky ket harp ding dien tir, co the phan chia thanh ben loai hop ding dien tir phi bin sau: a. Hop cling truye'n thong Arc clua len web Met se harp ding truyen thong d'a dugc sir dung thutmg xuyen va chuAn nei dung, do met ben sop thao va dua len website de cac ben tham gia ky ket. Hgp ding dien tir loai nay thuamg dugc sir dung trong met se linh vuc nhu dich vu vien thong, Internet, dien thoai, du lich, van tai, bao hiem, tai chinh, ngan Cac hop ding dugc dua toan bi) nei dung len cac web va phia duai thuOng c6 nut "Ding ST" hoc "Khong ding Si" ben tham gia lua chin va xac than su ding y vai cac dieu khoan cua hop ding. Co hai loai hgp ding dien tir phi bien: Hgp ding truyen thong dugc hinh thanh qua giao dich to ding & Hop ding co sir dung Chit kS,

b. Hop clang dien tit hinh thanh qua giao dich to clang Day la hinh thirc hgp ding dien ter dugc sir dung phi bin tren cac website thuang mai dien ter ban le (B2C), dien hinh nhu: Amazon.com , Dell.com, Ford.com, Chodientu.vn, Thegioididong.com.vn ... Trong hinh thirc nay, nguad mua tien hanh cac busk dat hang tuAn to tren website cua nguad ban theo quy trinh da dugc to ding hoa. Quy trinh nay thong thuamg 56

gom cac buac tir tim kiem san pham, lira chip, dat hang, tinh gia, chin hinh
thirc giao hang, thanh town, xac nhan h9p ding... Dac diem nii bat dm loci hgp ding dien tir nay la nOi dung h9p ding khong dugc sop sin ma dugc hinh thanh trong giao dich to dOng. May tinh to fling h9p nOi dung va xir ly trong qua trinh giao dich dua teen cac thong tin do nguiyi mua nhap vao. MOt so giao dich dien tir ket thitc bang hop ding, mOt so khac ket thitc bang don da't hang dien tir. Cuii qua trinh giao dich, hop ding dien tir dugc tong hgp va hien thi de nguoi mua xac nhan su dingy von cac nOi dung dm h9p ding. Sau do, nguoi ban se dugc thong bao ve hap ding va giri xac nhan dii von hgp ding den nguari mua qua nhieu hinh thirc, co the bang email hoac cac phuong thirc khac nhu dien thoai, fax...

c. Hap dOng dien to hinh thanh qua Mu dien to

Day la hinh thirc hap ding dien tir dugc sir dung phi bien trong cac giao dich dien tir giita cac doanh nghiep von doanh nghiep (B2B), dac bit la trong cac giao dich thuong mai dien tir quic te. Trong hinh thirc nay, cac ben sir dung thu dien tir de tien hanh cac giao dich, cac buck phi bien thuemg bao chao hang, h6i hang, dam phan ve cac dieu lchoan cita h9p ding nhu quy cach pham chat, gia Ca, so luting, dieu kien co sa giao hang... Quy trinh giao dich, dam phan, ky ket va thuc hien h9p ding tuang to quy thuc trinh giao dich truyen thing, diem khac biet la phuong tien sir dung hien giao ket hgp ding la may tinh, mang Internet va email.

Hinh thirc giao ket hgp ding dien tir qua email c6 uu diem nii bat la truyen tai dugc nhieu chi tiet, nhieu thong tin, tic dO giao dich nhanh, chi phi thap, pham vi giao dich rang. Tuy nhien, hinh thirc nay co mOt nhugc diem la tinh bao mat cho cac giao dich va kha nang rang buOc trach nhiem cua cac ben con thap. H9p ding nay thuong dugc thiet lap qua nhieu email trong qua trinh giao dich, tuy nhien, cac ben thuftg tap h9p thanh mOt hgp ding hoan chinh sau qua trinh giao dich de thing nhat lai cac nOi dung da nit& tri trong qua trinh dam phan.

d. Hap clOng dien to co sir dung chit kj so

Day la hinh thirc hop ding dien tir da dugc sir dung tren cac san giao dich dien tir tien tien nhu Alibaba.com , Asite.com, Covisint.com , Bolero.net ... Dac diem nii bat la cac ben phai c6 chit 14 s6 de kST vao cac 57

thong diep dir lieu trong qua trinh giao dick. Chinh vi c6 sir dung chit ky s6 nen loai hgp ding dien to nay c6 dO bao mat va rang buOc trach nhiem cac ben cao ham cac hinh thirc tren. Tuy nhien, de c6 the sir dung chit ky so, can co su tham gia cua cac ca quan chfmg thvc chit kj, s6 ma teen the giai cong nhu tai Viet Nam hien nay, dich vu nay con trong giai down bAt dau trien khai. Quy trinh ca ban de ky ket hop ding dien tfr c6 sir dung chit ky s6 bang cong nghe khoa ding khai PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) thuimg gom sau buac ca ban: Bit& 1. MOt ben (nguai gfri) sop thao hgp ding, sau d6 rut gin hgp ding bang phan mem. Quy trinh nay thuong dugc ggi la quy trinh rut gin hgp ding (Hash-Function). Bade 2. Ben do lien hanh tao chit ky so tir ban rut gin cua hgp ding bang each sir dung khOa bi mat cua minh. Hai buck nay thu6ng dugc ggi la qua trinh kj, so. Bade 3. He dam bao bi mat nOi dung hop ding va chit ky so, ben nay lien hanh ma hga ca hgp ding va chir ky so vira tao bang kh6a cong khai cila ben kia. Sau do gfri hgp ding va chir ky so da dugc ma He qua Internet den ben kia (nguoi nhan). Buck nay dugc ggi IA "goi phong bi so". Bade 4. NguOri nhan tien hAnh "ma phong bi sin bang each sir dung khoa bi mat cua minh de giAi ma thong diep nhan dugc. Buck nay dAm bAo chi duy nhat .nguoi than c6 the nhan dugc thOng diep va chit ky so cua nguoi gfri. Khi da ngu6i nhan se co trong tay hgp ding va chi/ ky so cua nguoi giri. Tiep theo nguoi nhan tien hanh xac thvc tinh town ven nOi dung cua hgp ding va chit ky so. Bit* 5. Nguai nhan tien hanh Kit gin hgp ding va nhan dugc ban rut gin thfr nhat; tier, do nguoi nhan tien hanh giai ma chit ky se; bang kh6a cong khai cua ngu6i gfri va nhan dugc ban rut gin thir hai. Bade 6. Nguai nhan lien hanh so sanh hai ban rut gin nay, neu giing nhau chfmg t6 sir toan yen cua hgp ding va chit ky so dfmg la cua ngu6i gfri. Neu co su khac biet chung to da c6 su thay doi nOi dung hgp ding hoac chit kj, so. Ve ca ban quy trinh ky ket Nip ding dien tfr co six dung chit ky so tuang ttx nhu quy trinh giao dich thucmg mai dien tfr B2C hoac B2B, diem 58

khac bit la trong moi buac giao dich, cac ben sir dung chit 1c5f s6 a bao mat nOi dung va xac thvc ngu6i giri hop dOng. 2.1.1.4. Loi ich cita hap along alien tit Sir dung hop dOng din tir dem lai cho doanh nghi6p b8n 19i ich co ban. Thu nhat, hop dog din tir giup cac b6n tit ki6m thoi gian, chi phi giao dich, dam phan va 1c5, Vet h9p dOng. Thu hai, sir dung hop dOng din tir giup cac doanh nghi6p giam chi phi ban hang. Thu ba, sir dung hop dOng din tir giiip qua trinh giao dich, mua ban nhanh va chinh xac han. Thu tu, sir dung hop dOng din tir giup cac doanh nghi6p nang cao nang hrc canh tranh va kha rang hoi nhap kinh to quOc te. Hop dOng din tir khong chi dem lai loci ich cho cac nha san xuAt ma con dem lai nhieu 19i ich cho cac ding ty thucmg mai. Di8n hinh la cong ty Thucmg mai va XuAt nhap khAu Li-Fung tai Wing Kong da sir dung h9p Sing din tir rat thanh cong. C6ng ty nay hoat d6ng vOi to cach la trung gian gioi thi6u cac san phAm cua Trung QuOc va HOng Kong sang thi tnrong MY va Chau Au. Li-Fung da timg buac xay dung dugc he thOng mang giao dich din tir 1c8t n6i cac nha san xuAt tai Trung QuOc, Hong Kong von cac khach hang tai My, Chau Au de" ki8m tra hang hoa, nguyen lieu r6i tin toi ky kOt hop doting. Teen ca so h6 thOng giao dich din tir nay, Li-Fung c th6 ky hqp dOng cung cAp hang h6a cho cac lchach hang My, Chau Au va qua do ciing lien hanh ky k6t hop dOng von cac nha san xuAt tai Trung QuOc, Wong Kong va h9p dOng mua nguyen lieu von cac nha cung cAp Nhat Ban, Han QuOc. Hang Ma duoc giao trkrc tip tir nha may dm cac nha san xuAt sang cac Ichach hang tai My va Chau Au. Thong qua h8 thOng giao dich din tir, Li-Fung da giam chi phi va th6i gian luu trix hang, nguyen lieu, th6i gian tir khi dat hang den luc giao hang tir 6 tun l xuOng con 16 ngay, di6u nay tao ra loi th e canh tranh cua Li-Fung so von dOi thu canh tranh khac. 2.1.2. KS, kit hpp (tang CO ter 2.1.2.1. Kf, kit hop siting dien tit B2B B2B la chit vi6t tit ciia Business-To-Business d8 chi mo hinh giao dich
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throng mai dien tir gift doanh nghiep voi doanh nghiep. Giao dich B2B thtking dien ra tai cac san giao dich dien tir B2B (B2B emarketplace), trao d6i giao dich qua thu dien tir hoac mang truy'en tai dir lieu dien tir (EDI). Theo website nghien cfru thi truang - eMarketer (2003) va Citing ty dit lieu qu6c to - International Data Corporation (2004), tong gia tri giao dich thucmg mai dien tir B2B dat 1.400 tS, USD trong nam 2003 va 2.400 ty USD trong nam 2004. Cling theo tinh toan cna hai ding ty nay, tong gia tri thucmg mai dien to B2B toL cau nam 2008 dat khoang 10.000 t'S, USD. TS, le phan tram giao dich B2B dIra tren Internet trong tong gia tri giao dich thucmg mai B2B khong qua Internet tang tir 0,2% nam 1997 len 2,1% nam 2000 va khoang 10% nam 2005. TS, trong cac giao dich thuang mai dien tir B2B chiam trung binh khoang 85% tong gia tri giao dich thucmg mai dien tir. Thuang mai dien tir B2B da trai qua 5 giai doan phat tri6n tinh tir nam 1995 an nay, bao g6m: - Giai doan 1 (1995-1997): Hien dien ten web, quang ba va Vic ti6n; - Giai doan 2 (1997-2000): Dat hang ft -km tuy6n B2B; - Giai doan 3 (2000-2001): San giao dich dien tir B2B, B2G; - Giai doan 4 (2001-2002): Quan tri ngu6n hrc doanh nghiep (ERP); - Giai dog' 5 (2002 - nay): Ban hang to dOng, dich vu true tuy6n, tich hop he th6ng thong tin trong va ngoai doanh nghiep, lien k6t va ph6i hop von d6i taz thOng qua N th6ng SCM va CRM. Thucmg mai dien tir B2B dang buac vao giai doan thir nam, trong giai dog' nay cac doanh nghiep tang cuamg ling dung ding -nghe thong tin d6 xay dung cac he tilting thong tin tich hop giira nha cung cap , va ngu6i mua, cai thin day chuytn cung ling, nang cao hieu qua san xuat ben trong va phan ph6i ben ngoai doanh nghiep, xay dung cac he th6ng ban hang va dich vu khach hang thong minh, tryc tuy6n. Thuang mai diO tir B2B ding dugc chia thanh b6n loaf hinh ca bL clva ten quy trinh giao dich, d6i tugng xay chpig ca so ha tang cho giao dich dien tir va s6 lugng cac ben tham gia san giao dich dien tu. Cac san giao dich nay bao g6m: - San cna nguiri ban: do ngoai ban ban thanh lap cho nhi'eu ngu&i mua. - San ciia nguiri mua: do nguiyi mua thanh lap cho nhi6'u ngoai ban. 60

- San cim trung gian:'cho nhieu nguai ban va nhieu nguai mua. - Cling thirong mai dign tir tick ho: do nhieu ben phi hgp nham chia se thong tin va giao dich gala doanh nghiep, co quan quan ly, cac to chirc.

CO nhieu san giao dich thucmg mai dien tir dien hinh cho tat ca cac mo hinh tren nhu: Cisco - San giao dich cua nguai ban; General Electric, Boeing, Marshall - San giao dich cua nguai mua; Alibaba - San giao dich cua trung gian hay Belero.net - Cling thuong mai dien tir. Cisco dugc coi la mOt trong nhang cong ty dau tien da xay dung thanh cong san giao dich dien tir B2B tren the giOi. a. Ki kit hap djng tren san giao dich thizang mai dien to disci Cisco Systems Cisco Systems (www.cisco.com) la nha san xuat b0 dinh tuyen (router), b0 chuyen mach (switch), day la nha cung cap dich vg lien ket mang hang dau the gi&i. Cisco da khong ngimg mo reng trong vai nam gall day va da phat trien thanh san giao dich thuong mai dien tir chuyen cung cap dich vu ban hang tivc tiep cho cac khach hang la doanh nghiep lan nhat ten the gioi. Tir nam nam 1994, Cisco dua town b0 he thOng kinh doanh cua minh len mang va dat ten la Ket not Cisco trkrc tuyen (Cisco Connection Online - CCO). Den nam 2001, website nay da don nhan khoang 1.3 trieu lugt khach hang va cac doi tac trung gian truy cap de nhan dugc su ho trg ky thu4t, dat hang va kiem tra tinh hinh thIrc hien hgp dOng, hoac tai phan mem. Dich vv nay thu but khoang 85% cac yeu eau dich vu cua khach hang va 95% phan mem cap nhat dugc thvc hien trvc tuyen. Dich vu ten website B2B cua Cisco dugc cung cap bang 14 thin tieng. MO hinh cua Ciso dugc coi la mOt mo hinh B2B thanh cong dien hinh dau tien tren the gioi. KST ket hcrp thing di?n tir B2B: Cisco xay dimg tat ca cac san pham cua minh theo don dat hang dm cac khach hang doanh nghiep, vi the c rat it san pham lam san. Truck khi c he th6ng kinh doanh twc tuyen CCO, dat hang va quan 15, cac don dat hang la mOt cong viec ton thai gian, phirc tap va hay xay ra loi, vi no dugc tien hanh bang fax hay thu truyen thong. Cisco bat dau irng dung cac cong cu thuong mai dien tir dua ten nen tang Web vao thang 7 nam 1995, va trong yang 1 nam, trung tam san pham Internet da
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c the cho phep khach hang mua bat kS, san pham nao cila Cisco tren Web. Ngay nay, mOt ky su cua khach hang di the ng6i tai mOt chiec may vi tinh, thiet ke mOt san pham va c the phat hien ngay lap tirc neu c bat 14 mOt sai sot gi trong eau hinh do thOng qua he th6ng 111) trg thiet ke to Ong oh Cisco. Bang viec cung cap gia ca va cac cong cu cho phdp khach hang to eau hinh san pham theo nhu cau cua minh, hau het cac don hang (khoang 98% ) au dugc dat thong qua CCO, tiet kiem th6i gian va chi phi cho ca Cisco va khach hang. Nam 1996, trong yang 5 thang dau hoat Ong dat hang dien tir, Cisco da ghi nhan doanh thu ban hang trkrc tuy6n teen 100 trieu USD. Con s6 nay tang len 4 tS, nam 1998 va hcrn 8 tSr nam 2002.
b. Giao dich tren cdng thwang mai dien tee Bolero.net:

MO hinh san giao dich dien tir qu6c to B2B dugc thanh lap dau tien tren the gioi la Bolero.net, veri muc dich trien khai van don dien tir va tat ca cac chimg tir dien tir trong qua trinh giao dich thuong mai qu6c t6. Dac diem n6i bat oh mo hinh nay la sir dung chit 14 s6 trong tat ca cac giao dich. Tai moi buck giao dich, cac ben au sir dung chit 14 s6 de ma hoa va bao mat thong diep dir lieu tnrac khi truyen giri. Chit 14 s6 ding co the dugc sir dung tai cac san giao dich dien tir, tai do cac ben c the sir dung chit 14 s6 de 14, giri, nhan, xac thuc cac ben va nOi dung cac chit/1g tir dien dr. Toan 1)0 quy trinh giao nhan dien tir thong qua Bolero.net trong do bao ghln ca quy trinh phat hanh van don dien tir, chuyen quyen sa hitu tir ngtecri xuat khau sang nguoi nhap khau, an viec xuat trinh cho dai ly ngtrM chuyen cha tai nuov nhap khau de nhan hang dugc minh hoa qua 14 buoc cu the nhu sau: Mt* 1: Ngu6i nhap khau clang nhap vao Bolero.net va dat hang thong qua N th6ng xir ly thong diep Trung tam (BCMP - Bolero Core Messaging Platform); Buyk 2: Nguoi xuat khau Bang nhap vao Bolero.net va nhan don dat hang cila ngu6i nhap khau; 13trac 3: Nguei nhap khau giri cho ngueri xuat khau mOt thong diep you cau cac chimg tir can xuat trinh sau khi giao hang dugc thanh toan;

Bwor 4a: Nguei xuat khau giri chap nhan cho ngold nhap khau; 62

Bwck 4b: Nguai nhap khau giri del) thong diep den ngan hang yeu eau ma L/C; Burk 5: Ngan hang ma L/C th6ng bao cho ngued xuat khau thong qua Bolero.net va Nguai xuat khau thtrc hien giao hang nhu trong truyen th6ng; Bwor 6: Nguai xuat khau giri cat yeu eau lay cat chirng tir can thiet den cac co quan nhu Chimg nhan kiem dich, Chimg nhan xuat xir, Chung nhan chat lucmg, Van don duemg bien, Bao hiem don...; Mc& 7: Cat chimg tir dien tir dugc chuyen den cho nguai xuat khau thong qua Bolero.net ; Bwor 8: Nguai xuat khau giri b0 chimg tir dien tir cho Trung tam xir15 , thanow(SURF-elmntiyforagRskndFice) thu0c Bolero.net de t6 chirc kiern tra va tien hanh thanh town; Bwor 9: SURF kiern tra cat chirng tir vai L/C va thong bac, cho nguai xuat khau va ngan hang cua nguai nhap khau; Bwoc 10: Nguai nhap khau thanh toan cho Ngan hang nhap khau, b0 chimg tir dugc chuyen cho nguai nhap khau; Bwor 11: Ngan hang nhap khau thanh town cho ngan hang dm nguai xuat khau; Bithc 12: Khi hang den cang, dai Vr cua nguai chuyen chithong bao hang da den cang cho nguai nhap khau; Bwoc 13: Nguai nhap khau xuat trinh van don dien tir de d6i lay leash giao hang; BwOc 14: Nguai nhap khau dung leash giao hang than hang tir nguai van tai.

Mac du phucmg thirc giao dich dien tir teen, dac biet la viec ky lc& hgp dting va sir citing cat chimg tir dien tir, da dugc phat trien qua hcm 20 nam nhtmg van chua thtrc str dap img dugc nhu eau giao dich dien dr. Nguyen nhan IA do trong thucmg mai qu6c to c6 rat nhieu ben tham gia vao qua trinh giao dich, van tai, giao than, thanh town, bao hiem... Tuy nhien, vai t6c dq phat trien cita ung citing cong nghe thong tin nhu hien nay, khi cat t6 chirc nay c6 du dieu kien ve cong nghe va co mot moi twang phap ly dAy du d6i vai hgp d6ng va cac chimg tir dien tir; cong tham gia mOt he th6ng cac sin giao dich dien tir B2B tieu chuan nhu Bolero hoac 63

twang to thi viec ky ket va thuc hien hop d'Ong dien to se thuc su dugc ap dung rang rai tao dieu kien thuan lgi han de phat trien va h'ei nhap kinh to qu6c
Hinh 2.1. Quy trinh giao nh4n din sir thong qua Bolero.net
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2.1.2.2. KY) kit hpp cMng dien to B2C

Thucmg mai dien to B2C (Business-To-Consumer) la mo hinh giao dich thucmg mai dien ter Oita doanh nghiep vai khach hang ca nhan, dien hinh la viec doanh nghiep thong qua website ban hang tivc tier, cho ngtroti tieu dung. Mo hinh thanh ding nhat den nay va ding la met trong cac mo hinh thucmg mai dien ter dau tien ve ban le trvc tuyen la Amazon.com . Khai dau bang mo hinh cfra hang ban sach trvc tuyen, den nay da phat trien thanh dm hang trvc tuyen lam nhat the giai. Amazon.com c6 ten day du la Amazon.com Inc., ducic thanh lAp Warn 1994, c6 try so tai Seattle, Washington, Hoa Ks/. Doanh s6 ban hang dm Amazon.com nam 2007 la 14,84 tS, USD, lgi nhuAn rang la 476 trieu USD v6i tong s6 nhan vien 17.000 nguai. Mo hinh ky ket hgp dang B2C ten Amazon.com da troy thanh mo hinh chuart de cac doanh nghiep ban le trvc tuyen tham khao khi xay dung quy trinh ban le cua minh. Quy trinh dugc thvc hien gitra met ben la khach hang thvc va met ben la he thong ban hang to dOng cita Amazon.com thong qua Internet. Quy trinh ky ket hop dang dien ter B2C ten Amazon.com gem 10 buck, cu the nhu sau:
Mak 1. Tim kiem san pham tren website cua Amazon.com . Cong cu

tim kiem (Search Engine) gem nhieu chirc nang tim kiem firth to de khach hang c6 the dang tim dtrgc san pham met cach nhanh chong;

Buoc 2. Cho phdp khach hang xem chi tiet san pham. Tai buac nay,

khach hang c6 the xem cac th6ng tin ve nha san xuat, tac gia, thong tin chung ve san pham, dac biet la xem cac binh ch9n, danh gia cua khach hang dA mua san pham;
Bic* 3. Them san pham vao gia mua hang (Add to Shopping Cart): Tai

buck nay, website Wong tac cua Amazon.com to dOng ggi y met se san pham, dtra ra quang cao, khuyen mai lien quan den san pham dang mua sam;
Bid& 4. NhAp thong tin ngueri mua hang (buyer login): Tai buac nay,

website cho phep khach hang to dang nhAp hoac dang ky th8ng tin ve minh de thuAn tien cho cac giao dich sau nay;
Btror 5. NhAp vao (ha chi nhAn hang (shipping address); Moir 6. Ch9n phucmg thirc giao hang: Tai buac nay, khach hang c6 the

lira ch9n cac dich vu giao hang vai thoi han khac nhau, khach hang ding c6 the dAng ky cac yeu eau rieng ve giao hang vai Amazon.com ; 65

Mr& 7. Ch9n phuong thirc thanh toan: Khach hang c6 the Iva ch9n
nhieu hinh thirc thanh toan khac nhau, bao g6m thanh toan bang the tin dung, bang lenh chuyen tien, giao hang tra tien;
Buck 8. Nhap vao dia chi nguesi thanh toan;

&Air 9. Kiem tra toan b0 don hang: Tai bulk cu6i cling, khach hang
kiem tra lai toan b0 nOi dung don hang do he thtmg ban hang dm ngueri ban to tong h9p va sau do co the xac nhan don hang; Bu* 10. He thtmg ban hang giri email xac nhan don at hang den dia chi email cim ngueri mua. NOi dung h9p &Ong dien tir B2C nay thuemg g6m cac not dung co ban nhu: Ten hang, s6 lucmg, don gia, tong gia tri, phuong thirc thanh toan, dia chi thanh toan, dia chi giao hang, phuong thirc giao hang va mOt s6 not dung khac nhu Bich vv kem theo, bao Ve co ban, hop d6ng dien tir B2C duoc hinh thanh giita mOt ben la khach hang ca nhan va mOt ben la he th6ng thong tin to &Ong cua doanh nghiep ban le. Tuy nhien, tren thirc t6 hop d6ng dien tir c6 the doge hinh thanh mOt phan bang giao dich dien tir nhu ten va mOt phan bang giao dich truyen thtmg. Trong MUM buac giao dich tren day, khach hang c6 the thvc hien cac biz& tir 1 den 6 thong qua he th6ng giao dich dien tir to dOng teen website sau d6 viec thanh toan co the thvc hien bang chuyen khoan, viec xac nh4n h9p d6ng co the thvc hien qua fax, dien thoai hoac email.
2.1.2.3. Kfl kit hcrp citing (lien ter C2C

MO hinh giao dich dien tir giita ca than vai nhau thuong g9i la C2C (Consumer-To-Consumer) cho phep cac Ca nhan co the ter chao ban cac san lira ch9n nguori tra gia cao phAm, thong qua qua trinh dAu gia trvc tuyen nhat. Website thanh ding dien hinh cita mo hinh nay la EBay.com , khac voi cac cira hang ban le hay sieu thi dien tir, EBay la mOt website cho phep ngueri mua va ngueri ban g'a'p nhau de tien hanh cac giao dich dAu gia tr%rc tuyen. EBay.com cling khac vai Alibaba.com a ch.!) d6i tuong tham gia EBay chit yeti cac cac ca than trong khi Alibaba.com thu but d6i tuong tham gia la cac doanh nghiep. Quy trinh khach hang giao dich va ky ket hop ding dien tir tren website cua EBay.com g6m cac bulk co ban nhu sau: Birec 1. Dan ky thanh vien;

66

Bwoc 2. Tim kiem san pham; Bwerc 3. Lua chgn cach thirc mua hang: DL gia, dat hang qua EBay hoac mua hang truc tier, tir EBay; Bwor 4. Lua ch9n phucmg thirc thanh toan; Bufic 5. Sir dung My EBay; Bwor 6. Lien N vai cac thanh vien. EBay.com An dugc coi la mo hinh dau gia Ulm tuyen C2C thanh cong nhat hien nay. Ten My du la eBay Inc., cong ty nay dugc thanh lap na'm 1995, cal tru soy tai San Jose, California, Hoa KSI. M6 hinh ban ciL la san dau gia truc tuyen, sau nay dugc mar rang sang thanh toan dien fir - PayPal; thong tin truc tuyen - Skype; cua hang truc tuyen - Shopping.com ; thue xe truc tuyen - Rent.com ; Quang cao true tuyen - Ban ye dien tir Stubhub.com; Mang xa hOi - StumbleUpon.com . Doanh thu cua eBay narn 2007 dat 7,67 ty USD. T6ng s6 nhan vien la 11.600 nguad. Tren eBay, m9i nguoi tham gia c6 the dau gia hAu nhu moi thir, eBay thu met khoan phi dang tin Au gia va tri gia giao dich (1,25% den 7,25% tri gia giao dich). Quy trinh dau gia dugc bat dau khi nguad ban dien vao mau thong tin ve hang h6a. Nguad ban ding phai dat mirc gia tai thieu va thad gian hieu luc cua chao ban. Trong thoi gian nay, nguad mua c6 the tra gia tuy y. Phien dau gia ket thfic khi het thoi gian do nguad ban quy dinh. Sau do, nguad ban va nguari mua c6 the thuang lucmg hinh thirc thanh toan, giao hang, cac dieu khoan bao hanh, dich vu khac. Tren san giao dich nay, eBay dong vai tra trung gian qua dO nguai mua va nguad ban c6 the yen tam ham khi giao dich. 2.1.3. Quy trinh that hien kip clang din tur
2.1.3.1. Thtec hien hop cVing dien tic B2B

Viec thuc hien hgp &Zing dien tir B2B dugc trien khai theo hai cap dO. Cap d6 thir What, cac ben lien hanh thanh toan, giao hang va cung cap dich vu nhu truyen th6ng vori su ket hgp dia met s6 (mg dung ding nghe thong tin nhu email, website de trao d6i thOng tin va cung cap dich vu. Cap d6 thu hai, cac ben sir dung nhimg san giao dich dien tir lam trung tam de qua dO tin hanh cac giao dich, thanh toan, phan ph6i, dac biet la xir Vr Chung tir dien dr. Tai cap d6 nay, cac san giao dich dien to cho phep cac d6i tac tham 67

gia nhu nguoi mua, ngu6i ban, ngu6i chuyen cher, cac ngan hang c6 the tham gia va tien hanh cac giao dich dien Met s6 cong ty to xay dung cac he thong thuong mai dien tit va thik lap cac m8 hinh thuc hien hgp deng dien tir phii hgp voi nganh hang kinh doanh cua minh nhu Dell trong nganh may tinh, VW va General Motor trong nganh o to, Boeing trong nganh san xuat may bay, Walmart trong mua sarn B2B de phuc vu he thong ban le... Dell Computer la met trong s6 it cac cong ty dau tien t6 chirc ky kk hgp deng dien tir B2B thanh ding. Dell ding la ding ty dau tien trien khai thuc hien hgp deng dien tit thanh cong thong qua viec img dung thucmg mai dien to de ket not cac nha cung cAp, lap rap va phan phoi san pharn may tinh tren khap the giai. Dell Computer Corp dugc Michael Dell thanh lap nam 1985 la ding ty dau tien cung cap PC qua thu dat hang. Dell to thiet ke cac may tinh Ca nhan va cho 010 khach hang to cau hinh va lira chon he thong tiny 5/ thong qua mo hinh Build-to-Order va chinh mo hinh nay da tao nen thanh ding cila Dell Computer. Nam 1993, Dell bat dau trien khai he thong dat hang trkrc tuy6n (Online-order-taking) va m6 cac chi nhanh tai Chau Au va chau A. Dell bat dau chao ban cac san pham cua minh qua website Dell.com . Chinh hoat dOng nay tao the mph cho Dell trong cuec canh tranh vai cac hang may tinh 16.n khac nhu IBM, HP va Compag. Den nam 2000, Dell tra thanh cong ty cung cAp PC hang du the gioi. Vao thoi diem do doanh thu ciia Dell qua mang dat 50 trieu USD/ngay va trac tinh khoang 18 tS, USD/nam. Hien nay, doanh se kinh doanh qua mang cua Dell.com dat khoang 50 tS, USD/nam.

* Thttc hien hop cleing dien to to Dell Computer Dell cung cap cho hcm 100.000 khach hang doanh nghiep dich vu ho trg khach hang dac biet voi.ten g9i la Premier Dell Service. Khach hang dien hinh la British Airways (BA) sir dung Dell nhu doi tac chitin lugc de cung cAp he thong thong tin. Dell cung cap khoang 25.000 may tinh xach tay va ban cho nhan vien ciia BA. Dell cling cung cap hai he thong mua sam truc tuyen cho BA, qua do cho pile') BA theo doi, mua va kiem tra cac dam hang qua website da dugc Dell customize phit hgp voi BA. Tai website

68

cita Dell, Britich Airway cif) the lua ch9n va to xay dung cau hinh may tinh sao cho phit Nip von tong bq ph4n kinh doanh cua minh. Nhan vien cita BA thing qua he thing Intranet dugc ket not von he thing dm Dell ding dugc phep lua chon va at mua may tinh phit hgp von nhu cAu sir dung cua minh. ' De thuc hien cac hgp ding, cac don &at hang dien tir hieu qua, Dell a phii hgp von cac d4Si tac thing qua ket not he thing thing tin dm minh den cac nha cung cap thiet 1)1, linh kien ten kkap the giai. D'ing that de phan phi san pham, Dell sir dung dich vu dm FedEx va UPS de nh4n, luu kho va van chuyen linh kien, thiet bi tir cac nha cung cap khac nhau. Dell sir dung 19i the cita cong nghe thing tin va web de chia se thing tin gitta cac dii tat nharn giam thieu hang hia luu kho va th6i gian thuc hien cac don at hang. Cac no luc tich hgp N thing thing tin von cac ci6i tic (B2Bi Business to Business Integration) cita Dell bat dau tir nam 2000, khi do Dell sir dung PowerEdge Servers dua tren kien trim cita Intel va he thing giai phap phAn mem webMethods B2B integration de ket nii cac he thing quan tri nguin luc doanh nghiep (ERP-enterprise resource planning) dm khach hang, he thing mua hang true tuyen cilia Dell voi cac dii tac san xuat va thuong mai. Dell da xay dung dugc he thing thing tin von 15.000 nha cung cap tren the giai. Ben earth phan phii san pham, Dell cling di dau trong irng dung cong nghe th6ng tin de cung cap dich vu khach hang tivc tuyen (e-Customer Service). De trien khai t6t nhat hoat ding quart tri quan he khach hang (CRMcustomer relationship management), Dell cung cap dich vu ho trg true tuyen qua mpg 24/7 cling nhu dich vu quay so ttIrc tiep cho cac chuyen gia ho trg ky thu4t. Cac dich vu ho trg da clang tir xir 1S, su co, huong an six dung, Wang cap, downloads, tin tire, ding nghe FAQs, thing tin tinh tang thuc hien don hang, "my account", din dan de trao dii thing tin, cong nghe va kinh nghiem, ban tin va cac hoat ding tuong tac gift khach hang va khach hang khac. Sir dung cac phan mem xir 1S, dir lieu (data mining tools), Dell co the phan tich va tim hieu dugc nhieu van de lien quan den nhu eau va hanh vi cita khach hang tir do co ke hoach va giai phap phpc vu t6t hon. De c6 kha nang phii hgp t6t von cac nha cung cap va phan phii, dieu kien tien quyet la tang cuing he thing thing tin not bq doanh.nghiep. Tir do Dell da co the thuc hien cac don at hang von so lugng 16n trong thed gian ngan nhat. D4c biet la de nang cao kha nang san xuat theo don hang (Build69

To-Order), nang cao dO chinh xac cita du doan nhu cau va hieu qua trong du tit de san xuat, giam tiled gian tir khi dat hang den khi giao hang (Order-ToDelivery) va nang cao dich vu khach hang Dell hgp tac voi Accenture de xay dung he thOng quan tri chuOi cung cap (SCM- Supply Chain Management). Hien nay he thOng nay dugc sir dung tai tat ca cac nha may ciia Dell ten khap the gibi cho phep Dell c6 the thich nghi voi moi trutmg kinh doanh va cong nghe bien d6i nhanh dtmg then duy tri dugc Ilieu qua hoat dOng cao nhat. Dell ding da to dung h6a viec lap Ice hoach san xuat, du down nhu cau, quan tri kho qua sir dung cong nghe thong tin va mo hinh e-supply chain. Dell d'a tra thanh mgt trong 5 ding ty dugc tap chi Fortune danh gia cao tir nam 1999. Dell TA xay dung han 100 website cho timg thi twang qu6c gia khac nhau va duy tri 19i nhuan o mirc khoang 3 ty USD/nam.
2.1.3.2. Thyv hien hop &Mg dien tif B2C

Quy trinh thuc hien cac h9p dtmg dien tir B2C dugc bat dau tir khi ngued ban nhan dugc dcm dat hang qua website thuang mai dien tir, ve ca ban qua trinh nay g6m cac buoy nhu sau: Buck 1. Kam tra thanh loan: Tay phucmg thirc thanh town giira cac ben ma quy trinh tra va nhan thanh town khac nhau. Trong giao dich dien tir B2C, phuang thirc thanh toan ph6 bien nhat la bang the tin dung va dugc thuc hien qua website cua ngueri ban hang trong qua trinh dat hang. Ben canh do c6 nhieu phucmg thirc thanh town khac nhu: giao hang tra lien, sir dung tien dien tir, chuyen lchoan trip tiep vao tai khoan cua nguoi Bwor 2. Kilm tra tinh Wong hang trong kho: Ngued ban kiem tra hang hoa c6 san de phan phOi hay khong. TuST tang tnxemg hcp co the hang da san sang de giao hoac phai mua sam nguyen lieu, tien hanh san xuat, hoac lien he voi ngueli cung cap a b6 sung them hang; Bwor 3. T6 char vin tab San pham co the phan chia thanh hai loaf, hang hoa so hoa va hang h6a khong s6 hoa dugc. Doi vOi hang s6 hoa dugc, mat hang nay thutmg lam san sang do ban chat dac tha dm hang so h6a, tuy nhien viec giao ngay hay khong giao ngay con phu thuOc mOt s6 y'eu to khac nhu: ban quyen, tOc dO dung truyen... DOi v6i hang hoa hftu hinh, viec phan ph& co the do ngueri ban to to chirc thuc hien hoac thue dich vu cua cac cong ty chuyen ve phan ph6i, giao nhan hang hoa; 70

Buyk 4. Mua bao Nam: Trong met so truamg hop, hang hoa can dugc mua bao hiem. Thong tin de mua bao hiem can dugc trao d6i vai ding ty bao hiem va khach hang; Btroc 5. San xuat hang: Sau khi nhan dugc don dal hang, hang hoa co the dugc san xuAt, lap rap hoac mua tir nha san xuAt. Viec san xuAt co the dugc tien hanh trong doanh nghiep hoac ky hgp d6ng thue ben ngoai san xuAt; Buyk 6. Dich vu: Ben canh viec t6 chirc thu mua hay san xuk, can t6 chirc cung cap cac dich vu kern theo nhu huang dAn sir dung, bao hanh, nang cap; Btror 7. Mua sam va kho yips: Neu nguai kinh doanh thuong mai dien tir la nguai ban le nhu trtftg hgp cua www.amazon.com hay www.walmart.com, hay vinabook.com.vn tai Viet Nam viec t6 chirc mua lai hang hod tir nhung nha san xuAt la can thiet. Met so ma' hinh c6 the dugc ap dung, hoac la hang hoa dugc km trong kho cua chinh nguai kinh doanh, vi du nhu each Amazon.com luu kho nhung cuOn sach ban chay nhAt. Tuy nhien, dOi v6i nhung guy& sach chi co met so don hang thi tit nhien viec phan phidugc thix hien tir kho cua trung gian hay nha xuAt ban; Buyk 8. Lien he voi khdch hang: Tap hgp thOng tin khach hang de sir dung trong nhfing lan giao dich sau va chao ban cac san phArn khach hang yeu cAu; Buyk 9. Xir Ifi hang tra lgi: Trong met so trutmg h9p, khach hang muOn d6i hay tra 10 hang, nguai ban can c6 he dieing de nhan va xir ly hang tra lai hieu qua. Theo so lieu thong ke cila Bayles, a My ti le cac hang hoa mua tren mang c6 lien quan den tra lai nguOi ban tucmg doi cao. Cling tir day phat sinh met hoat Ong ho tro thvc hien cac hgp &Ong dien tir B2C goi la "reverse logistics" hay giao nhan va van tai hang tra lai. 2.1.4. So stinh hpp clang dien tir y& hpp &mg truydn thong Hqp (fang truyen thong la nhung hgp d6ng dugc ky ket theo nhfing phucmg thuc truyen thOng nhu cac ben trkrc tiep gap go '., dam phan va giao ket hgp dling trvc tiep bang lad n6i, bang van ban, tham chi bang hanh vi cu the hoac giao ket hgp ding thong qua trao dOi thu tir, tai lieu giao dich bang duang buu dien. Con hgp ding dien tir la hgp d6ng giao kat bang phucmg tien dien 71

* Su giong nhau:

Thing mai dien tir khong lam thay doi khai niem thuong mai truyen thing. Thucmg mai dien tir la mot hinh thirc kinh doanh mai, kinh doanh qua mot each thirc mai tren co sa ap dung cac cling nghe hien dai. Vi vay hop ding dien tir va hop ding truyen thing co nhieu diem giing nhau co ban: - Chimg deu la hgp ding, ma hgp ding dugc hieu "la sir thoa thuan gifta cac ben ve viec xac lap, thay doi hooc cham dirt quyen va nghia vu vOi nhau" - Dieu 308 BO luat dan sir Viet Nam da khang dinh. - Ca hgp ding truyen thing va hop ding dien tir khi giao ket va thud hien chimg deu phai dua tren nhftng co sa phap 1S, nhat dinh va tuan thu nhftng quy dinh lien quan den hinh thirc cua hgp ding, chill the dm hap ding, dieu kien hieu lire dia hap ding, quy trinh giao ket hap ding, elle di trach nhiem do vi pham hgp ding va giai quy& tranh chip phat sinh neu co.
* Su khac nhau:

Ben canh nhQng diem giing nhau co ban neu tren, hap ding dien tir va hgp ding truyen thing ding co nhieu diem khac nhau. Nhftng diem khac biet do la: - Ve cac chit the tham gia vao viec giao ket hgp ding dien tir: Trong giao dich dien tit, ngoai cac chit the tham gia vao giao ket nhu doi von thuong mai truyen thing (nguai ban, nguai mua,...) &A' xuat hien cac ben thin ba co lien quan chat the den hgp ding dien tir. D6 la cac nha cung cap cac dich vu mang va cac co quan chimg thud chit 1c5r dien tir. Nhftng ben thin ba nay co nhiem vu chuyen di, litu gift cac thong tin glib cac ben tham gia giao dich thuong mai dien tir, ding thai h9 ding c6 the dung vai tro trong viec xac nhan di tin clay cua cac thing tin trong giao dich thuong mai dien tir. Vai dac thu dugc giao ket clued dang phi giAy ttc, viec giao ket hgp ding dien tir se gap rui ro neu khong co cac nha cung cap dich vu mang va cac co quan chimg thud chit 1c5, dien tir. Cac nha cung cap dich vu mang co trach nhiem duy tri he thing Mang (mang not be cua doanh nghiep ding nhu mang quid gia) luon a trong tinh trang hoat ding tot von co the 24/24 gi&. He thing mpg true trac lap tirc se anh huang den viec giao ket hgp ding dien tir. Co quan chimg thud chit 14 dien tir se ding vai tra quan trong trong 72

viec xay dung va tao ra dugc met ca the sao cho cac h9p ding dien tir khong the bi gii mao va khong the bi phu nhan khi tranh chip phat sinh. Nhitng ngued tint ba nay khong tham gia vao qua trinh dAm phan, giao ket hay thuc hien hop &Ong dien tir. H9 tham gia von tu each lA cac ca quan hO trg nham dam bao tinh hieu quA va gia tri phap ly cho viec giao ket va thuc hien hap ding dien - Ve nei dung: hap ding dien tir c6 met s6 diem khac biet so voi hap ding truyen thing: + Dia chi phap Ur: ngoai dia chi phap IST thong thuemg (dia chi btru dien) hap ding dien tit con c6 dia chi email, dia chi website, dia chi xac dinh nai, ngay gier giri thong diep du lieu,... Nhung dia chi nay c6 Srnghia rat 16n de xac dinh tinh hien hint, su tin tai that sir cua cac ben giao ket h9p ding voi tu each la chu the cila viec giao ket hgp ding dien + Cac quy dinh ve quyen truy cap, cai chinh thong tin dien tir. Vi du nhu viec thu hii hay hily met de nghi giao ket hap ding teen mang Internet. + Cac quy dinh ve chit 14 dien tir hay met each thirc khac nhu mat de xac dinh dugc cac thong tin c6 gia tri ve cac chii the giao khAu, ma ket hap ding. + Viec thanh toan trong cac hop ding dien tir clang thuemg dugc thuc hien thong qua cac phuang tien dien tix. Vi vay, trong hop dong dien tix thuemg c6 nhitng quy dinh chi tit ve phucmg thirc thanh toan dien tir. Vi du: thanh toan bang the tin dung, lien dien tir, vi dien - Ve quy trinh giao IC& h9p ding dien Day lA diem khac biet lan nhit gifra hap ding dien tir von hap ding truyen thing. Met hgp ding truyen thing, dac biet la hap ding thuang mai truyen thing, se dugc giao ket bang viec cac ben gap true tier) nhau hay trao d6i von nhau bang cac phuang tien "giAy tet", "vat chit" va kS, bang chit 14 tay. Con met hgp ding dien tir se dugc giao ket bang phucmg tien tit va hqp ding se dugc "14" bang chit lqr dien tit. Hai phucmg thirc giao ke hoAn toan khac nhau se lam phat sinh nhi:mg diem khac biet lan lien quan den quy trinh giao ket: viec xac dinh theri gian va dia diem giao ket hgp ding dien tir se tit), nen kh6 khan hcm so voi h9p ding truyen thing vi then diem "giri" va "nhan" met thOng diep dir lieu (chinh IA met chao hang hay met chip nhan chao hang) ter nen kilo xac dinh trong moi truing dien 73

- Ve luat dieu chinh: Ve mat phap 1St, ngoAi cac quy dinh chung ve hgp ding trong BO luat Dan su se dugc ap dung cho ca h9p ding truyen thing va hgp ding dien tir, do tinh chAt dac thit cua h9p ding truyen thing va hgp ding dien tir va do nhting van de phap 1S, dac biet nay sinh trong qua trinh giao ket va thuc hien cac hop ding dien tu, ma loai hgp ding nay thu6ng con phai dugc dieu chinh boi mOt he thing quy pham phap luat dac thit, danh rieng cho h9p ding dien tir. Ngay nay, a nhieu nuac, ben canh cac dao luSt ve hgp ding truyen thing, ngued to da phai ban hAnh Luat Giao dich dien tit, Lust ve Giao ket hgp ding dien tir, Luat ve Thuong mai dien tir, Luat ve Chit 14 dien tir,...

2.1.5. Drdu kren hteu lyr cria hip filing dren tic
* Hinh thirc Hgp ding dien tir IA hop ding dugc thiet lap duoi ding th8ng diep dir lieu. Hop ding dien tir co the lA hop ding dugc thao va giri qua thu dien tir hoac la hgp ding "NhAn nut ding S, " (NhAp chuat, gO va luat web) qua cac trang web ban hang. * NOi dung NOi dung dm hop ding dien tir bao Om cac dieu khoan th6a thuan gitra cac chit the. Cach hien thi not dung dm hop ding dien tir - Hien thi khong co duemg dart: (without hyperlink), nguoi ban thuong ghi chit a cuii moi dim dat hang rang: "Hgp ding nay tuan theo cac dieu khoan tieu churn cua C8ng ty". Tuy nhien, each thirc nay co nhugc diem lA chua dit manh de thu hitt su chit Sr dm khach hang va neu khach hang co de Sr di nira thi h9 cling khong biet tim cac dieu khoan cua cong ty a dau. - Hien thi co du6ng clan: (with hyperlink): 6 truing h9p nay, ding co su ghi chit giing truing h9p tren nhung co du6ng din den trang web chira cac dieu khoan tieu chuAn cua ding ty. Cach thirc nay dugc phap 16n nguoi ban true tuyen sir dung. Nhugc diem dm phucmg phap nay lA chua chic khach hang da vac, trang web de d9c cac dieu khoan not tren. - Hien thi dieu khoan a cuii trang web: theo each hien thi nay, thay vi du6ng din tai mOt trang web khac thi ngu6i ban tr%rc tuytn de town dieu 74

khoan a cuii trang. Khach hang muin xem het trang web thi buOc phai thuc hien thao tac cuOn trang va buOc phai di qua cac dieu khoan. TAt nhien, viec doc hay khong tuy thuOc vao chinh ban than khach hang nhung no cung the hien ro thien chi dm nguai ban trong viec muin cung cap, chuyen tai va dua nOi dung hgp ding den tay khach hang. - Hien thi dieu khoan a clang hOp thoai (Dialogue box): khach hang muin tham gia giao ket hgp ding phai keo chuOt qua tat ca cac dieu khoan cuii trang rii mai tai dugc hOp thoai "toi ding Sr" (accept) hoc "Vol da xem cac dieu khoan hgp ding" (agree with all the terms in the contract). Khi click chuOt vao hOp thoai nay thi coi nhu hgp ding da dugc giao ket. Phucmg phap nay khAc phlic dugc nhugc diem cua hai phuong phap tren chi: khi khach hang click chuOt vao hOp thoai c6 nOi dung nhu ten, ho se to co nhu cau va phai doc nhung dieu khoan ma h9 dingy rang buOc ban than. Tuy nhien, cach the hien nOi dung nay khong phai la khong co nhugc diem, do la nguai truy cap se cam thAy nan khi phai doc nhimg dieu khoan dai cu6i trang. Ho co the bO cuOc glib chimg, d'ac biet la khi mua ban nhitng mat hang co gia tri thAp. Trong cac cach hien thi nOi ten, hien thi a clang hOp thoai dugc sir dung nhieu him ca. Twang hop nguai mua vao kho hang tut tuyen cua d'at hang ding vay. Sau khi chin hp hang h6a, h9 chi c the nguai ban doc toan bO dieu giri dugc dim dg hang sau khi da cuOn het trang web khoan lien quan den nOi dung cila hop ding va click chuOt vao hOp thoai "Giri dan d4t hang va ding y vai m9i dieu khoan a ten".

2.1.6. Afp't so dilm can lwu j5 khi sir thing hpp ding din tir 2.1.6.1. Vdn cle ban gjc va iuu frit hpp citing

Trong thucmg mai truyen thing, cac hgp ding thterng dugc ket thim voi nOi dung sau "hop ding nay thuang dugc chia thanh 4 ban co gia tri ngang nhau", c nghia la c6 4 ban gic hop ding. Ban gic la the hien tinh toan yen dm thong tin chira dImg trong van ban, dam bao thOng tin trong tai lieu lchong bi thay doi, la bAng chimg c6 tinh quyet dinh ve su tin tai hop ding gifra cac ben. Dii vai hop ding dien tu, vi dugc the hien qua thong diep dir lieu nen co the sao, hru, phat tan teen mang, do do ma co the tao ra nhieu ban gic. Vi 75

the, khai niem "ban g6c" va "luu tit" trong hap (fang dien tir fret nen kh6 khan hon. H9p &mg dien tir thuemg dugc luu tit trong he th6ng thong tin cita cac ben dtroi clang thong diep s6. Neu cac thong diep s6 do bi sira d6i thi khong the xac dinh dugc dau la ban g6c. He giai guy& dugc cac van de nay, thi truac tien can phai sir dung mot s6 bien phap nhAt dinh de dam bao cac th6ng diep s6 khong bi thay d6i, dam bao dugc su nguyen ven va tinh chinh xac. Day la cong viec phirc tap, doi hoi c6 su ket hgp ch4t the ca van de ksi thu4 ding nghe vbi van de phap l5r ma cac ben giao ket kh8ng the bo qua neu mu6n CO du chUng cir hgp le cho mot vu tranh chAp. Sau day la mot s6 lieu luat di'eu chinh van de ban g6c va tuu trit h9p deng dien tir: - Theo Luat giao dich dien tir quy dinh:
Dieu 12. Thong diep du lieu c6 gia tri nhu van ban: "Tryong hop phap luat yeu cdu thong tin phai &toy th'j hien bang van ban thi thong diep du lieu dugc xem la clap itng yeu cdu nay niu thong tin chita trong thong diep del lieu do co the truy cap via sit dyng &toy de tham chilu khi can that". Dieu 13. Thong diep dit lieu co gia tri nhu ban g6c: "Thong diep dit lieu c6 gia tri flint ban g'dc khi dap zing dugc cac dthu kien sau day: 1. Nal dung dm' thong diep di( lieu dugc bao dam toan yen kez tit khi dugc khai too kin ddu tien dyad clang mat thong diep du lieu hoan chinh. Nai dung caa thong diep dit lieu dztoc xem let town ven khi nai dung do chtta bi thay dal, frit nhang thay doi v' hinh thac phat sinh trong qua tranh d hru Ira hoac hi'dn thi thong diep die lieu; 2. Nai dung dm' thong diep dit lieu c6 the truy cap va sit dyng throe chtai dong hoan chinh khi can thilt."
-

Theo nghi dinh v'e Thucmg mai dien

Dieu 9. Gia tri phap ly nhu ban g6c: "1. Chang tit dien tit c6 gia tri phap ly nhu ban gac niu thew man ddng thai ca hai di"Ju kien sau: a) Co su dam bao dit tin cay v'J tinh toan ven caa thong tin chaa trong cluing tit dien tit tit khi thong tin dugc too ra a dong cuOi cang la thing tit dien tit hay clang khcic.
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b) Thong tin china trong thong tit dien tin c6 the truy cap, sir dung du.o.c chrai clang hoan chinh khi can thiet. 2. Tieu chi clanh gia tinh toan yen la thO'ng tin con day du va chtra bi thay doi, ngoai nhcrng thay dai ve hinh there phat sinh trong qua trinh trao dai, ltru trir hoac hien thi chirng tie dien tin: 3. Tieu chudn ve str tin cay dtroc xem xet phit hop vai myc dich thong tin dtro.c tgo ra va moi bon ccinh lien quan." 2.1.6.2. Thai diem hinh thanh hop clang Th6i gian giao ket hgp ding la yeu t6 quan trong de xac dinh tiled diem c6 hieu hrc cua hop ding khi khong c6 mot thoa thuSn nao khac cua cac ben. C6n dia diem giao ket hgp ding la mgt trong nhcmg can dr de xac dinh lust dieu chinh cac giao dich trong hgp ding quic Theo luSt giao dich dien tin VN quy dinh: Dieu 17. Thai diem, dia diem giri thong diep dir lieu Trong truing hop cac ben tham gia giao dich khOng c6 thoa thuan khcic thi then diem, dia diem gin thong diep du lieu dtrov quy clinh nhu. sau: 1. Thai diem geri mat thong cliep du lieu la than diem th6ng diep du lieu nay nhap vao he thong thong tin niim ngoai su kiem soot et:ha nguai khoi tgo; 2. Dia diem gal thong diep dir lieu la try sa cua nguai khai tgo neu nguai khai tgo lei co. quan, to chic hoac nal cu trio caci ngoai khai tgo niu nguai khol tgo la ca nhan. Truing hop nguai khan tgo c6 nhieu try so thi dia diem girl thong diep dir lieu la try so c6 mii lien he mat thiet nhAt vii giao dich.
Dieu 19. Thai diem, dia diem nhan thong diep dir lieu

Trong truing hop cac ben tham gia giao dich kh6ng c6 thoa thuan khac thi than diem, dia diem nhan thong diep du lieu &coy quy dinh nhu. sau: 1. Truing hop nguai nhan da chi dinh mat he thong thong tin de nhan thong diep dir lieu thi that diem nhan la then diem thong diep dir lieu nhap 77

vao he thong thong tin &coy chi dinh; neu nguai nhan khong chi clinh mat he thong thong tin de nhan thong diep du lieu thi thai diem nhan thong diep du lieu lei thai diem thOng diep du lieu do nh ap vao bOt kp he thOng thong tin nao clia nguy31 nhan; 2. Dia diem nhan thong diep du lieu lei try sa ctia nguai nhan neu nguai la ca quan, to ch&c hoac nai cu trio thuang xuyen awl nguy31 nhan neu nguai nhan la cg nhan. Truerng hop nguai nhan c nhi'eu try sa thi dia diem nhan thOng diep du lieu lei try so. CO mOi lien he mat thiet nheit vai giao dich. Ben canh do, viec xac dinh ap dung phap luat nuOc nao de ky Vet, thuc hien hop ding, giai quy& tranh chAp la van de rat phirc tap trong t6 tong, dac bit la trong thucmg mai dien tir. Theo Lulat Thucmg mai Viet Nam thi hap ding thuang mai dirge ky k6t, thuc hien tai Viet Nam hoac co chi' the tham gia la ca nhan, phap nhan Viet Nam thi se duac dieu chinh bai phap 1u4t Viet Nam. 2.2. Thanh toan coign tir 2.2.1. Tong quan ve thanh loan dien ter Thanh toan chinh la khau hoan thien quy trinh kinh doanh va viec dAy nhanh qua trinh quay yang von, day la van de quan tong dii vori cac doanh nghiep. Lod ich to lan ma thuang mai dien tir dem lai cho doanh nghiep la phuang thirc thanh toan dien tir an toan va nhanh chong. Thanh toan dien tir la mot trong nhimg van de cot loi cua thuang mai dien tir. Thieu ha tang thanh toan, chua the co thuang mai dien tir hoan chinh. Do vay, hO thing thanh toan dien tir hien nay la tarn diem phat trien nhim phuc vu khach hang tit han vii chi phi th'Ap han. NhUng cai tien trong thanh toan hang h6a va dich vu hira hp dem tai nhang ca hii kinh doanh mai cho cac doanh nghiep. 2.2.1.1. Cuac cach mgng ve thanh toan

Th6 kS, thir 10 truck cong nguyen, thuc phAm thuong ducc dem ra trao d6i vai nhau. Cac ding tien bang kim loaf da xuAt hien tai Hy Lap va An D6 khoang giira the kY thir 10 va 6 truoc cong nguyen va ducyc dung trong mua ban trong 2000 nam. Vao theri Trung co, cac thuang nhan 1;7 da dimg phuang

thirc thanh toan bang Sec. Tai my, tien giay dugc phat hanh tai bang Massachilsetts vao nam 1960. Den nam 1950, the tin dung dugc hang Diners Club giai thieu den cong chOng. Den tan bay gi6, tien giay da dugc sir dung ph6 bien nhat, con Sec thi ph6 bien trong viec thanh toan phi tien mat. Ngay nay, chimg to dang 6 gift cu6c each mpg thanh toan, voi phucmg thirc thanh toan bang the dien tir dang clan thay the cho thanh toan bang lien mat va Sec. Nam 2003, viec sir dung ket hgp giva the tin dung va the ghi ng trong not b0 cong ty ran Tau lien da chiem linh uu the hcm viec thanh toan bang tien mat va Sec (theo th6ng ke nam 2007 dm Cuc du tra lien bang my). s6 lieu th6ng ke tinh den het nam 2006 da chi ra rang, so lucmg thanh toan dien tir gap doi thanh toan bang sec, chiem 2/3 tong lugng thanh toan phi lien mat. The ghi ng va the tin dung chiem khoang 52% thanh toan nOi b0, con lai la tien mat. Tir nam 2003 den nam 2006, viec sir dung the tin dung trong thanh toan da tang len tir 31% den 45%, trong khi thanh toan bang tien mat giam xu6ng tir 32% con 24% (theo th6ng ke nam 2007 cila Cuc du trir lien bang my).

mot s6 hinh thirc thanh toan yeu cau can co phan mem va phan cirng de
CO the hog' dOng. Hau het cac hinh thirc dO yeu cau nguoi sir dung phai cai dat cac phan mem chuyen dimg de c the chap nhan thanh toan.

2.2.1.2. Khai niem ve thanh toan dien to

Khi kink doanh tren mpg Internet doanh nghiep va ca nhan co the lien hanh va quan 1S7 m9i giao dich thong qua mot he th6ng thanh toan ma chi can mOt chiec may tinh vai mOt trinh duyet va ket not mpg. Theo bao cao Qu6c gia ye ky thuat thucmg mai dien tir cim Bo thucmg mai: thanh toan dien tir can dugc hieu theo nghia rOng dugc dinh ngliia la viec thanh toan lien thong qua cac thong diep dien tir thay cho viec trao tay tien mat. Theo ngliia thanh toan dien tir c the hieu la viec tra tien va nhan lien hang cho cac hang hoa, dich vu dugc mua ban tren mpg Internet. Cac phucmg thirc thanh toan true tuyen ph6 bien hien nay bao g6m: - The thanh toan - The thong minh - Vi dien tir
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- Tien dien tir - Thanh toan qua dien thoai di d6ng - Thanh toan dien tiz tai cac ki 6t ban hang -Secdientir - The mua hang - Thu tin dung dien tir - Chuyen tien dien tir (EFT Electronic Fund Transfering) Trong cac phucmg tien thanh toan dien tir ten, thi the thanh toan dugc coi la phucmg tien ph6 bin nhat, dac biet la the tin dung do tinh tien lqi va ph6 dung dm no (nhat la tai My va cac nuac phat trien). Ba loai the thanh toan ph6 bien Om: the tin dung (credit card, la the cho phdp chil the chi tieu toi mot han milt tin dung nhat dinh), the ghi ng (debit card, la the chi tieu dva ten s6 du tai khoan the hay tai khoan tien giri) va the mua hang (charge card, la the cho phdp chil the chi tieu va tien hanh thanh toan cac khoan chi tieu do dinh kY, thuOmg vao cu6i thang). Cac nha cung cap the not tieng va dugc chap nhan nhat hien nay la Visa, MasterCard, American Express Card va EuroPay. Trong 3 loci the ten, thanh toan bang the tin dung chiem lchoang 90% tong gia tri cac giao dich qua mang Internet. Chip nhan thanh toan qua the tin dung giup cac doanh nghiep xay dipg dugc niem tin voi khach hang hcm, nang cao doanh thu ban hang do cung cap giai phap thanh toan den lgi va tit hem cho doanh nghiep th6i gian va cong sire de xir lY nghiep vu thanh toan. Tnrac day, Thanh toan dien tir timg bi coi la "mat that c6 chai", rao can d6i voi su phat trien cua Thucmg mai dien tir. Thanh toan dien tir truorc day chua thvc su phat trien bdd do nhieu yeu t6 tir thOi quen va y thirc cua nguiYi dan ve Thucmg mai dien tir; ha tang C8ng nghe thong tin dm Doanh nghiep va Ngan hang chua dap img dugc yeu eau nen an ninh giao dich chua dugc dam bao; do m6i truang phap ly chua hoan Su phat trien cua cac dich vv thanh toan dien tir trong nam gan day c the dugc lY giai do viec giai guy& tong the cac vuong mac k'e ten tru6c nhu eau thiic bach cua thi tnrang. Khung phap ly cho Thucmg mai dien tir da di

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vao cuOc sing vai su ra dai ctia hang boat cac nghi dinh huftg dAn thuc hien 141 Giao dich Dien tir. CuOc chay dua dau to cong nghe cua cac Ngan hang, song song vai do IA su sang tao khi dua ra cac dich vu mai. Cac cong ty, Ngan hang tham gia rinh vuc nay da co su quan sat ky va dua ra cac dich vu phir hup vod dac diem tam ly va thai quen tieu dung trong nuorc. Dual day IA vi du ve mOt doanh nghiep ban le qua mang sir dung mOt so hinh thirc thanh toan dien tir dien hinh tai Viet Nam: Cac phucmg thirc thanh toan cua nha sach xbook.com.vn Website cua nhA sach Song Hucmg (www.xbook.com.vn) chip nhan cac loai hinh thanh toan nhu sau: 1) Thanh toan bang lien mat truc tiep: Chi ap dung cho khu vuc not thAnh ThAnh phi Hi Chi Minh. 2) Chuyen khoan qua ngan hang, the ATM 3) Giri tien qua duang buu dien Sau khi khach hang da chuyen tien vAo tai khoan hoac gui lien qua buu dien, can thong bao cho NhA Sach de nha sach kiem tra va lien hAnh giao hang. 4) Thanh toan bang the tin dung (credit card) Phucmg thirc nay dugc ap dung ca trong va ngoAi nuac. Khi su dung dich vu thanh toan bang the tin dung, khach hang se dugc chuyen den mOt giao dien mod, do la trang thanh toan cua nhA cung cap dich vu thanh toan dien t* ma nhA sach sir dung 2 CheckOut. Tai day, khach hang can nhap mOt so thOng tin ve the tin dung cua minh va nhang thong tin nay dugc thuc hien thong qua giao thirc bao mat tuyet doi SSL. Khi nhan dugc thong tin thanh toan, 2 CheckOut se lien hanh kiem tra the tin dung. Sau do, khach hang se nhan dugc thong bao chAp nhan hay khong chAp nhan tir phia 2 CheckOut. ve phia Nha Sach, khi nhan dugc thong bao chdp nhan the tin dung tir 2 CheckOut, NhA Sach se giri hang theo dia chi cira khach hang yeu cA'u. Tat nhien, nhA sach se phai tra mOt khoan phi cho 2 CheckOut khi s* dung dich vu nay.

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5) Thanh toan qua Western Union Khach hang c6 the sir dung dich vu chuyen tien nhanh ciia Western Union bang Ten mat, the tin dung, cheque hoac bang tai khoan (neu co) de thanh toan cho cac don dat hang 6 Nha Sach. Khach hang den bat ky dich vu nao dm Western Union va dien vao phieu giri tien dia chi ciia Nha Sach. Khi do, khach hang se nhan dugc bien lai vai ma s6 chuyen tien (g6m 10 s6). Hoan fat thii tuc chuyen tien, khach hang gin email thong bao cho Nha sach ve cac thOng tin nhu: nguai giri, nuac giri, s6 tien va ma s6 chuyen lien. Sau khi nhan dugc email, Nha Sach se giri hang theo yeu can cua khach hang.
Ngwin: Belo cao TMDT Viet nam 2005 clic, BQ Thwang mgi

Trong cac hinh duly thanh toan ten, hinh thirc thanh toan sir dung the tin dung la nhanh nhat do khach hang c6 the dal hang qua mpg va thuc hien cac giao dich thanh toan ngay lap tirc. 2.2.1.3. Quy trinh thanh toan bang the tin dung tryc tuyjn Quy trinh thanh toan bang the tin dung truc tuy6n trai qua cac bit& sau: - Nguai mua hang sau khi lua ch9n san pham, quyat dinh mua hang se nhap vao cac thong tin the tin dung len trang web ciia nguai ban. - Cac thong tin the tin dung dugc giri thing tbi Ngan hang ma tai khoan nguai ban (hoac ben cung cap dich vu thanh toan) ma khong luu tai may nguai ban. - Ngan hang ma tai khoan nguai ban giri cat thOng tin the tin dung tai Ngan hang cap the tin dung. - Ngan hang cap the tin dung sau khi kiem tra cac thong tin se phan hoi lai cho Ngan hang ma tai khoan nguai ban. Phan hoi co the la chap nhan thanh toan (ghi co cho tai khoan cua nguai ban) hoac tir ch6i. - Dua tren phan hoi cua Ngan hang cap the tin dung, nguai ban se thuc hien don hang hoac tir ch6i. Toan bO qua trinh ten chi dien ra trong vii giay va do d6, nguai mua se bi trir Ten tren tai khoan d6ng thai nguai ban ding se nhan dugc khoan thanh toan trong vii giay. 82

Hinh 2.2. Quy trinh thanh toan din tii bang the tin dung qua mung

Chit the ) NgLrin phat hanh the

$2.50

Hang boa
$0.16

Ben "thu ba
$1.34

Ngtroi ban
Ngudn: Turban, Ecommerce, 2004, Prentice Hall * Phan b6 chi phi trong quy trinh thanh toan bang the tin dung:

Yen nhirng giao dich thong thuong, neu giao dich co gia tri 100 USD thi doanh nghiep se chi thu phi xirl)", 0.16 USD va 2.5 USD cho Ngan hang phat hanh the. Vai nhang giao dich c6 gia tri nh6 (khoang dui 20 USD, vi du mua bai bao din tir, tro chai hay tai nhac), cac chi phi giao dich t6i thieu c6 the ducyc ap dung (thutmg la 25-35 cent hoac 2%-3% gia tri giao dich). * DiJu kien de c the clap nhan thanh toan bcing the tin dung
D6 chip nhan thanh toan bang the tin dung, doanh nghiep can dam bao tinh bao mat qua mang d6i vOi cac thong tin thanh toan thong qua giao thirc SSL va SET. Tiep theo, doanh nghiep can c6 tai khoL chip nhL thanh toan than tir (Merchant Account) ma tai ngL hang hoac t6 chirc tin dung va cOng thanh toan dian dr (Payment Gateway). Merchant Account la met tai khoan dac biet, cho phep chip nhan thanh toan bang the tin dung. Vic thanh toan bang the tin dung chi c6 the tien hanh thong qua clang tai lthoan nay. Payment Gateway la mOt chucmg trinh 83

phan mem cho phdp chuyen du lieu dia cdc giao dich tir website cua ngued ban sang trung tam thanh town the tin dung hap thirc hod qud trinh thanh toan the tin dung. Giao thirc SSL (Secure Socket Layer) la giao thirc sir dung xdc thuc va ma h6a thong diep &I lieu nham dam cac chimg thuc dien tir bao tinh rieng to hay bi mat dm cac thong tin dung trong thanh toan dien tir.

Quy trinh Tang ky tai khoin nguiri ban (Merchant Account) de chap nhlin thanh toan din tw

Doanh nghiep c6 the c6 chap cac khoan thanh town dien tir bang the thong qua tai khoan ngued ban (Merchant Account) dugc cap bOi cac nha cung cap Merchant Account sau day: * Nha cung cap try.c tiep dich vy thanh toan dien to D6 la cac ngan hang hoac cac to chirc tin dung. Nhimg dun dat hang da hoan tat se dugc gui tir website cua ngued bdn den ngan hang thong qua Payment Gateway. Tuy nhien, ngan hang thuemg la nhcmg nha cung cap rat than tong trong viec chtng nhan cho bat lcS/ thucmg nhan nao chap nhan thanh toan bang the tin dung. Vi nguesi ban hoan toan co kha nang biet cac thong tin ye the tin dung dm ngtred mua. dam bac an toan, cac ngan hang thuemg yeu cau nguen ban khi m6 tai khoan merchant accout phai thuc hien mO't khoan dat CQC lan, them vao d6 la phi t6i thieu hang than va cac phi thu tren nhilng giao dich dugc thuc hien. Do vay, khong phai doanh nghiep nao cung nen true tiep ma Merchant Account. * Nha cung cdp trung gian dich vy thanh town On to Hoat dOng voi to cach la mot trung gian gift doanh nghiep va nha cung cap truc tiep. Doanh nghiep CO the sir dung dich vu nay va phai tra mot tS , le chiet khau tir 2% den 3%. TS, le chit khau la khoan tien ma doanh nghiep phai tra cho nha cung cap dich vu thanh town doi von tong giao dich. Vi du: Neu nhu so tien doanh nghiep thu dugc tir mot giao dich nao d6 la 100 USD, tST le chit khau 2%. Nhu vay, nha cung cap dich vu thanh toan trung gian se thu 2 USD dm giao dich d6. Tuy nhien hien nay a Viet Nam, cac ngan hang chtra cung cap dich vu nay do con thieu cac dinh cite ve phap 1St.

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* Ben thee ba cung cap dich vu thanh town dien to Nha cung cap tit* ba chuyen qua trinh thanh toan the tin dung tir don dk hang teen trang web da doanh nghiep bang chinh tai khoan cua ho. Khi doanh nghiep ky ket vai nhom cac nha cung cap nay, viec thanh toan cita Ichach hang se dugc thuc hien thong qua tai khoan cua nha cung cap Merchant Account. Doanh nghiep se khOng can phai quan tam den tinh chan thvc cua nhang nguai sa lulu the tin dung vi cac nha cung cap dich vu se la nhimg nguai truc tiep ban hang, con doanh nghiep vai vai tro cua mOt nguai ban hang, bay gia doanh nghiep se la dai ly cung cap hang. Nhimg dich vu nay thuang dugc nhang nha kinh doanh truc tuyen vori quy mo nho quan tam, ac biet la nhang nguai mai bat dau tiep can vbi hinh thirc kinh doanh nay. Rat don gian bo7 vi, tuy chi phi cho cac giao dich kieu nay thuang cao hon chi phi phai tra cho nhung nha cung cap truc tiep, nhtmg doanh nghiep se kh8ng phai tra phi dich vu t6i thieu hang thang va khong phai dat CQC bk kSf mOt khoan tin nao ma chi phai tra chi phi tren nhang giao dich dugc thgc hien. 2.2.1.4. Red ro chcip nhan thanh town the truc tuyin M4c dit doanh nghiep ban hang c6 the dal sir dung SSL de bac met, doanh nghiep An c6 the phai chiu cac rui ro nett chap nhlan thanh toan bang the tin dung truc tuyen. Cac rui ro nay khong php thuOc vao bag mat cac thong yin trong qua trinh giao dich ma nam ngay a cac y6u t6 thong tin d'au vac, va cac nghiep vu giao dich thanh toan dien - Sir dung the bat hop phap: Neu the thanh toan bi sir dung trai phep, nguiyi chit the khong chap nhlan cac khoan thanh toan do. Khi do ngan hang phat hanh the se ghi co lai cho chit tlie ITA dot iai tien tir nguai ban. - Nguiri mua thay dai quyet dinh mua hing: Neu khach hang tnrac do dtmg y thanh toan nhung sau d6 tir ch8i, va ngan hang phat hanh the Sing y vai tir chOi d6, nguOi ban se phai chiu thiet hai. Nguoi ban c6 the tranh nhang tru8mg hgp tucmg to nhu va,v bang each dua ra bang chirng chit the da xac nhki thanh toan va nhar t:dig. Hoac giao dich dugc thgc hien vai chit ky so, tuy nhien hinh thirc xac nhan nay rat dat va main ra dei vai hau het cac giao dich thanh toan barn the tin dung truc tuyen.

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- Mat trOm cac thling tin ciia the: Cac truing h9p Hacker det nhap vao may tinh cita doanh nghiep noi chira cac dir lieu ve thong tin the tin dung. Doanh nghiep co the tranh truing hgp nay bang each luu frit cac du lieu nay tren met may tinh dec lap, lchong the truy cap true tiep dugc tir Internet. 2.2.2. Mpt s hinh there thanh tan din tirpho biln 2. 2.2.1. Thanh tarn bang dich vu cua PayPal Paypal la met nha cung cap dich vu thanh toan dien tir tucmg to nhu: 2checkout (www.2checkout.com), InternetSecure (www.internetsecure.com ), Clickbank (www.clickbank.com )
PayPal (www.paypal.com )

PayPal, dugc thanh lap narn 1999, la cong ty cung cap dich vu thanh toan true tuyen cho cac doanh nghiep va ca nhan. Hien nay PayPal la c8ng ty thanh vien cua eBay nhtrng van cung cap dich vu thanh toan duoi ten PayPal. PayPal cho phep Ichach hang chuyen tien ngay lap tire va an toan tai bat kST ai co met dia chi email, co the la met doanh nghiep hoac nhan tien tir met. nguoi Ichac chuyen den. PayPal la met lua chon thuan tien cho nhang nguai mua hang, tra tien cho cac mon hang mua bang hinh thirc dau gia, con nguiyi ban hang Mu gia ding mulin lua ch9n PayPal de giam thieu rui ro do nhang hinh thirc thanh toan true tuyen lchac c6 the gay ra. Cac giao dich qua PayPal dugc xir ly tire thai, do do tai khoan cita nguoi giri tien bi khAu trir va tai khoan ngueri nhan tien dugc ghi co ngay khi giao dich xay ra. Met chit tai khoan PayPal bat ky c6 the rut tien mot tir tai khoan PayPal nay vao bAt k5/ khi nao bang each yeu eau PayPal giri h9 cheque hoac chuyen tien true tiep vao tai khoan giri lien cua hg. De sir dung PayPal, doanh nghiep hoac ca nhan truac het phai (fang IcSr tai khoan a PayPal. Tai khoan nay khong yeu can s6 du t6i thieu, va tien dugc chuyen vao tai khoan thong qua chuyen tien tir tai khoan thanh toan hoac tir the tin dung.
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PayPal da tang tnrong nhanh ch6ng bang cach phuc vu nhang nhu eau cua ca nguai ban va nguai mua ten cac trang web ban du gia nhu eBay, Yahoo! Auctions va Amazon Auctions. Thanh cong nay va tiem nang thu led dm PayPal chinh la lST do khien eBay mua lai PayPal. 2.2.2.2. Thanh tam dien tic sic dung the thong minh MOt trong nhang ding nghe hl) try thanh toan tnrc tuyen khac la the thong minh. The thong minh la the c6 gan b0 vi xir ly ten do (chip). BO vi xir 1S7 nay co the ket hyp them mot the nha, ding c6 tnxemg hyp ten the thanh toan chi gan them the nha ma khong c6 phan lap trinh nao kern theo. BO vi xir ly co the luu trit, xoa hoac thay d6i thong tin tren the trong khi the nha chi c6 chirc nang nhu mot gi6ng the tin dung. Mac du 1)0 vi xir 1ST co the chay &rye cac chuong trinh gieng mot may vi tinh, song no phai ducic dung ket hyp vori cac thiet bi khac nhu may dye the, may ATM (Automatic Teller Machine). The thong minh hien nay ngay cang duce sir dung rOng rai vi cac Ung dung phong phu dm n6, trong do co nhting img dung dien hinh lien quan den thanh toan dien tir nhu:
- The dich vu khfich hang: sir dung the thong minh de dinh ra nhimg khach hang trung thanh va cap nhang quyen uu lien nhat dinh cho chu the. Cac loci the nay ph6 bien trong mua ye may bay, mua sam, the tin dung... Vi du: The gold card cilia Vietnam Airlines. - ffng dung trong nganh tai chinh: Cac t6 chirc tai chinh, hiep hOi thanh toan, va cac nha phat hanh the tin dung, the ghi ny, the mua chiu... deu dang sir dung the thong minh a ma rOng cac dich vu thanh toan bang the truyen thong. Cac img dung da chirc nang nhu the tin dung, cac chuong trinh uu dai, xac minh se va tien dien tir dang dugc cung cap. - The cong ngh thong tin: Hau het de nha phat hanh the se tan dung chirc nang an toan dm the thong minh de ngay cang ma rOng tir the gi6i the hien vat sang the giai ao. The thong minh cho pile]) cac ca nhan c6 the km cac thong tin ca nhan va sir dung trong chimg thvc thvc hien cac thanh toan dien tir.

Nhieu nuoc voi he th6ng cham s6c y to - The y to va phtic lui xA qu6c gia dang danh gia va img dung the thong minh de giam cac chi phi lien
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quan tai viec thuc hien cac dich vu y to va phitc lqi xa hOi. Do ten the th8ng minh c6 b0 vi xir ly de km cac thong tin chiing thuc nguiyi sa him the, ket hgp voi cac ma s6 bi mat do chit the nim gitr, the thong minh dugc dimg de km tit cac thong tin dich vu y te, phitc lgi xa hOi... cho mgi cong dan o cac nuac phat trien nhu Dirc, Phap, Anh, 2.2.2.3. Thanh toan dien to bang the thong minh - Visa Cash: Visa Cash la mOt the tra truck, dimg de thanh toan cho nhitng giao dich c6 gia tri nho. Card gin vi mach nay c6 the sir dung trong giao dich thong thuOng hoac giao dich truc tuyen. Khi thanh toan, chi phi mua hang se dugc trir vao gia tri tien con tren the. The nay chi sir dung dugc voi nhcmg diem chip nhan thanh toan c6 18 g8 Visa Cash hoac b0 dgc the Visa Cash ket not vai may tinh. - Visa Buxx: La the tra tnrac dugc thiet ke cho thanh nien. The Visa Buxx trong gi6ng the thong thuamg, nhtmg an toan hcm vi nO ca b0 nha khong tom. Nguoi dimg co the sir dung the mua s'im va rat hieu qua &Si vOl thanh nien vi hart mire chi phi. The c6 the nap tien to dOng hang thong.

- Mondex: La the gin b0 vi xir l5f dm MasterCard, CO chirc nang tuang to nhu Visa Cash. The c6 the dugc sir dung de thanh toan tai bit Cu nai nao c6 bieu tugng Mondex. Han ntra, sir dung the Mondex c6 the chuyen dugc tien tir tai khoan nay sang tai khoan khac. Khong gitmg the Visa Cash, the Mondex CO the luu tai khoan tien cita 5 loai tien khac nhau. 2.2.2.4. Thanh toan dien tit bang vi dien

to

MOt ngtroi mua hang ten mpg c6 the den hanh mua nhieu hang h6a tai nhieu website khac nhau. De dun gian hoa viec nhap thong tin the tin dung va thong tin ca nhan de ghi hoa don hoac giri hang ngu6i to sir dung phin mem "vi dien tir". Tuy nhien, vai moi ngtroi ban khac nhau thi khach hang can lap mot tai khoan vi dien tir khac nhau. Vi dien tir la mOt phan mem trong d6 ngtred sir dung c6 the luu trek s8 the tin dung va cac thong tin ca nhan khac. Khi mua hang tren mang, nguoi mua hang chi dun gian kich vao vi dien tir, phin mem se to dOng dien cac thong tin khach hang can thiet de thuc hien viec mua hang. Hien nay, Visa, MasterCard, Yahoo, AOL, Microsoft deu cung cap dich vu vi dien
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Cach thirc van hAnh cua vi din tir nhu sau: - Nguari mua (nguari sir dung vi din tir) dat hang qua mpg - Phan xac minh/dang kSr cua vi din tir tao ra mOt cap khoa. Phan nay se ma hoa mOt khoa vai khoa cong khai cua nguari mua di li6n vai vi din tir. Vi dien tir cling tao ra mOt thong dip (ye) gom khoa thir hai va ten nguari mua. Ve sau do dove ma Ma clang vai kh6a ding cong cua nguai ban. CA hai phan ma hoa dugc giri cho nguoi mua ding vai thong die'p. - Nguari mua giAi ma thir nhAt bang each sir dung khoa bi mat cua minh. Nguari mua sau do tao ra mOt th8ng dip mai, bao gom ten nguari mua, va ma hoa thong di'ep nay bang kh6a thir nhAt va giri thong dip nay ding vai ye cho nguai ban - Nguari ban giai ma ye sir dung ma bi mat cua minh, lAy dugc ten nguari mua va khoa thir hai. Sir dung kh6a nay, nguari ban giai ma dugc thong dip nguari mua giri va CO dugc ten nguai mua. N6u 2 ten nay trimg nhau, nguai ban se" bit nguari mua lA chan thuc Sau lan giao dich au tien thanh ding, tix ran thir hai, nguai mua va nguari ban do c6 the thuc hie'n nhirng giao dich an town khac sir dung cac Chia khoa ma hoa cac lien lac. Toan b0 quy trinh chi thuc hi'en trong vai giay, va hoan town tu dOng vai chi phi t6i thieu.

2.2.2.5. Thanh toan dien tit bing the mua hang

Cac nhA cung cap dich vu the hang dau hi'en nay nhu Visa, MasterCard va American Express deli dang dua ra cac loai the mai sir dyng vai cac khoan mua hang thuang xuyen va c6 gia tri Who cua cac doanh nghi'ep IA the mua hang. The mua hang la cac loai the dac bit dung cho nhan vien cac cong ty, chi dugc dimg de mua cac mat hang thong dung nhu van phong pham, may tinh, bao tri may moc,... Quy trinh van hanh dm the mua hang tucmg to nhu cat loai the khac khi mua hang trite tuyen hoac thong thuong. Loi ich chinh dm the mua hang IA tinh hi'eu qua do doanh nghie'p khong phai thanh town cho tong giao dich dang fling hgp cac hoa don thanh town de thanh town gOp cho Who le, va ngan hang vac, cu6i kSr th8ng qua phuong thirc chuyen lien din tir.

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2.2.2.6. Sir clung sec dien tir trong thanh town dien tie Sec dien tir la phien ban dien tir hoac yeu cau xuAt trinh dien tix d6i voi sec giAy thong thuang. Sec dien tir chira cac th8ng tin tucmg ter nhu sec thuftg va co the sir dung trong moi tnrang hop va sec giAy c6 the sir dung vai khung phap IS/ dieu chinh tucmg to nhau. Ve co ban, quy trinh van hAnh cim sec dien tir tucmg to nhu sec giAy, nhung tlurc hien town b0 th6ng qua cac phucmg lien dien tir, do do nhanh hon, it chi phi hcm va c6 the an toan hon. Sec dien tir duac coi la phil hop vOi thirc tien kinh doanh hien nay, vira tardung &roc 'fang luc cim cac ngan hang, vira giant thieu cac quy trinh xir ' ly phirc tap. VOi dog nghe bao mat cao hien nay, sec dien tir co the duot sir dung cho moi doanh nghiep c6 tai khoan thanh toan tai ngan hang, bao g6m ca cac doanh nghiep vim va nho. Cac he th6ng thanh toan sec dien tit ph6 bien hien nay IA eCheck Secure (cum CheckFree), eCash. 2.2.2. 7. Thanh toan trong thuang mai dien ter B2B CO nhieu lua chon thanh toan dien tir gifra doanh nghiep voi doanh nghiep. Khi phai thanh toan cho nha cung cap hoac de chap nhan thanh toan tir ai tac, hau het cac doanh nghiep lon thuong chon giai phap Chuyen tien dien hoac cac phuong thirc thanh toan "phi dien tir" (nhu sec thOng thuong), hoac the mua hang. D6i voi cac giao dich xuat nh'ap khau, doanh nghiep van sir dung hinh thirc thanh toan qui6c to truyen th6ng nhu dimg thu tin dung (L/C) hoac dien chuyen tien (TTR). Vai cac doanh nghiep thuong mai dien tit vira va nho dm Viet Nam hien nay, dieu co ban phai can nhac truck het lA su san c6 cua dich vu va nhitng tien ich cua dich vu do a Viet Nam. MOt cau hoi dat ra la lieu thanh toan dien tir gala doanh nghiep vai doanh nghiep cling dung nhung hinh thirc thanh toan qua the thanh toan, the thong minh va vi dien tit nhu tren? Cau trA loi voi da s6 truong hop IA Kh8ng, vi cac giao dich B2B thuang co gia tri lon, khong thich hop vai cac phucmg thirc teen. Thong thuang, thanh toan trong cac giao dich B2B dux hien qua: Sec dien tir, The mua hang, Thu tin dung, hoac chuyen khoan. Su khcic biet giva thu tin dung (eL/C) dien to vai L/C thong thuong Thu tin dung la mOt cam ket cim Ngan hang de thanh toan cho ngu&i ban mOt khoan tien nhat dinh tren co sa b0 chimg tit nguoi ban phai xuAt 90

trinh theo yeu eau cilia L/C. Nhu 4y, thvc hien L/C thuerng c 5 buac: phat hanh L/C, thong bao L/C, xac nh4n L/C, chuyen L/C va chit khau (thanh toan) L/C. Hien nay met se ngan hang cra bat dau cung cap thu tin dung dien tir vai cac bulk ten dugc thvc hien true tuyen. Dieu nay cif) nghia la Ngan hang cung cap dich vi cho phdp nha nha'p khau soan ban thao L/C tir may tinh cua nha nhap khau, truyen ban thao nay den ngan hang kiem tra va xir ly. L/C se dugc phat hanh chi trong yang vai gib. Dich vv nay ding cho phdp nh4n dugc cac L/C xuat khau va kiem tra chung tir may tinh cua nha xuat khau. va cac chimg tit xuat trinh cc') the la cht"rng tir dien to

Tir nam 2005 to ve tnx6c, cac website thucmg mai dien tir Viet Nam chu y6u chi cung cap thong tin san pharn va dich vv. Cac giao dich B2C va C2C to phat trien theo nhu eau cua thi truamg met each nho le do thieu sir bao he ve phap luat. Luc do, ca sb ha tang cho thanh toan dien tir trong cac giao dich thucmg mai dien tir chua dugc xay dung. Den nam 2006, khung phap ly ve thuang mai dien tir ca ban da hinh thanh, thanh toan dien tir bat dau dugc nhac den, met s6 ngfin hang tien phong trien khai thanh toan dien tir nhung van co tinh chat dan le, marsh mun vai dich vu thanh toan hoa don qua ATM, dich vi ngan hang true tuyen chi dirng lai 6 tien ich cung cap thong tin. Tuy nhien, tir Tau nam 2007, thanh toan dien tir da co busk phat trien marsh vOi met s6 dac diem chinh sau: * AI& rang dui ttryng triers khai va teng dyng thanh loan true tuyin: Thang 2/2007, Cong ty Hang khong C6 phan Pacific Airlines va Ngan hang Ngoai thuang Viet Nam (VCB) ding triers khai dich viii ban ye may bay qua ' mang Internet, dp dung giai phap thanh toan dien tir qua the tin dung. Thang 4/2007, mpg thanh toan dien tir COng ty Mang thanh toan Vina (PayNet) ra mat, cung cap cac giao dich thanh toan hod dan dien nuerc, Internet, dien thoai, bao hiem, v.v... qua may ATM, diem chap nh4n the (POS) va ePOS. Dich vu Fast-Vietpay cua Ngan hang Ky- Thuang va the da nang Ngan hang Ming A cho phep chii the thanh toan tien mua hang tivc tuyen tai mgt so website. Thang 10/2007, Cong ty Giai phap thanh toan Viet Nam chinh thirc cung cap dich vu thanh toan VnTopUp qua dien thoai di dung. * Kit not situ rang am cac lien minh the: 27 ngan hang lien IC& tao nen mang thanh toan Smartlink ding vai viec ket not thanh cong dm 4 ngan
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hang 16.n trong C8ng ty Co phan Chuyen mach Tai chinh Qu6c gia Viet Nam (Banknetvn) da giap thi truong the phat trien manh va mang lai nhieu tien ich han cho nguOi tieu clang. Hai mang thanh toan nay chiem Ichoang 90% thi phan the ca nuot da lcSr cam ket hop tac va dang no lvc cho ra mat loci the thanh toan c6 the thvc hien moi giao dich can den thanh toan dien dr. * Da dgng hod cdc logi hinh thank town din cac kenh thanh toan dien tir ph6 bien bao g6m thanh toan the qua he th6ng ATM/POS, thanh toan trvc tuyen qua Internet va thanh toan qua tin nhan SMS. Hien cac kenh thanh toan nay da c6 giao dich thvc te nhung mOi kenh deu ton tai nhung nhugc diem rieng can lchac phvc. Kenh thanh toan qua ATM/POS buck dau ung dung cho thanh toan hod dan, tra phi dich vv, mua the tra truac, nhung con gap trpc frac 6 viec ket not giaa cac dan vi hay nhieu POS chi chap nhan the qutic te. Diem yeu nay doi hoi cac mang thanh toan hay lien minh the not tren day nhanh tien trinh lien thong he th6ng giaa cac ngan hang thanh vien va veld cac lien minh khac. Kenh thanh toan qua SMS van bi han the do quy mo giao dich con nho va phai nha cu phap khi phat l'enh. Dlige kS, vong nhat la kenh thanh toan qua Internet. Dich vu ngan hang trirc tuyen bat dau phat huy the manh cua minh khi b6 sung them nhom Ten ich thanh toan. Thanh Wan trirc tiep bang the qua mang Internet ding la nhu cau 16n khong chi dm cac website ban hang ma con cita s6 long nguiri tieu dung nhung cho den nay van dugc cung cap lcha han che.
,

2.2.3. Phan Lich mgt so tinh huong thank todn dren tic 2.2.3.1. Flylady Ling dung thanh town dien ter qua PayPal Co. hal va hilm hoa Vai nam tru6c Marley Cilley da thanh lap mOt e-mail group de ho tra trirc tuy6n den timg khach hang. Trong mOt thin gian ngan, s6 luting Ichacl, hang tham gia nhom thu dien to nay len den 60,000. Den thoi diem nay, Marley quyet dinh dua the san pham caa minh chao ban tren mang qua website: www.flylady.com . Ban dau, FlyLady sir dung mOt tai khoan de chap than thanh toan dien tir. Van de phat sinh la phi xir 1S, kha cao, chiem 4,9% gia tri giao dich. T6ng phi chiem mOt khoan Idta lan trong doanh thu ban hang khien FlyLady thvc sir ban khoan. Mac du chap nhan thanh toan

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bang the tin dung la hoat dOng kha ph6 bien vao luc do d61 vai cac cira hang thucmg mai din t*. Tuy nhien, doi voi mOt cira hang nho nhu FlyLady, mirc phi dm dich vu xir ly thanh toan din tir ten co th8 lam ranh gioi giira iai va 18 d6i voi FlyLady nhu hep lai. Ben canh do, chi phi dam bao an toan cho cira hang thucmg mai din tir B2C cang lam cho ranh giro nay nho ham. FlyLady da than dugc to van tir chinh khach hang cua minh cho van d8 nay: sir dung dich vu dm PayPal.

Giai phap
PayPal tir lau da tra nen quen thuc d6i voi nhang nguai d'a timg tham gia dau gia ten eBay. Nam 2002, eBay da mua lai PayPal, mOt dich vu thanh toan din tir dugc 50 tri8u nguai sir dung teen khap th8 gigi. Tai khoan cua cac thanh vien dugc k8t n6i voi tai khoan ngan hang hoac tai khoan the tin dung cua h9 va vi th8 cac khoan thanh toan de clang dugc thuc hi8n gitra cac tai khoan cua ca nhan va t6 chirc. Nam 2003, PayPal xir 1ST cac giao dich tri gia 12,2 tS, USD. Trong do 70% thanh toan cua cac giao dich dau gia true tuy8n. Mac dit cac giao dich thanh toan ngoai dau gia con chi em tS, 18 nho, l t6c dO gia tang dm nhimg giao dich nay kha 16m, tir thang 4 an thang 6 nam 2004 tang 58%. DM vai cac doanh nghi8p vira va nho, PayPal la dich vu sir dung va tich hop vai website thuang mai din dr. Mac du PalPal chap nhan cac thanh toan bang the tin dung, PayPal khong dong vai tro c6ng thanh toan din tir. Do do, khi nguai ban mu6n sir di :mg PayPal a nhan cac khoan thanh toan bang the tin dung tir khach hang, h9 khong phai trinh h6 sa v8 kha nang tin dung, dal CQC, lip dat cac thiet bi dac bi8t hay cai dat nhfing phan m6'm chuy8n dung, hoac ky ke't cac hap ding chat the vai ngfin hang. Them vao do, ngueri ban ding khong can phai thu thap th8ng tin ve the tin dung dm khach hang hay nhang thong tin tai chinh nhay cam khac. Nguari ban chi can lap mOt tai khoan voi PayPal, truy cap vao tai khoan nay, sir dung PayPal Merchant Account tao mOt cong cu thanh toan (thuc chat la mOt trang HTML voi mAu form d8 khach hang din thong tin thanh toan), sau do copy toan b0 trang web nay len website thucmg mai din tir cua minh. Tat ca thoi gian chi mat vai phut. PayPal thu phi d6i vai dich vu nay la 30 cent phi c6 dinh va 1,9% d8n 2,9% tri gia giao dich.

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Kit qua Sau khi guy& dinh Iva chon dich vv dm PayPal, FlyLady da tao ra ding cu thanh toan "Buy Now" trong yang met gitr. Qua trinh thvc hien don hang ciia FlyLady dva ten bao cao dm PayPal. Mcii ngay, nhan vien cua FlyLady truy cap vao tai khoan cua minh teen PayPal va download file quan 1ST cac giao dich. Nei dung file &roc xir 1Sr va chuytn thanh cac don hang va giao hang, nhang he so nay ducic chuytn cho be phan phan phei he so hang dt thirc .hien. Ben canh do, FlyLady con sir dung them dich vv cua PayPal dt phan tich, theo dOi cac xu huang mua hang hang ngay. Cung gieng nhu cac website thucmg mai dien tir khac, FlyLady dac biet quan tam den phong tranh rui ro trong thanh toan. Tuy nhien, cac thong tin nay hoan toan ducic thu nhan va xir 1ST tren website cua PayPal. Tren th%rc te, FlyLady khong bao gier nhan duoc cac thong tin nay. Ngay nay, doanh thu cua FlyLady dat 5 trieu USD/nam. Deng thm, PayPal giam phi cho FlyLady tir 2,9% xueng can 1,9% giiip hoat dOng thucmg mai dien tir cua FlyLady ngay cang hieu qua han.

Bai hoc kinh nghiim Da se cac giao dich thucmg mai dien tir ducfc thanh toan bang the tin dung. Doi voi nguoi ban, phi dich vv xir 1S, thanh toan dien tir van kha cao. Chi phi giao dich, cong vOi rui ro hoan 10 tin do gian Ian the tin dung, chi phi quan 1ST va duy tri cac website thucmg mai dien tir an toan, chi phi bao mat cac thong tin thanh toan cua khach hang khien tS , suAt loi nhuan ngay cang thAp di. Trong nhting nam qua, met se dich vv thanh toan dien tir da xuAt hien thay the hoac hO fro cac thanh toan dien tir bang the tin dung nhu Digital Cash, PayMe.com , Bank One's eMoneyMail, Flooz, Beenz, Wells Fargo's, eBay's Billpoint va Yahoo's PayDirect. VI nhitu 1ST do, PayPal da rAt thanh cong trong Ca thanh toan B2C va B2B. Tuy nhien, phai thira nhan rang c rAt nhitu dich vv thanh toan dien tir ducfc trien khai, se lucmg thanh conga tren chi la se rAt it trong cac dich vv nay. Tom 10, Cac trang web ban le CO the ap dung nhitu hinh thirc thanh toan trvc tuyen khac nhau nhu thanh toan bang the thanh toan (the tin dung, the ghi no, the vay no), the thong minh hay vi dien tir. The thong minh la cac loai the hru tra thong tin, gem gia tri tin va thong tin chii the. Ngoai ra, 94

the th8ng minh c6 the km trt cac thong tin khac th8ng qua mOt bO vi xir ly gan trong the. Khong giOng the thanh toan, the thong minh yeu cau nguai cung cap dich vu phai lap dat cac thiet bi doc the chuyen biet. The thanh toan, mOt loci the dugc sir dung ph6 bien nhat trong thanh toan dien tir hien nay, thIrc chat la tap h9p cac thong tin dm chi' the va ma s6 sir dung the. De sir dung the thanh toan trong thanh toan dien tir, doanh nghiep can of) tai khoan Merchant Account ma tai cac ngan hang hay t6 chirc tai chinh hoac cc/ quan c6 cung cap dich vu nay. Ngoai ra, doanh nghiep c6 the sir dung hinh thirc sec dien tir, chuyen tien dien tir, L/C dien tir,... de thgc hien thanh toan tien hang He vai giao dich B2B.
2.2.3.2. Pacific Airlines trien khai ban ye may bay truc tuyin

Theo Hiep hOi Van tai hang khong the gioi IATA, ye may bay dien tir giup nganh hang kh6ng tiet kiem dugc khoang 3 ti USD mOi nam, giup cac hang hang khong nang cao tinh canh tranh. Kh8ng nhimg the, viec mua ye qua mang se giiip khach hang tiet kiem dugc then gian ding nhu nhieu chi phi khac. Dau nam 2007, nganh hang khong Viet Nam bat tay vao trien khai he thOng ve dien tir. Sau khi chuyen d6i sang hinh thirc cong ty c6 phan va hang khong gia re, hang hang khong Pacific Airlines ap dung hinh thirc ban ye may bay dien tir trcrc tuy6n vai muc dich cat giant chi phi he thOng dai lSr, tang hieu qua cong tac quan l5f lich bay, xoa b6 chi phi in ye v.v... Doi vai nguei tieu dimg, su tien dung va chu dOng trong viec dat ye la mOt 19i ich kho phu nhan va da c6 nhieu phan h6i kha quan tir khach hang di vai phucmg thirc ban ye nay. De thix hien dugc viec ban ye may bay dien tir, tra ngai dau tien va rat kh6 khan ma Pacific Airlines gap phai la van de thanh toan. Giai phap the thanh toan dugc xac dinh la cong cu quan trong va mang tinh chien lugc trong buorc du trien khai dich vg nay. Hien Pacific Airlines dang sir dung 2 phucmg thirc thanh toan chinh la thanh toan tra tnroc bang the tin dung queic to nhu Visa, Visa Debit, Master Card, JCB, American Express va thanh toan lien mat tra sau.

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Thanh town qua the tin dung dang phat huy dugc the manh cua minh ya chiem ty tong 14:5n trong kh6i luting thanh town ciia Pacific Airlines. Tinh den ngay 15/12/2007, theo bao cao cua COng ty Hang khong Co phan Pacific Airlines, khoang 65% ding s6 ye ban truc tuyen clugc thanh town bang the tin dung. Rieng d6i yai the Techcombank Debit, tai thing uOc tinh co khoang 700 giao dich mua ye Pacific Airlines ya tinh den thai diem hien tai d'A co hang nghin khach hang tham gia dAt ye qua mang trong s6 20.000 khach hang sir dung the. Nham tao thuAri lai hors cho khach hang trong viec thanh town, Pacific Airlines (la va dang ph6i hap vbi COng ty Co phan the Smartlink trien khai hi) trg thanh town qua the nei dia ConneCT24 yA cac loai the khac do ngan hang phat hAnh. Ben canh do, Pacific Airlines se b6 sung them kenh thanh toari nha thu qua cac don vi co mang luai phii r'eng town qu6c nhu cac chi nhanh ngan hang, diem buu dien, dai 15/ ban the dien thoai. Viec chuyen d6i sang kinh doanh hang khong gia re va ban ye trirc tuyen da giiip Pacific Airlines tit iciOm dugc 50% chi phi ha tang ban ye. Nhang ket qua cu the mang lai cho hang hang khong nay tit viec trien khai ban ye dien to qua mang co the thay qua con s6 tang truang khach hang trong 6 thing dau nam so vii ding kS, nam true c la 38%. He s6 sir dung gh6 truck kia chi dat han 70% nay dat khoang 85%. Viec phat trien dich vu ban ye may bay true tuyen lA met no luc rat lan ciia hang hang khOng phoi hop cong cac don vi thanh town nham gia tang gia tri, tao su lien loci vA thoA man t6i da cho khach hang. D6i yoi Pacific Airline, day IA buck lien quan tong ve mat cong nghe, giup tiet kiem chi phi yA nang cao nang luc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep trong b6i canh ma cira thi truong. Cac hinh thirc thanh town dien tir dugc khang dinh lA can thiet, thuong mai dien to la cong cu mang tinh chitin lugc cho cac hang hang khong gia re nhu Pacific Airlines. 2.2.3.3. 123mua! veri thanh toan dien

to

123mua! dugc biet den nhu met website B2C kha tre nhung hog di:mg co hieu quA trong th&i gian qua. S6 luting don hang nam 2007 tang mph so vii nam 2006. Trung binh m61 thing nam 2006 123mua! nhAn dugc 150
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don hang, nhung den nam 2007, con s6 nay tang hcm 16 tan, dat khoang 2500 don hang/thang. MOt trong nhitng nguyen nhan ca ban de 123mua! tao dugc sirc hint thi tnrong la chitin lugc thanh toan cho viec ban hang tren website. Ban dau, dua tren nen tang khach hang cc') san tir cac tro chai truc tuyen clang trien khai, 123mua! xac dinh d6i Wong mua hang chit yeti la cac game thit sir dung the tra truac VinaGame de thanh toan tien hang. Nhung de phat trien website ban hang sau rung hum, phit hop voi chitin lugc kinh doanh, 123mua! buOc phai bet sung cac cong cu thanh toan khac. Den thang 12/2007, 123mua! dua ra 6 lua ch9n thanh toan cho khach hang bao g6m the Visa &Master, the tra truac VinaGame, the da nang Dong A, chuyen tien qua ngan hang, chuyen tien qua buu dien va giao hang - thu tien tan nai. Chirc Wang dm the tra truac VinaGame ding gi6ng nhu hinh thirc khau trir tien hang vao tai khoan cua khach. Loai hinh thanh toan nay hien van dang chiem vi tri quan trong trong cac phucmg tien thanh toan dugc sir dung. D6i voi khach hang khong tham gia tre chai cua VinaGame hay 6 dia phucmg xa, h9 thuang sir dung phucmg thirc chuyen tien qua btru dien va chuyen khoan qua ngan hang. Den thang 8/2007, 123mua! cho phep khach hang thanh toan bang the tin dung qu6c to Visa va Master. Ngay sau do, luting sir dung the tra truac VinaGame giam va chuyen sang sir dung phuang thirc thanh toan nay. Thang 10/2007, the da Wang Dong A chink thirc dugc dua vao sir dung tai website. Loai the nay ding nh4n dugc phan img tich elm trong tiled gian dau tir phia nguei sir dung. Hien tai, do lugng khach hang den vai 123mua! dai da s6 la game thu nen thanh toan bang the tra trtrac VinaGame van chiem da s6. Chi6m vi tri tit* hai sau the tra truac VinaGame la hinh thirc chuyen tien qua butt dien. Day la hinh thuc truyen th6ng va mang tinh tinh the khi thanhtoan dien tir chua ph6 bien. Khi viec thanh toan qua the Visa, Master va the da nang Dong A dugc dua vao trien khai, tS, le sir dung cac cong cu thanh toan da CO mot s6 dich chuyen hop Do nhitng phucmg thirc nay dugc img dung sau nen tS, le sir dung chua cao khi dot trong m6i twang quan tong the. Song lgi ich lau dai ma hai phuang thirc nay mang lai IA ma rung dugc pham vi khach hang tiem nang, khong chi trong nuac ma con huang ra thi tru6ng nuac ngoai trong nhitng narn 97

Bing 2.1. TS, 1g sir dyng cac hinh fink thanh twin tai 123!Mua

Ts, 1? (%)
Hinh Huh The tra truac VinaGame Chuyen khan qua ngan hang Chuyen tien qua buu dien Giao hang va lay tien The Visa va Master Card (INT) The da nang Dong A (DAB) Truck Sau INT 10/8/2007 (10/8/2007) 89,5 1,3 6,1 3,1 71,5 2,1 8,8 1,2 16,4 Sau DAB (27/10/2007) 52,2 4,2 24,1 0,4 11,8 7,3
Ngudn: Bcio cow ctia 123!mua thcing 12/2007

Diem nhan trong toan canh thucmg mai dien tir Viet Nam nam 2007 chinh la sir phat trien nhanh cua thanh town dien dr. So vOi nhimg nam truck day, thi truing thanh town dien tir 2007 da dat duac nhang cai tien lom trong viec da clang hoa cac phuang thirc thanh town, ma ring dii Wang cling cap va ling dung dich vv. Net dii mai nay c6 duqc la nha no l%rc cita cac di tuang tham gia bao gom ngued tieu dimg, ngan hang va nha cung cap hang hoa, dich vv. Tuy nhien, nam 2007 mai chi la diem khan du, thanh town dien tir van can tip tuc duy tri, day manh da phat trien hien then ding then nhanh chong khic phvc nhitng diem y6u con tin tai. Mit mang thanh town thing nhat se la ban dap yang chic cho thucmg mai dien tir Viet Nam cat canh trong nhang nam flap theo. 2.3. Chit IcS, so va dich vy chirng thyc chit ky s6 2.3.1. Tjng quan ve cis& kf, align tir va chti ky so Cling voi su phat then cua thucmg mai dien tir, cac giao dich tren giay to dan clan Chuyen sang giao dich bang 'cac thong diep dir lieu (data message). Tuy nhien, van a sir dung chimg tir dien tir (electronic documents) not rieng hay thong diep du lieu not Chung con g4p phai mit so 98

can tra nhu: xac thuc cac ben trong giao dich (identification), bao mat va phan quyen truy cap cac thong diep dir lieu (entitlements), dac biet la viec sir dung chit 14 s6 trong giao dich dien tir nham xac dinh trach nhiem cac ben trong giao dich dien tir (digital accountability). Chu 14r s6 sir dung ding nghe khea cong khai (PKI public key infrastructure) ngay cang dirge sir dung rang rai tren the giai va dugc coi la met trong nhung cong nghe tot nhat cc') kha Wang khac phpc cac van de tren trong giao dich dien tir. Vai cong nghe nay, chit ky s6 dirge coi la cong cu an toan, hieu qua va sir dung d6i von cac t6 chirc va ca nhan khi tien hanh cac giao dich dien tir. Tuy nhien, viec sir dung chir IcSr s6 doi hoi phai luu nhieu van de trong do co viec phai nam vfmg quy trinh tao lap chit ks, s6.

2.3.1.1. Chit kji so va vai tro cua chit kfi so trong giao dich dien to Chit ks, teen giiy ph6 bien nhAt la clang chit ksi vi& tay (handwritten signatures) tren giay. Ben cph nhiing van de lien quan den phap luat va hap d6ng, chit ky viet tay dugc sir dung de dam bao cac chirc nang:

Gan chit ky vai met ca nhan cu the; - The hien su cam ket cua ca nhan do von met van ban cu the; - Dam bao su toan ven dm van ban sau khi da Du Idiong dam bao cac chirc Wang tren met each hoan toan tuyet d6i, chit ky tren giay d'a va dang dugc sir dung rang rai trong cac giao dich thucmg mai va phi thuang mai. Viec nay met phan do ban chit to nhien cua viec ky tay tren giay, met phan do nhitng su kien c the dugc thuc hien de hO trg viec 14r bang tay d6i vai cac van ban quan tong nhu sir dung nhan chimg, mau giAy dac biet, du, niem phong, 14 ket ding khai... nham dam bao tinh xac thuc ciia cam ket dugc thira nhan phong khi xay ra tranh chip sau nay. coy Ban than chit ky tren giAy khongConghia gi ye mat ngon tir. Them clang, dac chi viec gia mao chit lcSr tren giay CO the dugc thut hien kha biet la trong b6i canh cong nghe hien nay. Viec sir dung va Sr nghia cita cha kSr tren giay dirge quy dinh tuy then timg nen van minh va he th6ng phap luat ciza cac ntrac. Cling vai su phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin va truyen thOng (ICT), cac giao dich dien tir ngay cang tre nen ph6 bien. Tuy nhien, han the len
-

99

nhat trong cac giao dich dien tit chinh la viec rang buec trach nhiem cita cac ben lien quan va dam bao tinh xac thuc cua cac giao dich. Chu 14 dien tir ra dai nham kSr cac van ban dien tir (thong diep dir lieu) de khac phuc cac han the ten va day manh viec sir dung cac giao dich dien tir trong rinh vuc thucmg mai va phi thucmg mai. Trong khi chit 14 truyen thong duct dimg de ky teen cac van ban bang giay thi chit 14 dien tir va chit k5 , se dugc sir dung de k51 len cac van ban so hay thong diep ar lieu qua met quy trinh Wang to nhu quy trinh kST tren giay nhung sir dung cac phucmg tien dien tir va phan mem 14 dien tir de tao ra cac chit ky dien tir. Clit kfi dien tir thuamg dugc tao lap dtrai dang tir, chu, se, ky hieu, am thanh, hinh anh hoac cac hinh thuc khac bang phucmg tien dien tir va dugc gan lien voi th6ng diep dir lieu can 14 de xac nhan nguad k5f th6ng diep dit lieu va sr chap thuan cua nguad do ai v6i nei dung thong diep dir lieu dugc k5/ 1 . Phan mem dimg a tao ra chit l'r dien tir hay con goi la chwang trinh kfl dien tir la cac chucmg trinh may tinh dugc thiet lap a hoat deng dec lap hoac thong qua cac thiet bi dien tit khac nham tao ra met chit 14 dien tir dac trung cho nguoi 14 thOng diep dir d6. 2 Chit kj5 so ve bun chat la mpt thOng diep dir lieu (file text, tap bp cac 14 to hoac met loaf thong diep dir lieu nhat dinh do phan mem 14 so sinh ra dua ten cac thuat toan nhat dinh). Cong thirc de sinh ra chit ks, se phu thuec vao ba yeu t6 dau vao: (i) ban than van ban dien tir can 14 (ii) khoa bi mat (private key) va (iii) phan mem a ks, se. Khoa bi mat dam gian co the la met mat khau (password) hoac met thong diep di/. lieu. Phan mem ks, s6 la phan mem c6 chile nang tao ra cac chit 14 se tir hai yeu t6 la van ban can k va khea bi mat va gan chit kS, so dugc tao ra v&i thong diep gtic ky s03 Thuc to cho thay cac clang dien tir h6a cua chit ky truyen thong nhu scan chit 14, pho to chit 14, danh may ten va dia chi vao trong thong diep dir lieu... khong dam bao dugc de an town cho chit kS, va nei dung van ban dugc ky vi nhirng 1S, do sau:
Dieu 21. LuSt giao dich dien tir (Viet Nam), 2005 Dieu 4, khoan 3, Lust Giao dich dien tir (Viet Nam), 2005 3 Dieu 3, muc 11, Nghi dinh 26/2007/ND-CP, ngay 15/2/2007 ye Chit ks, so & Dich vv chimg thvc chit 14 s6
2

100

WAG 41 HOC 11601.11 DIVAS

HP, 1116\ Glitic: 1 kt. C 'I - De gia mao chit 14; - Dir lieu tao chir ky khong gan duy nhat vat nguai icy;

- Dir lieu tao chit ky khong thuOc skr kiem soat cua nguoi ky; - Kho phat hien cac thay d6i d6i voi nOi dung thong diep sau khi 14; - Kho phat hien cac thay ci6i d6i vOi ban than chit 14 sau khi dakST 4

Chit ky s6 c6 the khac phuc dugc nhiing nhugc diem tren. Trong cac quy trinh ky s6 hien nay, quy trinh ph6 bien nhAt la sir dung cong nghe khoa ding khai (PKI). Theo quy trinh nay, chic 10 so la mOt clang chit ky dien ter dugc tao ra bang skr rut gon thong diep dir lieu dang can ky va ma hoa bang khoa bi mat (cita he th6ng mat ma khong d6i ximg), thong diep dir lieu dugc tao ra chinh la chir ky s6. Chit ky s6 va van ban ban au cimg yeti khod ding khai cua nguoi k5, cho phep nguoi nhan thong diep c6 the xac dinh dugc chinh xac: - Chit ky s6 dugc tao ra bang dung khoa bi mat tucmg ung voi khod ding khai trong ding mOt cap kh6a; - NOi dung thong diep dugc ky c6 dam bao tinh toan ven tir sau khi dugc ky (hay sau khi chit 14, s6 dugc tao) hay khong5. Chit ky tren giAy khOng the ap dung d6i vei cac van ban dien tir (vi du teen file word, pdf, excel...) vi trong giao dich dien tir cac ben kh8ng gap mat nhau true tiep de thkrc hien lc)", k6t, hom nth do dac thu cua cac van ban dien tir viec xac dinh va tim ra cac thay d6i trong n6i dung rAt kh6 th%rc hien. Chir ky s6 giup giai quy'et van de tren va tang cuong tinh bao mat va toan ven not dung van ban tot han nhieu lan so \Teri chit ky teen giAy. Ben canh do, chit ky s6 rAt kho gia mao nhu trong truang hop dm chit ky tren giAy va con clAu. Ban chAt cua chit ky tren giAy la phai gi6ng nhau qua cac ran ky, chinh vi th6 viec cat clan, sao chep hay 14 gia se dugc thuc hien va rAt kho bi phat hien do cac chit ky tren giAy cita mOt ngu6i phai gi6ng nhau. Tuy nhien, vOi ding nghe ky s6 m61 chit ky gin voi van ban dugc ky se hoan toan khac nhau ne'u nOi dung van ban do chi khac nhau du mOt chi ti'et nho. Han nira, viec xac thkrc mOt nguoi CO phai la chii dm chit
4

Dieu 22, Luat Giao dich dien tir (Viet Nam), 2005 Dieu 3, muc 4, Nghj dinh 26/2007/ND-CP, ngay 15/2/2007 ve Chtt14 so & Dich vu chimg thkrc chit 14 so
5

101

14 se lai co the dugc thvc hien clang va chinh xac. Voi cong ngh'e khoa ding khai, chit ky so c6 mOt s6 uu diem han so yeti chit 14 tren giay.
Bang 2.2. Nhimg uu diem cua chit 14 so so yid chit 14 tren giay D4c dam Chit lec, tren giay Cha.14 s6

CO the sir dung del von cac chimg tir & giao dich dien tir Tv &Mg hea xac thuc chi the dia chit14 Giiip xac thvc tinh nguyen ven ciia n8i dung van ban The hien cam ket del voi n'8i dung van ban CO the dugc hci trg boi cac yeu to quanhviec 14 ket
DUQ1C

Khong Khong Khong C6 Co Co

CO CO CO Co Co CO

luat phap cac nuot thira nhan

Ben canh do, xac thvc thoi giankST dien tir cling de clang han va kho gia mao han del von chit 14 bang giAy yen sir ho trg cua cac may chi luu tray ye thri gian 14 (trusted time-stamping server). Chit 14 se giit vai tre dam bao an tan cho cac giao dich dien dr. Day la yeu to quan trong nhat va la dieu kien tien guy& khi chuyen cac giao dich co gia tri 16n tren giay t6 sang giao dich tren mang, dem lai lgi the canh tranh cho cac doanh nghiep trong bei canh hOi nhap kinh th quec te. Thay vi viec truy cap mgt website, dien cac mau (form) dot hang, giao dich co sin, sau do in ra giAy va ky theo phuang thirc truyen thong rei giri dan hang qua buu dien hoac fax, viec sir dung chit 14 se cho phep nhang buac cuei cling trong quy trinh giao dich dugc thvc hien to dOng tren mang. Trong m8i truong mo cia mang Internet hien nay, khi cac giao dich lien quan den thanh toan, tai chinh va ngan hang, doanh nghiep can nhan thirc dugc tam quan trong va vai tr6 cia bao mat va an toin cling nhu quy dinh cua cac nu6c ve van de nay. Voi cac giao dich thucmg mai dien tir B2C, gia tri cac giao dich nh6, cac ca nhan thu?mg sir dung cac thong tin tren the tin dung de xac th%rc sir deng y cia minh va ding cac thong tin nay tuang duang vai "chit kr khi 102

thqc hien cac giao dich nay. Voi cac giao dich thuong mai dien tir B2B co gia tri lan, viec sir dung chit ky s6 la can thiet vi tam quan tong cua giao dich va doi hoi ve mire de bao met ding cao hon.
2.3.1.2. Sit dung chit V/ so trong giao dick dien to a. Quy trinh tao lap chit ky se;

Chinh quy trinh tao lap chit ky se dem lai nhitng loi the uu viet han so von chit ky bang tay ten giay. Chit ky so vt ban chat la met thong diep dit lieu c6 dang file text, rap hop cac ky ter hoac met loai thOng diep dir lieu dac thit do phan mem ky se sinh ra dua tren cac thuet town nhat dinh. Viec tao ra chit ky s6 phu thuec vao ba yeu to: (i) ban than van ban dien tir can ky (ii) khoa bi met (private key) va (iii) phan mem de ky se. - Van ban dien tir hay thong diep dir lieu can ky s6 la yeti t6 dau vao thin nhat de tao ra chit ky s6; do d6 cac van ban khac nhau se co chit ky s6 gin kern khac nhau; . - Kh6a bi met co the la met met khau (password) hoac met thong diep du lieu; - Phan mem ky se la phan mem co chfrc nAng tao ra cac chit ky s6 tir hai yeu to la van ban can 14, kh6a bi met va gin chit ky s6 duqc tao ra vao thong diep g6c.6 Khoa bi met va phan mem de ky s6 duqc cap cho nguari ky hoac to chfrc cita ngutii ky, gin duy nhat vai nguai nay hay to chfrc nay, do ca quan chfrng thqc dien tir cap. Twang fmg vOi khoa bi met co duy nhat met khoa cong khai (ding la met thong diep du lieu ho4c met khau) do ca quan chfmg thqc to ra cho ca nhan hay t6 chfrc sir dung khoa bi met. Kh6a cong khai duoc cong be cho cac ben lien quan ho4c mQi nguoi biet, gieng nhu dank ba dien thoai cua cac ca than va to chfrc do btru dien cong be moi nguoi sir dung IN can giao dich. Ca quan gift vai trO quan tong nhat trong viec sir dung chit ky s6 chinh la cac To chirc cung cap dich vu chfmg thqc chit ky se, trong de to chfrc cung cap dich vu chfmg thqc chit ky se quec gia (Root Certification Authority) la

Dieu 3, intic 11, Nghi djnh 26/2007/ND-CP, ngay 15/2/2007 ye Chit 14 so & Dich vp chirng thkrc chit ky s6

103

t6 chirc cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc chit ky so cho cac t6 chic cung cap dich vu chir ksi s6 ding cong. T6 chic cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc char ky
s6 quoc gia la duy nhAt. 7 Cac t6 chirc cung cAp dich vu chung thuc chit .4 s6 c6 nhi6m vu tao ra cAp khoa ding khai va bi mat va cAp chimg thu s6 cho cac thue bao (IA t6 chirc va ca nhan dang ky sir dung dich vu). Thong thuang, chimg thu s6 IA thong dip du li6u tong . do co cac nOi dung co ban nhu: Thong tin v6 ca nhan, t6 chirc ducic cAp chimg thu s6, khoa cong khai, thoi han sir dung, s6 chimg chi, chit ky st, va thong tin cila t6 chirc cAp chimg chi s6.
Hinh 2.3. Minh ho# n(ii dung ciia chimg chi

so

1. Thong tin cia to char, ca nhcin cluvc cap chung chi so

2. Khoa cong khai cria to

...........................

Bob's identifying Information: Name, Organization, Address

................................................ .... .......

char, ca nhcin claw cap chting chi so

3. Han sic dung 4. Sti cluing chi 5. Chu so ctia to chic
............

..............

cap cluing chi so (CA)

ABC Corp.'s Digital Signature and I.D. Information

Ngudn: www.verisign.com

M6t nhiOm vu quan trong cua t6 chic cung cAp dich vu chirng thuc chu ky din ti IA duy tri truc tuyen co sey dir li6u ve chimg thu s6 de cac ca nhan va t6 chirc c6 tht truy cap va sir dung trong qua trinh sir dung chit ksr
Dieu 4, lchoan 3, Nfii djnh 26/2007/ND-CP, ngay 15/2/2007 ye Chit 14 so & Djch vu chimg thvc chit 14 so

104

Hinh 2.4. Minh hoa quy trinh tau tau chting thu din tir
Bl. Ca quan cluing thuc too cap khoo cho ngtrol sit dung

B2. CQCT thong diep du lieu cluia n" dung Oi cluing chi so

...................... ...

.......

....................

CHUNG CHI SO NCH DUNG NCH DUNG

IVPi dung cluing chi so - Thong tin ye NG - Kis& cong khai - So - Hgn sir dung

B3. Rat gm goi tin nOi dung cluing chi so

NOsi dung thong chi so - Thong tin ye NG - Khoa cong khai - Se; - Hgn sir dung ...

B4. CQCT ky so vao cluing chi so xac thuc nOi dung CCS

de

RUT GQN
AIN dung rut ggn

......

KIT se)
Chit kfl dig CQCT

Ngujn: Nhom tac gia to king hgp, 2008

Quy trinh tao chimg thu dign tir cho nguari sir dung g6m b6n buac nhu sau:
BwOr 1. Ca quan chirng thuc tao ra cap khaa cong khai va bi mat cho nguili sir dung; BwOr 2. Ca quan chimg thuc tao th8ng digp nOi dung chirng chi day du cac thong tin can thi6t; Blair 3. Rut g9n cluing chi so va minh;

so vori

k57 xac nhCin bang lthoa bi mat dm

Bwor 4. Gan chir ky s6 vao thong digp chira not dung thing chi s6

de

105

tao thAnh chtimg chi so (chung chi nay ngueri slang ky biet va duqc luu tit teen website ciza nhA cung cap dich vu de cac ben lien quan c6 the sir dung trong giao clich). Viec chimg thuc chir 147 dien tir thuc chat la xac thuc cac thong tin v'e ngueri gui co dimg von cac thong tin tren chung thu dien tir hay khong, viec nay dugc thuc hien bang khoa ding khai cua chinh ca quan chung thut da cap chimg thu dien tir. Nhimg thong tin ve ngued giri va khoa cong khai da ducic ca quan chizng thuc xac nhan bang cach k y bang khoa bi mat khi cap chung chi s6. Khi ngueri nhan mu6n xac thuc cac thong tin ve ngued giri thong diep, ngued nhan se sir dung kh6a cong khai cua Ca quan chimg thuc giai ma chimg thu dien tir cim ngueri nhan hoac phan chit 14 s6 cua ca quan chimg thuc gin von chimg thu dien tir de xac thut n'Oi dung chimg thu dac biet lA khoa ding khai CO gin von ngued giri hay khong.

b. Quy trinh sir dung chic ky so cad ky cac th6ng diep at lieu De kS, mgt chimg tir dien tir, ngueri giri se sir dung kh6a bi mat va phan mem k5r dien tir ma hoa chung tir do thAnh chit kSt s6 rOi giri cho ngued nhan. Tuy nhien, ve nguyen tic, de tao dieu kien thuan lqi cho ngued nhan trong qua trinh kiem tra tinh toan yen dm not dung chimg tir va xac thuc chit Icy, ngu?ii giri co the giri kem theo thong diep da k Sr nay cling kb:5a cong khai va chimg thu dien tir cua minh hoac dia chi de truy cap chimg thu dien tir cua minh. Veri khoa cong khai va chimg thu dien tir cua ngued gui ngueri nhan se clang xac thuc ducc char 4 va nig dung thong diep.

Quy trinh tao va chimg thuc chit

4 s6 dem lai ba lqi the cho chit 14 so: - Chu 4 s6 la duy nhat d6i von timg van ban duac 4 vi yeu to dau vao 4 vi yeu t6 du vao thu hai la

thir nhat IA ban than chinh van ban do; - Chir 4 s6 la duy nhat d6i vOi chil the khoa bi mat gan von chi' the do;

- Trong truong hap can xac thuc thong tin nguad da 4 co the sir dung chimg chi so va kh6a cong khai cua ca quan chimg thuc lciem tra.

106

Hinh 2.5. Minh hoo quy trinh kir se va xac dive chit kfse
Bl. Rut on van
&ince:17 ,V bang phein mem rut gon (hash function)

B2. To chi ky so bilng khda be' &

van ban do nit gon

B3. Gel van ban goc, chi 10 so, kh6a cong khai, chung chi so cho ngueri nhan

B4. Giai ma chi 1',

s cria nguoi gui so ban khoa cong khai cluric van bdn rat

ggn 1
...........

Current Document

.. . ...... ........

WOWS/Onshore

B5. Rut gon van

ban goc nh an duvc de co van ban rat

1AFFF12CF

1111111111.110.

1AFFF12CF

ggn 2

Calculated MilD4wPrint

Match Resuli;i,

Original

B6. So sanh hai van ban rut gon thu duov de kiem tra tornh todn vfn n(11 dung

cua

Ngu6'n: Nh6m kic gia tv tang h9p va ghi cha, 2008

Quy trinh thvc hien k) so ding to dieu kien de xac thIrc chit ky s6 de Bang han so yen chit' kS, tay tren giey. Vic xac dux chit lcST ducfc thvrc hien can cu vao ba yeti t6 d'au vao gem: (i) van ban dugc ks, ; (ii) chit ksi so va (iii) khoa cong khai. Quy trinh kiem tra chit 14 se duqc phan mem thut hien va cho ket qua dung va sai. Neu dUng of, nghia van ban va chit icS, s6 la xac 107

thuc neu sai co nghla mOt trong hai yeu t6 xac thuc da bi thay doi hoac sai lech. Viec tao ra chit kST s6 c6 the do may tinh hoac cac thiet bi dien tir cam tay thuc hien, cac thiet bi nay c6 the truy cap den khoa bi mat dugc luu tai mOt vi tri bi mat trong hoac ngoai thiet bi do. Co nhieu loai chit 1c5, dien tir khac dugc sir dung h8 try. chit 14, s6 nhu the thong minh (smartcard), dau hieu sinh hoc (biometrics) va mat khAu (passwords). Lgi ich not bat that cua chit 14, s6 la giai quy& dugc viec rang buOc trach nhiem cita cac ben trong giao dich dien dr. Th8ng thuang, khi mOt ben xac nhan sit dOng y von nOi dung giao dich thong qua viec kich chuOt vao nut "I agree" hoac "Confirm" tren website; neu xay ra tranh chAp se rAt kh6 de xac minh hoac tim lai vi tri cita cac nut tren. DOng thai ding rAt kh6 xac dinh xem dO c6 phai la nut "I agrree" da dugc sir dung cho giao dich hay khong, dac biet khi cac website luon thay d6i ve nOi dung va hinh thirc. Trong cac giao dich dien tir von gia tri nho dugc thuc hien to dOng (B2C) chit kSi s6 dugc gan vao cac hoa dan dien tir (receipt) se rang buOc trach nhiem cua nguai ban va tao dugc sit tin twang cua nguai mua tot han. Cong nghe tao ra cap kh6a va chimg chi s6 dung vai tre quan tr9ng trong viec sir dung chit 1c)'1 s6, hien nay Entrust va Verisign la nhOng nha cung cap giai phap ve chit 14 s6 hang du the gioi hien nay vai ding ngh'e PKI dugc nghien ciru va phat trien lien tuc tir 1994 den nay.

2.3.1.3. Quy dinh ve chit kfi so va set dung chit IcY so trong giao dich dien to Chit 14r s6 Mn dAu dugc xay dung nam 1976, sau han 25 nam lien tuc nghien cuu va phat trien ve cong nghe va luat phap, hien nay cac qu6c gia phat trien deu da co ha tang ve cong nghe va khung phap ly dieu chinh chit 147 s6. Viec xay dung ca sOr ha fang ve chit 14 s6 dua tren cong nghe kh6a cong khai den nay da dugc trien khai rOng khap tai nhieu ntrac tren the gioi, tai mOt s6 nuac he th6ng nay dugc xay dung vai quy mo rAt lom, vi du BO Qu6c phong My da dAu to 700 trieu USD tir nam 2000 den 2005 cho rieng ha tang PKI cua minh8. Ben canh do, Hoa KS/ dua ra mOt s6 quy dinh ve sir
NguOn: Information Security Advantages and Remaining Challenges to Adoption of Public Key Infrastructure Technology, GAO, 2/2001

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dung chu 14 se nhu: Luat va chit 14 dien tir trong giao dich thuang mai quec gia va quec to (e-Sign, 2000), 1u4t ve giao dich dien tit thong nhAt (UETA), Luat ve dich vu tai chinh (Gramm Leach Billey) va luat ve loai bo cac chimg tir giAy trong giao dich cua ca quan Nha nu6c (Government Paperwork Elimination Act). Nhitng quy dinh loai nay kh8ng chi khian cac to chirc phai nhanh chong dap img cac chuAn giao dich dien tir ma con tao ra nhitng ca hOi va thach thirc. Viet Nam da- ban hanh xong Lu4t giao dich dien tir (2006), Luat cong nghe thong tin (2006) va Nghi dinh 26/2007/ND-CP ngay 15/2/2007 va Chit kSi so & Dich vu chimg thuc chit 14 se... de tirng buac dua chit kS, se vao trong cac giao dich dien Nghi dinh so 26/2007/ND-CP ngay 15/2/2007 va Chit 14 se va Dich vu chimg thuc chit kS, se la Nghi dinh hikmg clan chi fiat van de phap 1ST va cong nghe ve chit k5r dien tit, d4c Wet la chit ks, so. Nghi dinh nay quy dinh chi tit ve vi0c thira than gia tri phap 1S, dm chit ks, s6 trong cac cac giao dich dien tit (Dieu 8); thira nif4n gia tri phap 1ST dm chit lt5T so va chimg thu so cua nuorc ngoai; diau kien dam bao an town cho chit ky s6; diau kien cAp phep va hoat dOng cua cac to chirc cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc chit ky s6 va ca bien phap xirlSinhitng vi pham phaplu4t lien quan den chit ks, s6... Nghi dinh nay 11 Chuang, 73 diau, bao gem: Chuang 1: Nhang quy dinh chung (tit Dieu 1 an Dieu 7) Chuang 2: Chit 14 s6 va chimg thu se (tir Dieu 8 den Dieu 12) Chuang 3: CAp phep cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc chit ky s6 cong cong (tir Dieu 13 den 20) Chuang 4: Hoat dOng cua to chirc cung cAp dich vg chimg thuc chit 14 se cong cong (tir Dieu 21 den Dieu 28) Chuang 5: Quyan va nghla vu cua cac ben tham gia cung cAp dich vu va sir dung dich vu chimg thuc chit 14 se (tir Dieu 29 den Ditu 44) Chuang 6: Te chirc cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc chit 14 s6 chuyen dung (tit Dieu 45 an Dieu 51) Chuang 7: Cong nhan chit ks, s6, chimg thu se va hoat dOng cung cAp dich vu chimg thut chit ksT s6 nuac ngoai (tir Dieu 52 an Dieu 55) Chuang 8: T 6 chirc cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc chit ks, s6 qu6c gia (tir . Dieu 56 den Dieu 57)
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Chuang 9: Tranh chap, Ichieu nai, t6 cao, bei thuang (tir Dieu 58 den Dieu 60) Chuang 10: Thanh tra, kiem tra va xir 15T vi pham (tir Dieu 61 dn Dieu 72) Chuang 11: Dieu khoan thi hanh (Dieu 73). Dieu 1 va 2 dm Nghi dinh se 26/2007/ND-CP neu ro pham vi ap dung chit 14 se va chimg thu se; viec quan ly, cung cap va sir dung dich vu chung thuc chit kSt se dei voi co quan, t6 chirc cung cap dich vu chimg thuc chit 14 so va co quan, t6 chirc, ca nhan lua chgn sir dung chi/ 14 se va dich vu chimg thuc chit 14 so trong giao dich dien tir trong pham vi lanh the Viet Nam. Ding thai Nghi dinh cung nhan manh den chinh sach khuyen khich sir dung chit 141 dien tir (Dieu 5): "Nha nuac lchuyen khich viec sir dung chit kS, se va dich vu chimg thuc chi/ kS, so trong cac rinh vuc kink te, chinh tri, xa hOi de thitc day viec trao dei thong tin va cac giao dich qua mpg nhim nang cao nang suit lao dOng; ma rOng cac hoat Ong thuang mai; hO trg cai cach hanh chinh, tang tien ich xa hOi, nang cao chat lugng cuOc song cua nhan dan va bao dam an ninh, quec phong". Nghi dinh nay cung khang dinh chinh sach cua Nha nuac thitc day viec ung dung chi/ 14T se va phat trien dich vu chimg thuc chit 1(5, s6 thong qua nhimg du an tr9ng diem nham nang cao nhan thirc; phe bien phap luat; phat trien img dung; t6 chirc dao tao nguen nhan luc; nghien ciru, hgp tic va chuyen giao ding nghe lien quan den chi/ lqr se va dich vu chung thtrc chit ky so. Viec ban hanh Nghi dinh se 26/2007/ND-CP ngay 15/2/2007 la ca set phap 15T de cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam tien hanh trien khai dich vu cap va chung thuc chit kST so cho cac to chirc va ca nhan de c ding cu ky ket cac hgp &Ong dien tir thuan tien, an toan va phit hgp vii trinh dO quec th. Nghi dinh nay gap phap tao hanh lang phap 1S, cho mgt trong nhung hoat Ong quan tr9ng nhat tittle day giao dich dien tir, dac biet la cac giao dich dien tir gift cac t6 chirc va doanh nghiep Viet Nam trong Ca tinh vuc thuang mai va phi thuang Thuc to chimg minh viec cham tre hoac khong sir dung chi/ ky so cung ca the dem lai nhimg hau qua ding tiec cho cac to chirc trong the gioi clang nghe hien nay. Thang 8 nam 2000, gia co phieu cita Emulex Corporation
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bi tut giam 60% do mot bai bao giA tren mang. Su cc') nay c6 the da khong xay ra neu cac bai bao cua cong ty nay au dm:re 14 se, khi do moi Tee gia au co the kiem chimg ducic tinh xac thuc cua bai bao bang viec sir dung khoa ding khai cua cong ty. fly ban cila Lien hiep quec ve LuAt thucmg mai quec to (UNCITRAL) dua ra Luat mAu v6 Chit ky s6 nam 2001 (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic) lam ca sa de cac nuac xay dtmg luAt va cac van ban dieu chinh cac hoat dOng lien quan den chit 14 se. Den nay, hau het cac nuac da c6 he thong luAt hoac quy dinh dieu chinh chit ky s6, dien hinh gem: Chau Au: - Chi thi cua Hoi deng va Nghi vien Chau Au ve chit ky dien tir nam 1999 (Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures). NgoAi ra cac nuac khac cling da xay dImg luAt chit ky dien tir nhu Ao (2000), Bi (2001), CH Sec (2000), Anh (2000), Phan Lan (2003), Dire (2001), Ireland (2000), Italia (2005), Thu)/ Dien (2000) va Tay Ban Nha,(2003); Lien Bang Nga dua ra LuAt Lien bang ve Chit 14 s6 ram 2002 (Federal Law of Russian Federation about Electronic Digital Signature). Cac qu6c gia khac ding da xay dtmg luAt ve chit ky dien tir rieng hoac luAt giao dich dien tir trong do dieu chinh ye chit ky di6n tir. Di6n hinh gem co Trong Quec, Brazil (2002), Argentina (2006), An DO (2000), NewZealand (2002), Thuy Si (2003) NIA The NM" Ky (2004). Thai Lan va Singapore lA hai quec gia Chau A dien hinh da dua cac quy dinh ve chit 14 se vacs trong LuAt giao dich dien tir cua minh. LuAt Giao dich dien tir dm Singapore gem 12 Chuang, 64 Dieu. Trong da, 6 chuang (tir Chucmg 6 an Chuang 11 gem 27 dieu tir Dieu 19 den Dieu 47) va Dieu 8, 17, tong cong 29 dieu quy dinh ve Chit 14 dien tir, chit 14 se va cac van de lien quan den chit 14 se. Lust Giao dich dien tir dm Thai Lan gem 6 chuang va 46 dieu, trong do Chuang 2 gem 7 dieu duqc dAnh de dieu chinh ve chit ky dien tir. chuyen the giao dich tir giay to Chu ky s6 ro rang IA buck dOt pha sang phi giay ter hay se h6a ma van dam bao ducic cac yeu cau cua giao dich. Cac he thong luAt phap va quy dinh (king vai tro quan tong trong viec

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thira nhan gia tri phap 1S1 cua nhitng giao dich dien tir va chit 14 se. Nhimg quy dinh nhu E-Sign (H6a KS, ), Luat giao dich dien tir cac nuoc, Quy dinh ve chit kST so tac dOng truc tiep den sr phat trien cua ding nghe nay. Cac Quy dinh deu c6 mOt diem chung la thira nhan gia tri phap 1ST cita chit 14, se. Nghi dinh 26/2007 ND-CP, Dieu 8 ding quy dinh ve Gia tri phap 1y cua chit ky s6 nhu sau: "Trong truang hop phap luat quy dinh van ban can c chit kfi thi yeu cAu doi voi mOt thong diep dit lieu dugc xem la dap img neu thong diep dit lieu do chew ky biing chit kj so. Trong truang hop phap luat quy dinh van ban can duVc (tong dau dm co quan, to chirc thi yEu cAu do del vai mOt thong diep dir lieu dugc xem la dap img neu thong diep dit lieu do ctwpr ky boi chic ky so cua nguai co tham quyen theo quy dinh cua phap luat ve quan ly va sir dung con dAu va chit 14 se d6 dugc dam bao an toan theo quy dinh tai Dieu 9 Nghi dinh nay". Nhin chung, cac quec gia de'u da buac dAu xa'y dung va hoan thien khung phap 1S , dieu chinh giao dich dien tir va chit k5, dien tit. Tuy nhien, thuc trang trien khai va img dung chit 14 se trong cac giao dich dien tir con gap nhieu kho khan, co the ke ra ba kho khan lan nhAt la: han the ve tai chinh, han the ve trinh dO va han the ve cong nghe.

2.3.2. Chang &yr chit kfi di& to va dich vu cherng thirc chie kfr CO de
2.3.2.1. Su can thie't phai c dich vy chirng thuc chit ky dien to a. Su can thilt cua dich vy thing thuc chit ky dien to tien hanh cac giao dich dien tir trong ca link vtrc thucmg mai va phi thuang mai, dieu quan tong nhAt la can co nhang phucmg phap cu the de xac dinh cac ben thuc hien nhang giao dich do. Trong cac phucmg phap nay, chit 14 se sir dung cong nghe ma hoa cong khai (public key cryptography PKI) da va dang dugc sir dung rang ral trong nhiing nam gAn day. Can km a day, "chit ky dien tir" dugc hieu la cac dang du lieu dien tir dugc sir dung de xac thuc chit the 14 thong diep dir lieu, trong khi do "chit 14 se" la mOt dang chit ky dien tit cao cap sir dung cong nghe ma haa cong khai (PKI). Giao dich dien tir phe bien nhAt hien nay la qua thy dien tir va tai cac website ban hang (B2C), tuy nhien can tra 16n nhAt la cac ben tham gia khong the thus hien cat giao dich yen gia tri lan vi khong co bien phap va cong cu thuan tien, an town de xac thuc chinh xac nguai dang giao dich v6i 112

minh la ai. Cu the ham, trong cac giao dich dien tir, nguai nhan thong diep du lieu nhu dat hang, hop d6ng... can c6 ding cu de xac dinh mOt s6 yin de nhu: - Ai la nguii thvc sr giri thong diep dir lieu do. Bing chang ve then gian, dia diem giri thong diep. - Bing chung rang buOc trach nhiem cua nguai gui d6i vai thong diep do. - NOi dung dm thong diep khong bi thay d6i sau khi da ksr va trong qua trinh truy'en gin qua mang. Tir giita thap nien 70, chit 14 s6 vai ding nghe khoa ding khai da dugc sir dung a ma hoa cac thong diep da lieu. Tuy nhien, chi an trong vai nam l gin day, mOt s6 t6 chirc va cong ty mai bit au cung c ap chit 14 s6 va dich vu chimg thvc chit 14 s6 mOt cach rOng rai de cac doanh nghiep sir dung. Nhitng cong ty nay van hog dOng dOc lap voi nhau va cac chit 14 s6 cua lig khong hog Ong ket hop vOi nhau dugc vi sir dung nhitng cong nghe ma hoa lchac nhau. Tai mOt s6 nuac phat then, khi cac giao dich dien tir troy nen ph6 bien, nhu ciu giao dich voi cac d6i tac mai qua mpg doi hoi phai CO chit 14 s6. Tuy nhien, cac chimg chi so thuang van chi do mOt vai t6 chirc cung cap yea pham vi hep, gioi hart ve - virc hoat Ong (tai chinh, ngan hang, thuang mai hang hoa...) hoac giOi han ve s6 lugng cac ben tham gia (thanh vien cua hiep hOi hoac t6 chirc).
Tinh hang sau dugc phan tich nhim minh hoa six can thiet cua dich vu

chimg thvc dien tir d6i vai tit ca cac ben tham gia giao dich dien dr. Trong tinh hui:'ng nay ding ty A IA mOt nhA phan phi do nOi thAt gia dinh va van phong, cong ty B IA nhi cung cap san phim cho A. - Cong ty B nhan dugc mOt email tir Bill (giam d6c mua sim cua cong ty A) dal mua 1000 be) nOi thit do B san xuAt. - Email dugc nhan trong b6i canh hai cong ty da co quan he kinh doanh lau nay va da co them thu'An cu the gifra Bill vi giam d6c cung cap cua cong ty B. - Email dugc nhan vAo ngay 23/2/2005, hai ngay sau khi B da tang gia bO nOi thit 30%, nguyen nhan do ty gia hoi doai bien Ong, nOi thit nay dugc cong ty B san xuAt tir nguyen lieu ngoai nhap.
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- Cong ty B giao hang kem theo hoa dan yeu cau thanh toan sau 30 ngay tir ngay nhan dugc hang. - Cong ty B khong nhan dugc thanh toan dung hen va dieu tra thay A clang gap kho khan ve tai chinh, hang tieu thki cham han dkr kien. - Cong ty A neu mu6n tim cach khong chiu trach nhi'em thanh toan lo hang (thIrc t6 da dugc giao den kho dm A), va tim cach thoat khoi trach nhiem, cong ty A co the dua ra mOt s6 1S, do nhu sau: + Email dat hang chua he dugc A chinh thirc giri cho B, email ma B dua ra lam bang chung thkrc ra la do B hay ben nao do gia lap ma co. + Email dugc giri di tir may tinh cim Bill nhung do ai do truy cap trai phep vao do va lam nhu vay. + Email dugc giri di tir ngay 19/2/2005, hai ngay tnrot ngay B tang gia, do do A doi B chip nhan thanh toan vai mirc gia thap. + Email dal hang dugc giri dimg nhu ten, nhung ngay sau do Bill da giri mOt email khac hily dan dat hang, tuy nhien B khong nhan dugc email sau. + Email thvc str dugc giri nhung s6 lucmg dat hang chi co 100 b6 thay vi 1000 bO. Thkrc to CO ai do da thay di not dung email trong qua trinh truyen giri. Trong bed canh ten, hai ben da co quan he' thuang mai tir truck, kha nang giai quy6t tranh chip co the dugc thkrc hien qua thuang lugng. Tuy nhien, yen str phat trien manh me ciia Internet va cac giao dich dien ngubi mua va nguoi ban thuong them thuan tren kha nang cung cap ciia nguoi ban va kha nang thanh toan cua ngutri mua ma khong co nhung lien he hay quan he tir tnrac. Chinh nhung giao dich nay doi NM co cha ky dien tir va dich vti chimg thkrc chit ky dien dr. Do tinh chit ky thuat ciia ban than chit ky dien tit, trong khi cac loai chit ky dien tir thong thuong dugc sir dung trong cac mang dung (nOi bO doanh nghie'p, ngan hang voi khach hang, hai quan voi ca nhan, hoac trong nOi bO mOt nganh nhu visa dien dr, xuat xu dien tir...), chit IcST s6 dugc sir dung trong moi tnerng met (gicra ca nhan \fed ca nhan, t6 chirc voi to chirc, nhieu ca nhan voi nhieu t6 chirc...). Chinh vi tinh chat nay, viec sir dung chit 114

14 se dei h6i phai c6 ben trung gian thin ba dimg ra xac thuc chit kSr s6 cua cac ben tham gia. Doi voi viec sir dung chit 147 dien tir nhu van tay, giong noi, mat khau, v'Ong mac hay cac thong diep dir lieu khac de xac thut cac ca nhan hay t6 chuc, vi'ec xac thuc dugc thuc hien ben chinh ca quan hay t6 chuc ma cac dei tac do dang giao dich (vi du nhu ngan hang kiem tra chit IcS , dien tir dm khach hang, doanh nghiep kiem tra chit 14 dien tir cua nhan vien, hai quan kiem tra chit 14, dien tir cua doanh nghiep...). Viec sir dung chit ky s6 dad had phai xac dinh dugc ai dang narn gift khoa bi mat tucmg *rig voi khoa cong khai (dugc dung giai ma chit kS, s6) de tir do xac dinh danh tinh cua nguei/t6 chirc da tao ra chit 14 s6 do. Mac du c6 the dung met s6 phucmg phap de xac minh chit sit huu cua khoa cong khai, phucmg phap ph6 bien nhat hien nay la sir dung co quan chimg thuc (certification authority) de cung cap cac thong tin ve danh tinh nguad narn gift kh6a bi mat tucmg img vOi khoa cong khai dang dugc sir dung trong cac giao dich dien tir , va CO tranh nhiem tham gia giai quyet cac tranh chap phat sinh lien quan den chit ky dien tir va chit k5r se.

Vai tro cu the cila co quan chimg thuc dugc the hien ro trong mo hinh giao dich dien tir sau: "TN& het, nguoi giri thong diep du lieu dang ky vai ca quan chi:mg thuc nhan dugc met chimg chi se (electronic certificate), thuc chat la met file du lieu (dac biet) luu frit cac thong tin can thiet nhu: thong tin ve nguoi giri, khoa cong khai cua ngueyi giri... va Chit 14 se dm co quan chimg thuc va met khOa bi mat tucmg Ong 'bi kb% cong khai teen chimg chi. Khoa bi mat nay ding la met thong diep du lieu, dugc dimg ket hgp vOi phan mem 14 se de tao ra chit kS, se. Nguai giri sau khi tao ra chit ky s6 se gan vOi thong diep can gin cong vOi chimg chi se cita minh den cho nguad nhan. Nguad !than se kiem tra danh tinh cua nguari giri bang chit 14 se va khOa cong khai kern trong chimg chi s6 cua nguad girl. Bang cach nay, ngueri nhan co the xac nhan dugc nguad giri thong diep dir lieu c6 dung la nguad c6 thong tin neu trong chimg chi s6 hay khong. Deng thad ding xac thuc dugc nei dung dir lieu dugc ky co toan yen sau khi 14 hay khong."

Trong cac loaf chft kSr dien tir hien nay, chi co chit 14 se dung cong nghe khoa cong khai ke tren co the dam bao Wong duang ve chirc ming cua
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chit kS, va &Au. Do do, can phai co khung phap 1St diau chinh chir kS7 dien tir, d'ac biet la chit 14 s6. D6ng then, de cung cap va xac thvc chit ky s6 can phai CO ca quan chimg thuc cung cep dich vu chung thvc va cling can co khung phap ly diau chinh quan he phap ly gifra cac ben tham gia giao dich dien tit va ca quan chirng thuc. Dan nay, cac nuac nhu My, Dim, Nhat Ban dau da trien khai dich vv chung thuc dien tir thanh cong. Gan day nhat la NhAt Ban, von str tham gia cua B6 tai chinh, B6 Cong thuang, BO Buu chinh Vien thong a trien khai thanh cong dich vg nay. (Ngu6n: www.moj.go.ip, Bao cao ve he th6ng luat diau chinh thuang mai dien tir Nhat Ban). Tai Viet Nam, viec nhanh chong trien khai dich vu chimg thuc dien tir se g6p phan quan trong vao nang cao nang luc cong nghe thong tin, nang luc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep, d6ng thai thiic day cac giao dich dien tir.
b. Gop phOn ming cao tieing hfc cgnh tranh cua doanh nghiep va cua quoc gia

Von su phat trien khOng ngirng cua cong nghe thong tin, viec *rig dung cling nghe thong tin trong thuang mai dang ma ra nhiau ca h6i mai cho nen kinh to toen eau not chung va Viet nam not rieng. Hien nay, thuang mai dien tir da phat then math me a mOt s6 quoc gia tren the giai nhu my, Canada, EU, NhAt Ban, Singapore, Han Qu6c,... Nhiau qu6c gia da nhan thirc ducic tam quan trong cua thuang mai dien tir va dang no luc thilc day phat trien thuang mai dien tir nham nang cao hieu qua kinh doanh. Thuang mai dien tit la kat qua dm viec *rig citing cong nghe thong tin vao m9i hoat d6ng thuang mai. Dac Net, yen su phat trien nhu vu bao cua Internet da tao tin de cho viec img dung thuang mai dien tir tai cac nuac khac nhau tren the giai. Thuang mai dien tir khong nhang gitip doanh nghiep ma r6ng thi truang kinh doanh, tao ra kenh ban hang mai a xuAt khau hang boa ma con thfic day sv phat trien cua nhang nganh co lei nhuan cao va dAy nhanh su tip can cua kinh to qu6c gia vao nen kinh to s6 hoa. Trong thai dai cong nghe th6ng tin dang phat trien nhu vu bao, theo dtr bao cua nhiau chuyen gia trong anti vvc cong nghe thong tin, m6t nuac neu khong nhanh chong nam bat cong nghe va tham gia vao nen kinh to s6 thi
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trong Ichoang mOt thap kS7 nita mac do co the se bi b6 cach, troy nen co lap vai nen kinh to the gioi va kho CO the hOi nhap ductc. He tien hanh cac giao dich thucmg mai dien tir, dac biet la giao dich thuang mai dien tir qu6c te, viec sir dung chit IcS7 dien tit va chit ky s6 la dieu kien tien quyet. Hien nay, mOt s6 ntrac Cha'u Au co xu huang hp the giao dich thuang mai dien tir yeti cac nuac, cac Wing l'anh th6 lchOng c6 bien phap dam bao an town thong tin ten mang. Vi du, Amazon (website ban hang truc tuyen lan nhat the giai) khong chap nhan cac giao dich mua hang truc tuyen tir Viet Nam, va mOt s6 mrac lchac tren the giai do con nhieu rui ro ve xac that danh tinh lchach hang khi giao dich qua mpg. He cac doanh nghiep, t6 chirc va ca nhan co the tich cac tham gia thuang mai dien tir vbi cac d6i tac trong va ngoai nuac, dieu can thiet nhAt hien nay la phai CO ca quan cluing thuc chit ky dien tir lam nhiem vu cung cAp dog cu va dich vu ht; trg cac doanh nghiep, t6 chirc va ca nhan lien hanh cac giao dich dien tir. Trong b6i canh hOi nhap kinh to qu6c to hien nay, viec phat trien dich vu chimg that dien tir se g6p phan thiic day cac doanh nghiep trien khai thuang mai dien tit de tao den de cho sit phat trien kinh to Viet Nam hOi nhap vai nen kinh to the giai, rut ngAn khoang cach ve trinh dO phat tri6n kinh ye, sit tang twang kinh t cua Viet Nam vai cac ntrac tren the giai. Cu the han, viec phat trien dich vu chirng that dien tir la dieu kien de trien khai cac dich vu dien tir trong quan 1ST Nha nuac nhu Chinh phu dien tit, Hai quan dien tir, trong cung cAp dich vu y th, dao tao, tai chinh, ngan hang dien tit. Nhan thirc ducfc vai trig quan trong cua dich vu chimg thuc dien tit d6i vai sit phat trien thuang mai dien tit dAt nuac. Ngay 07/10/2004 Chinh phu co ding van s6 38/CP-CN ve viec trien khai dich vu chirng that dien tir tai Viet Nam va Chuang trinh hanh dOng cua Chinh phu that hien nghi quyet trung 'rang khoa IX tai quyet dinh 51/2004/QD-TT ngay 31/3/2004 do BO Bun chinh vien thong chit tri, ph6i hqp vai cac bO nganh CO lien quan xay dung du thao Nghi dinh cua chinh phu ve chi-1. 14 s6 va dich vu chimg thuc dien dr. BO buu chinh vien th8ng nay la BO Thong tin va Truyen thong tir nam 2004 ding da khan twang tri6n khai cac hoat dOng xay dung du thao, ph6i h9p vai cac BO Khoa hoc va Cong ngh'e, BO NOi vu, BO Cong An, BO Tu 117

 Phap, Ban ca yeu Chinh phii va Van phong Chinh phi' sop thao va da t6 chirc giai thieu cac chuyen gia nuac ngoai ve cong nghe, img dung va ha tang phap1S, cho chit 14 so va dich vu chimg thuc dien dr. c. Dap zing yeu cau an toan, bao mat trong giao dich dien Do chit 14 s6 va dich vu chung thuc dien tir la can cu de dam bao an toan cho viec truyen thOng tin tren mang, viec sir dung chit ky so va dich vu chimg thuc dien tir ma cac giao dich lien quan den tai chinh nhu ngan hang, thue, bao va nhitng giao dich yeu cAu tinh phap 1S7 cao c the dugc thuc hien qua mpg Internet khi dich vu nay dugc trien khai. Cac giao dich dien tir du giira ca nhan vai doanh nghiep (B2C) hay giira doanh nghiep vai doanh nghiep (B2B) se khong the thut su phat trien dung vai tiem nang cua no neu khong co chit 14 dien tir hay chit 14 so, dieu nay ciing de hieu nhu trong thucmg mai truyen thing, khong the co cac giao dich lon neu hai ben khong co con dAu, chit 14 va cac phuang tien dam bao vah8 tra viec ky ket cac hgp ding co gia Tuy nhien, viec phat trien dich vu chirng thuc dien tir a Viet Nam can phai dugc tien hanh sao cho phu hgp vai dieu kien kinh ye, trinh de dm ca quan quan 1ST, va nguai sir dung hien nay, dam bao tinh kha thi va dem lai MO qua thiet thuc gip phAn thirc dAy phat trien kinh te.

6 viot Nam, nhu cAu ve dich vg chimg thuc chit 14 dien tir da xuAt hien trong nhieu linh vut nhu thanh toan dien tir d6i vai cac nganh ngan
hang, hai quan dien tir, thue dien tir, cap phep dien tir cho cac hoat dOng dAu tu, thuang mai. CO the thAy dien hinh tai met so hoat (ging nhu sau: (i) Dcip zing yeu cciu v'J an toan cho cac giao dich tat chink, ngan hang dien tip Thanh toan dientir tai Viet Nam dang trong giai dop thir nghiem *rig dung, dugc su ho trg cira Ngan hang the giai vai du an "Hien dai hoa ngan hang va cac he thing thanh toan" dugc thuc hien tir Min 1997. Voi viec trien khai thanh ding giai clop I trong pham vi 5 tinh, thanh phi: Ha Nei, Hai Phong, Da Nang, CAn Tha va TP. Hi Chi Minh, Ngan hang the giai tiep truc trier' khai giai doan 2 ma ring pham vi ra toan quic. Viec trien khai thanh cong du an nay da giirp cac ngan hang Viet Nam xay dung dugc met
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ha tang cong nghe lien lien, thiic day nhanh viec phat trien cac san phem,
dich vu va tien ich ngan hang hien dai, &Ay manh thanh toan Ichong dung tien met trong nen kinh t6. Tinh den het nem 2010, thanh toan Ichong dung tien met de chiem ten 86% tong doanh s6 thanh toan ciia nen kinh te. Tnrac 2007, mOt s6 ngan hang de to trien khai dich vu thanh toan dien tit cho Ichach hang nhu Ngan hang Ngoai thucmg, Ngan hang Cong thucmg. Nhimg ngan hang nay to xay dung quy the hoat dOng cho cung img dich vu thanh toan dien tir, thuamg co dieu khoan gioi han trach nhiem cua minh khi tranh chap xay ra, vi vey chua tao dugc niem tin cho nguoi sir dung. Sau khi Chinh phi' ban hanh cac nghi dinh 26/2007/ND-CP ngay 23/2/2007 ve Giao dich dien tir trong hoat dOng tai chinh, s6 lugng giao dich dien tit da tang len nhanh chong.

He th6ng Thanh toan dien tir lien ngan hang di vao hoat dOng va timg
buac phi' song den khap cac dia ban toan quoc, giup cho cac t6 chirc tai chinh sir dung hieu qua mei ngu6n von cua minh. He th6ng dugc song toan quoc voi, Trung tam xir ly chinh (Trung tam Thanh toan Qu6c gia), Trung tam du ph6ng, 6 Trung tam khu vuc va 63 Trung tam xir 15, cep tinh (Jet tai Ngan hang Nha nu6c Chi nhanh cac tinh thanh ph6 trong Ca nuac. Den nay, he th6ng da ket not thanh toan den 94 t6 chirc tin dung voi 778 don vi thanh vien tham gia thanh toan true tiep; binh quan hang ngay, he th6ng xir 13', 80.000 giao dich yen tong doanh s6 tren 100.000 tSr ding. Tuy nhien, xet ve met an toan d6i vori cac giao dich ngan hang dien tir, cac ben tham gia chua the yen tam ve tinh bao met ding nhu xac thuc d6i tac dang giao dich dien tir vi thieu ding cu ca ban va quan tang do la chit kSr dien tir. Cong cu ph6 bien nhet dang dugc sir dung hien nay van la met kheu (PIN), mOt cong cu dugc xep hang rat thep ve tinh bao met. Thanh toan dien tir la linh we CO sr tham gia cua nhieu chi' the kinh t6 ben canh cac t6 chirc tin dung. Thanh toan dien tit doi hoi sit cong nhen ve met phap 1ST dm chit kST dien tir ding voi sit phat trien cua dich vu chimg thuc dien tir. Khi sir dung dich vu chirng thut dien tir, thong tin dugc truyen tai se dam bao tinh toan ven va tinh xac thuc. char 1c5r s6, de ben Chi khi sir dung chit ky s6 va cong nghe me He tham gia dich vu thanh toan true tuyen qua Internet moi co the yen tam thuc 119

hien cac giao dich qua Internet. Dac Wet trong bei canh cong nghe hien nay, viec sir dung dich vv chimg thvc dien tir dei voi thanh toan dien ter la rat can thiet khi se tOi pham an cap the tin dung ngay met gia tang. V6i sU trg giup cua dich vi chimg thvc dien tir, thong tin ca nhan cua khach hang cling s6 the tin dung se dugc an town han do da dugc ma h6a khi gin di dam bao an town trong qua trinh giao dich.
(ii) Chu. 19, Men to ghip day manh qua trinh Mb, khai Hai quan dien

to

Luat Hai quan ban hanh ngay 29/6/2001 da CO met s6 qui dinh ve dich vu hai quan dien tir, cu the khoan 3, Dieu 20 quy dinh: "Ngutli khai hai quan dugc sir dung hinh thfrc khai dien tir..."; Dieu 39 khuyen khich cac hoat Ong xuat nhap lchau hang h6a bang phuong thirc thuong mai dien ter. Nghi dinh 101/2001/ND-CP ngay 31/6/2001 quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh met se dieu Ichoan cua lthiit Hai quan ve thii tic Hai quan, the de kiem tra, giam sat hai quan cling khuyen khich, tao dieu kien de trien khai cac dich vi hai quan dien tir. Cu the, Dieu 7.44 quy dinh: "Nguoi khai hai quan dugc khai hai quan bang cach khai ten may tinh cua minh dugc not man may tinh voi ca quan hai quan theo quy dinh cua phap Ngoai ra, Nghi dinh cling cho pixel) chi' hang Op hop deng mua ban hoac cac giay t6 c6 gia tri phap ly twang ducmg hop deng khi khai bao hai quan, nhung voi dieu kien ngu6i dung dau doanh nghiep hoac nguoi dai dien hop phap phai xac nhan, IcSr ten dong dau ten cac giay t6 nay. Nhfing giay tir not tren CO the la cac ban chao hang, dat hang, chap nhan dugc giri qua fax, email... Dieu nay cho thay, chinh phu khuyen khich doanh nghiep tien hanh giao dich dien tir va sir dung dich vi hai quan dien tir. Tong cvc Hai quan da ban hanh cling van s6 2236/TCHQ-CNTT ngay 19/5/2003 huang can chi tiet khai bao bang phucmg tien dien tir trong khau Bang 14 he sa hai quan. Cling van Ming dAn chi tiet cac clic Hai quan thirc hien khai dien ter, Iva chon phucmg An thich hop va m6 reng khai dien tir cho cac loai hinh. Tir dau ncim 2002, Tong cvc Hai quan da ap ding thi diem khai hai quan dien tir dei voi loai hinh gia ding xuat nhap lchau tai 5 cvc Hai quan: TP. He Chi Minh, Ha Nei, Hai Pheng, Deng Nai, Binh Duang vai 3 hinh thirc: truyen s6 lieu qua mpg dien thoai tai may tinh cua Hai quan; chuyen
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dit lieu khai bao qua dia mem; khai bao tai may tinh cita ca quan Hai quan (d6i vol don vi co di'eu kien ve mat bang va trang thiet bi). Nh'am thuc hien cai each phat trien hien dai hoa hai quan giai doan 2008-2010 theo Quyet dinh 456 dm BO throng BO Tai chinh, Nganh Hai quan da chinh thirc mop rOng thi diem tha tuc hai quan dien tir (TTHQDT) tir ngay 15/12/2009. De trien khai cu the, nganh Hai quan da ban hanh cac quy trinh huang dAn nhu: Quyet dinh 2396/QD-TCHQ huang dan ye quy trinh thit tuc hai quan dien tir d6i vai hang haa xuat khan, nhap khan; Quyet dinh s6 2294/QD-TCHQ ngay 11/9/2010 huong dg.n quy trinh phitc tap hO sa hai quan thuc hien thil tuc hai quan dien tir. MO hinh mai A' dot duce nhUng bulk phat trien dang ke ve quy mO cling nhu chat lugng: Trong nom 2010, 13 Clic hai quan vai s6 lugng la 70 Chi cite da trien khai hai quan dien cung cap 3 loai hinh chinh gom kinh doanh, gia c0ng, san xuat xuAt khau va 6 loai hinh khae gOmche xuat uu tien, tarn nhap tai xuAt, xuat nhap khAu du an dau tu, xuat nhap khau tai chO, xuat nhap khau tra lai, chuyen cira khAu. S6 lugng cac doanh nghiep tham gia thuc hien thit tuc hai quan dien tir: 2,493 doanh nghiep, gap 6,2 Ian so vai nom 2009. S6 lugng tiy khai qua he th6ng hai quan dien tir dot 254.248 tag khai, gap 13,76 Ian so vai nom 2009. Tuy nhien, qua theri gian thuc hien van con nhang ton tai. Mot s6 nOi dung trong thit tuc Hai quan dien tir van con cham trien khai hoac chua the c trien khai, cac n' ii dung da trien khai mai chi tip dung vai s6 lugng doanh nghiep tham gia va dia ban tip dung con hart che. Pham mem ling dung trien khai chua dot tien di), van con phai hiOu chinh nhieu trong qua trinh trien khai. Ha tang mang va thiet bi tuy da dugc nang cap nhung chua hoan thien.

(iii) Chu k 3 dien to ghip trien khai he thOng quan ly va cdp Chung nhan xuAt xu difn to (eCoSys) Cling von viec trien khai he thOng truyen visa det may dien tir (ELVIS), trong hai nom 2006-2007, BO thuang mai (nay la BO Ging Thuang) da tich eve trien khai Ay dung he thong cap chimg nhan xuAt xir dien tir eCoSys nhu mOt trong cac dich vu cling diOn tir dau tien cita nganh thucmg Giai flop 1 cua eCoSys chit yeti tap trung vao ding tac quan 15, cac s6 lieu C/O do de t6 chirc cap C/O ten ca nuac cap. Cac to chirc cap C/O khi tham gia eCoSys khong phai cai dot phan mem rieng ma sir dung ngay phan
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m'em do BO thucmg mai nay la BO Cong Thuang, xay dung dua tren ding nghe web. D6i vai C/O do cac ph6ng quan ly xuat nhap khau cap, cac pheng c6 the cap nhat dir lieu ft-km tuy'Sn ten he thong eCoSys tai dia chi http://ecosys.mot.gov.vn . D'Sn cu6i nam 2007, BO Cong Thucmg da thu thap duoc thong tin dm khoang 700.000 b0 C/O tren pham vi ca nu6c. Giai down 2 dm eCosys bat du triSn khai tit thong 7/2006 va he tilling cap chimg nhan xuat xir dien tir eCoSys da dugc chinh thirc khai tnrcmg vao ngay 27/11/2007. DS triSn khai hoat dung nay d en m9i doanh nghiep xuat l nhap khau, cac doanh nghiep phai c6 may tinh kSt n6i Internet va trang bi thiSt bi d9c the k'et n6i voi he th6ng chung thuc dien tir caa BO thucmg mai (truac day la MOT-CA nay la MOIT-CA). D6ng th6i, doanh nghiep phai dap ang cac yeu cau tai Quyet dinh s6 018/2007/QD-BTM ngay 30/7/2007 caa BO thuong mai. (Ngu6n: Bao cao Thuang mai dien tir Viet Nam, 2007) (iv) GO tri phcip 135 czia chieng ter dien to trong cac giao dich tai chinh, ngan hang Tai Viet Nam hien nay, ding v6i su phat tri en cua thuang mai dien l chung tir dien tir dang tra nen kha ph6 bin trong giao dich gifra cac d6i tac kinh doanh &at biet 6 nhting bu6c tin tai giao kSt h9p &mg dien tir. V'S mat phap 1S, lien quan den giao dich dien tir g6m Nghi dinh Thucmg mai dien tir, Nghi dinh ve giao dich dien tir trong hoat d'Ung tai chinh da cung cap da co so. doanh nghiep c6 the sir dung chung tir dien tir trong cac giao dich thucmg mai not chung.

Tuy nhien, can c6 nhting bien phap ksi thot dam bao gia tri phap 1S, caa chimg tir dien tir trong tnr6ng hop xay ra tranh chip. Theo quy dinh tai DiSu 3, Nghi dinh v'e Giao dich dien tir trong hoat dOng tai chinh, "chung tir dien tir la thong tin &roc tao ra, giri di, nhan va kru tit bang phucmg tien dien to trong hoat dOng tai chinh. Chang to dien tir la mot hinh thirc dm thong diep dit lieu bao g6m chimg tir kt toan dien tir, chung tir thu, chi ngan sach dien tir; thong tin khai va thuc hien thu tvc hai quan dien tir, thong tin khai va thuc hien thu tvc thus dien tir, chung tir giao dich chimg khoan dien tit, bao cao tai chinh dien tit, bao cao quySt town dien flit va cac loai chung tit dien tip khac pha hop v6i tang loai giao dich theo quy dinh cua phap luat." DiSu 5, khoan 3 caa Nghi dinh nay ding quy dinh
,

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dieu kien chimg tir dien tir c6 gia tri phap 15, la "Chimg tiz dien tir phai c6 du chir ky dien tir cua nhimg nguad co trach nhiem ks, chimg tir". Dieu nay cho thy su can thiet cua dich vu chirng thuc chir Vdien tir dii von cac hoat ding trong linh vuc tai chinh, ngan hang dien tir. d. Tao co. sa phdp 1j5 khi giai guy& tranh chcip lien quan den CKDT So von cac nuac tren the gi6i, Thuong mai dien tir a Viet Nam van con trong giai down so khai, mai buac dAu dugc dua vac, ap dung 6 mgt s6 linh vuc va a mix dO don gian nhu viec xay di,mg cac trang tin quang ba va giai thieu san phAm, gioi thieu tong ty,... Mit trong nhitng nguyen nhan khien Thucmg mai dien tir chua phat tri6n dugc la do cac doanh nghiep, khach hang, to chirc va ca nhan chua tin tuong vao su an town cfta cac giao dich truc tuyen. De co the tao niem tin cho doanh nghiep va khach hang tin twang vao cac giao dich dien tir, truac het can phai co mot hanh lang phaplSr "tit", mgt quy trinh giao dich an town cho viec to chirc va thuc hien cac giao dich dien tir. Do vAy, dich vu chimg thuc dien tip IA mot trong nhftng yeu t6 quan tr9ng nhAt xac dinh dugc danh tinh cua cac doi tugng tham gia giao dich dien tir, dam bao tinh bao mat cua cac giao dich dien tir, la can cu hop phap cho viec giai guy& cac tranh chAp phat sinh trong giao dich dien tir. Vi vay, mu6n dAy manh dugc cac giao dich then tir ke ca giao dich thuong mai va giao dich phi thuong mai hay chinh phi dien tir thi viec xay d ung va phat trien dich vu chimg thuc dien tir la tat yeu.

2.3.2.2. Khcli niem, vai trci cita dich vy thing thuc chic' ky dien tit a. Khai niem dich vy Chieng thuc chi? 1g dien tit Theo Luat giao dich dien tir dm Viet nam (2005), "thing thyc chfr coign tir" la viec xac nhan co quan, to chirc, ca nhan dugc chimg thuc la nguoi 14 chit 14 dien tir. (Nguin: Dieu 4, khoan 2, Luat Giao dich dien tir, 2005). Theo d6, co quan chimg thuc chit 14 dien tir se cAp chimg thu dien tir vai co quan, t6 chirc hoac nham xac nhan hay chimg thut chft ky dien tir ca than. Ding th6i vai viec cAp chimg thu dien tit, co quan chimg thuc chit ky dien tir co nhiem vu cung cAp chucmg trinh 14 dien tir cho cac thud bao de h9 sir dung khi muon 14 vao cac van ban dien tir. Tuy nhien, can luu

(161

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day la co rat nhieu loai chir ky dien ter khac nhau, co quan chimg thuc thoZyng chi cap chimg thuc cho cac loai chit 14 dien ter an town va phi bien hien nay. Cong cu rang buOc trach nhie'm cilia ngtrai V chit V dien ter khi c6 tranh chap phat sinh chinh la "cluing thin dign tir". Viec cap chung thu dien ter chinh la boat Ong co ban nhat cita cot quan cherng thuc. Thy thuOc vao loai chit V dien tit can xac thuc va cong nghe ky dien ter, chi:mg thu dien ter se c6 nhieu hinh them khac nhau. Tuy nhien, ve co ban, "chfrng thu dign tir" la thong diep dir lieu do t6 chile cung cap dich vu chimg thuc chit ky dien ter phat hanh nhAm xac nhAn co quan, t6 chttc, ca nhan duoc chimg thuc la nguoi V chit V dien ter. (Ngu6n: Dieu 4, khoan 1 & 2, Luat Giao dich dien ter, 2005). Ben canh viec cap chimg thu dien ter, co quan chimg thuc cong la don vi cung cap cong cu de nguoi sir dung (t6 chttc hoac ca nhan) co the tien hanh ky dien ter khi can thiet. Cong cu nay thuOng IA "chucrng trinh ky din tit", day la chucmg trinh may tinh duoc thiet lap de boat Ong Oc lap hoac thOng qua thiet bi, he th6ng thong tin, chucmg trinh may tinh khac nhAm tao ra mOt chit V dien ter dac trung cho ngueti V thong diep dir lieu. (Ngu6n: Dieu 4, khoan 3, Luat giao dich dien ter, 2005). Cac loai chit V dien ter khac nhau se do cac chucmg trinh ky dien ter khac nhau tao ra. De hi'eu rO dich vu chimg thuc chit V dien ter, can phan biet ro cac loai chit V, vi dOi vai moi loai chit V dien ter khac nhau, boat Ong chimg dux chit 14 dien ter nay cling se khac nhau. Ve ban chat, moi chit V dien ter du la thong diep dir lieu. Tuy nhien hinh them va cach there tao chi ky dien ter se khac nhau, toy thuc vao loai cong ngh0 va phucmg lien duqc sir dung de tao cac chit ky dien ter. Nhin chung, "che ky din duqc tao lap duoi clang tir, chit, so, kj, hieu, am thanh hoac cac hinh them khac bang phucmg tin dien ter, gan lien hoac ket hop mOt cach 18 gic vii thong diep dir lieu, c6 kha nang xac nhan nguoi kS, thOng diep dir lieu va xac nhan su chap thuan cua nguoi do Oi vai nOi dung thong diep der lieu dtroc V. (Ngu6n: Dieu 21, khoan 1, Luat giao dich dien ter 2005). Co the phan chia thanh 2 loai chit V dien ter cot ban: loai an toan va loai Ichong an town. Nhin chung, cac quiic gia dinh nghia chit ky dien ter ttrcmg dOi giOng nhau, 15, do chinh la cac t6 chile, ca nhan sir dung cong nghe giOng nhau de tao ra cac chit ky dien ter.

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Be luat ESIGN (Electronic Signature in Global and National Trade 2001- Hoa K5r), Dieu 106 dinh nghia: Chit 14 dien tit (electronic signature) la cac tin hieu am thanh, ky hieu, qua trinh gan (V4t 15Thoac logic) voi hop deng hay Van ban va dugc thvc hien bai nguoi muen 14 vao hop deng hay van ban d6. Be luat UETA (Hoa Ks7), Dieu 2 cling quy dinh Wang to nhu ten. De hieu re cac khai niem tren, can xem xet met se loai chit 14 dien tir phe bien. Tnrac het, ve ban chat, cac chit 14 dien tir deu dugc luu ten cac phucmg tien dien tit va s6 h6a bori cac cong nghe s6 (vi du: cac 14 to 0-1 tren o ding may tinh, trong USB hoac ten the thong minh...). Diem khac biet la cac chit 14 dien tir c6 nhieu dinh clang khac nhau va dugc tao ra boi nhieu phuomg tien khac nhau, theo cac cong nghe khac nhau. Cac chit 14 dien tir thong dung gem: - Ten dm nguei ky dugc danh may vao cuei thu dien tir - Ban quet (scan) chit 14 truyen thong dugc gan v6i thong diep dien Hinh 2.6. Thiet bi to chit ky

din tir va nh4n d3ng chit ks, dign tir

Resolution: 800-1000 dpi Sampling rate: 350-400 samples/sec. Pressure resolution: 255 Interface: Serial (RS-232), USB Colour: blue, black Convenience: LC-display for real-time signature display

Ngudn: http://www.stepover.de

- Mqt day ks, tu bi mat (PIN personal identification number) de xac dinh nguoi thvc hien giao dich dien tir (vi du PIN cilia the ATM hay the tin dung) 125

- Met mat khau nguOi tao van ban sir dung de nguoi nhan co the xac dinh chinh xac nguoi tap la ai (vi mat khau de ma, chinh sira file van ban) - Mot dac diem sinh hoc cu the dm mOi ca nhan, dugc dung de xac dux ca nhan d6 (vi du van tay, \Tong mac, tieng n6i da dugc s6 h6a) - Dac biet la chit 14 s6 sir dung ding nghe PKI. Trong cac loai tren, chi co chit ky s6 la dap img day du cac dieu kien cita chit 14 died tir an toan va co the sir dung thay the cho chit ky (va &Au) truyen thOng khi khi 14 cac van ban dien tir. Cac loai chit 14 dien tit khac thus mg chi dugc sir dung han the trong not be cac doanh nghiep (vi kiem tra nhan vien) hoac trong met s6 giao dich B2C (vi du the ATM, the tin dung ngan hang cap cho khach hang). CO the thay sit khac biet re rang nhat giita chit 14 s6 va cac loai chit 14 dien tir khac: chit 14 se (cua mot t6 chirc hay ca nhan) dugc tao ra trong timg l'an 14 van ban dien tir la duy nhat, gin voi not dung cila van ban d6; mOi van ban khac nhau se tap ra cac chit ky s6 khac nhau (nhung van xac dinh duce chi' the 14 la ai tir chit 14 s6 do). Trong khi d6, cac chit ky dien tir khac la duy nhAt, gieng nhau trong cac giao dich dien tir dugc awe hien.

Theo quy dinh dm EU, trong cac lo4i chit IcS1 dien tir chi co chit ky s6 co gia tri lam bang chimg truac toa khi co tranh chap phat sinh Doi vii cac loai chit 14 dien tir thong thutmg, du dugc xac thuc boi met to chirc chimg thuc, kha nang ap dung trong cac giao dich din tir la rat thAp vi de an town thAp. Vi du, dung ban scan van tay IA chit IcS1 dien tir cho Nip ding IA met phucmg phap khong an town vi viec gia moo rat clang v6i dieu kien cong nghe hien nay. Tuang to nhu Vay, diing Ong mac, giong not hay cac mat khau cling dugc coi la cac phuong phap khong an town trong cac giao dich dien tir. Tuy nhien, cac phuang phap nay van dugc sir dung trong met s6 hoat &Ong an ninh not be trong cac to chirc. Hien nay, ding nghe PKI dugc coi la cong nghe tot nhat co the tao ra cac chit 14 dien tir dac thu (chit ky so) dam bao dugc cac yeu cau trong giao dich dien tir va dugc lust phap cac nu& thita nhan ring rai, co the lam bang chirng cho cac giao dich dien tir neu co tranh chAp phat sinh.

Nhu vay, vai tro quan tr9ng nhat khi ap dung chit ky s6 vao cac giao dich dien tir la cua to chirc chimg that. T6 chirc chimg that sir dung cac chimg chi s6 lam cong cu rang buOc khOa cong khai cua thue bao va thong tin xac thuc thue bao do (ten, dia chi...). Ban chat dm hoat dOng chung that chit ky dien tir la cap chuong trinh khoa bi mat va chimg thu dien tir cho nguoi sir dung. Nhitng hoat d'eng chinh cua dich vg chimg that chit ky dien tir gem: - Cap, gia han, tam dinh chi, phut hei, thu hei chimg thu dien - Cung cap thong tin can thiet de gill!) chimg that chit ky dien tit cua nguoi ky thong diep dit - Cung cap cac dich vu lchae lien quan den chit ky dien tir va chimg that chit ks, dien tir theo quy dinh cua phap luSt. (Nguen: Dieu 28, Lust giao dich dien tir). De co the co can cir xir ly tranh chip phat sinh lien quan den chit ky dien tit, dien hinh la chimg mink ngu6i da ky chit ks, dien tir la ai, co quan chimg that phai sir dung chirng chi se hay chimg thu dien tit. Do do, chimg thu dien tit khi cap cho nguoi dang ky phai co day dit cac nei dung can thiet de sau nay c6 the sir dung lam bang chirng. Nhitng nOi dung co ban teen chimg thu dien tit gem: - 'Thong tin ve t6 chirc cung cap dich vu chimg that chit ky dien tit. - Thong tin ye co quan, to chirc, ca nhan dugc cap chimg thu dien tit. - Se hieu cua chimg thu dien tir. - Thoi han co hieu lac cua chung thu dien - Dit lieu tit. - Chit ky dien tit cua to chirc cung cap dich vu chimg that chit - Cac han the ve trach nhiem phap ly cua chimg that chit ky dien tit. - Cac Wei dung khac theo quy dinh cua Chinh (Nguen: Dieu 29, Nei dung cua chimg thu dien tir, LuSt Giao dich dien tir) 127

a kiem tra chit ky dien tit cua nguei duqc cap chimg thu dien
ky dien tit. t6 chat cung cap dich vu

- Cac han the ve mac dich, pham vi sir dung cua chimg thu dien tit.

Nei dung quan trong nhAt trong chimg chi se hay chimg thu dien tir la /lux (5): Dit lieu de kiem tra chit 14 dien tir cua nguai dugc cap chung thu dien tir (hay khoa cong khai tucmg img voi khoa bi mat da cap cho nguiyi long 14) Dit lieu nay thong thueyng gom khoa cong khai cua nguai dugc cap chirng thu dien tir. Chinh khoa cong khai va phan m'em Kit ggn hay con dugc goi la ham barn (hash function) va phan mem 14 dien tir se la ding cu de kiem tra chit 14 dien tir cua nguai dugc cap. Khoa cong khai cua nguOi nhan ding chinh la cong cu nguiyi giri sir dung trong viec ma Ma thong diep dien tir nham dam bao tinh bao mat cila thong diep trong qua trinh giao dich. Theo d6, nguai gun se dung khoa cong khai cua nguai nhan de ma h6a thong diep truorc khi gin, nguoi nhan se la nguai duy nhAt co the giai ma thong diep khi sir dung khoa bao mat tucmg img cua minh.

Tren the OM hien nay, Verisign (met cong ty cua Hoa 1(5 ,) dugc coi IA cong ty hang dau cung cap dich vu chimg thvc chit 14 dien tir va chit 14 se, ben canh do co met se cong ty khac nhu Chambersign, Trustwise. (Ngulin: http://www.out-law.com/page-443) Chit 14 se sir dung cong nghe PKI dugc coi la met loai chit ky dien tir an toan va hien dang dugc sir dung rang raj tai nhieu quec gia tren the giOi. Tuy nhien, hien tai va trong tuang lai, ben canh cong nghe nay, con c6 met se loai chit 14 dien to khac cong dap img dugc cac yeu eau an toan va co kha nang cong se dugc sir dung rang rai. Vi v'Sy, lust cac qu6c gia deu c6 xu hu6ng quy dinh ro ve cac yeu c'au doi voi chit 14 dien tir an toan va khong rang buec cu the chit 14 d6 dugc tao ra bon cong ngh'e nao. Theo Dieu 22, khoan 1 dm lust giao dich dien tir Viet Nam: "Chit 14 dien tir dugc xem la bao dam an toan neu dugc kiem chimg bang met quy trinh kiem tra an toan do cac ben giao dich them thuan va dap img dugc cac dieu kien sau day: - Dit lieu tao chit 14 dien tir chi gin duy nhat voi nguai 14 trong bei canh dit lieu d6 dugc sir dung;

- Dit lieu tao chit 14 dien tir chi thuec sit kiem soat cua ngu6i ky tai thin diem 14; - Mgi thay doi del von chit 14 dien tir sau thai diem 14 deu c6 the bi phat hien;
128

- MQi thay d6i d6i voi not dung ciia thong diep dit lieu sau thi di6m 14 de'u c the bi phat hien." Hay theo khoan 2, Di& 22, chi/ ky dien tir da dugc t6 chirc cung cap dich vu chUng thuc chit kST dien tit chimg thuc cling dugc coi la chit ky dien tir an town. Nhu vay, chit 14 s6 IA dang dac thu cua chit ky dien tir va theo cac quy dinh ten ding dugc coi lA chit ky dien tit an toan.
Dich vy chtimg thgc chit kjr A la dich vu ca ban hien nay cUa cac ca

quan chimg thuc, ro rang la cac loai chit 14 di& tit khac dugc sir dung chu A yeu trong nOi bO tO chirc hoac doanh nghiep thutmg khOng can chimg thirc. Chi cac chir ky dien tir dugc cac t6 chirc, ca nhan sir dung trong cac giao dich voi d6i tac ben ngoai mai can su chimg thuc cua ca quan chimg thuc. Loai chit ky dien tir can su chimg thuc dm ben thin ba ph6 bin hien nay la chit ky se, do do khi not den chirng thuc chit 14 dien tir hien nay, chit yeti dugc hi6u la chUng thuc chit ky so. Theo quy dinh cila Viet Nam hien nay, "dich vu cluing thuc chit ky so" la mgt loai hinh dich vv chimg thuc chit 14 dien tit, do t6 chirc cung cap dich vu chimg thuc chir ky s6 cap. Dich vu chimg thuc chit ky s6 bao g6m: - Tao cap khOa bao g6m khoa cong khai va khem bi mat cho thue bao; - Cap, gia han, tam dimg, plwc h6i va thu 116i chimg thu s6 cua thue bao; - Duy tri trvc tuyen co so dr lieu ve chimg thu s6; - Nhitng dich vu khac co lien quan theo quy dinh. (Ngu6n: Di& 3, khoan 6, Nghi dinh 26/2007ND-CP, ngay 15/2/2007). Chit 14 s6 v6 ban chat la mot loai chit kY dien tir dac biet, viec chimg thuc chit 14 s6 khac Net kha nhiL so voi chimg thuc cac loai chit 14 dien tir thOng thuemg khac. b. Vai trO czia dich vy Chimg thuc chic 19, dien

to

Viec truyL, nhan dir lieu qua man Internet giiip thu ng& dugc khoang cach vat 15, d6i voi nguoi giri va nguai nhan dit lieu. Tuy nhien, ngay nay voi su gia tang khOng ngimg cua the lvc tOi pham may tinh thi viec truy'en, nhan dit lieu qua mang ti6'm an rat nhi6u rui ro. Do vay, viec 129

dua ra giai phap nham ngan char tOi mirc t6i da cac moi de doa den an ninh dir lieu clang dugc Tat ra tao tien de cho viec day math cac giao dich qua mang Internet. MOt trong nhitng giai phap hitu hieu nhat d6 chinh la chimg thuc dien tir va chir 4 so. Chimg thuc dien tir la hog dOng chirng thuc danh tinh nhang ngueri tham gia vao viec giri va nhan thong tin qua mang, d6ng thari, cung cap cho ho nhitng cong cu, nhimg dich vu can thiet thuc hien viec bao mat thong tin, chimg thuc ngu6n g6c va nOi dung thOng tin. He th6ng chimg thuc dien tir dugc xay dung dip ten ca s6 ha tang khod ding khai (PKI - Public Key Infrastructure) vai nen tang la mat ma khod ding khai va chit 4 s6.

Ngueti sir dung dich vti chimg thuc dien tir se dugc cac ca quan cung cap dich vu cap chimg chi s6 va mOt cap khod (khoa bi mat va khod dog khai) de c6 the tham gia sir dung chimg thuc dien tir trong cac img dung ma minh tham gia. Noi cach khac, chimg thuc dien tir c6 the dem so sanh v6i the chimg minh thu nhan dan, hay h0 chieu. Su khac nhau la or chO, the chimg minh thu nhan dan va h0 chieu la bang gib de xac minh, nhan dien mOt nguoi dung trong cuOc song thuc. Viec chimg thuc se dugc thong qua ca quan chirc nang c6 than quyen, con chimg chi s6 khong chi de xac minh con ngu6i, ma no c6 the xac mirth rat nhieu loai thuc the khac nhau (t6 chirc, ca th8ng qua moi truong ao, moi truOng Internet. Ching thuc dien tir la hoat clang khOng chi chUng thuc danh tinh nguoi hay thuc the tham gia vao viec truyen nhan thong tin qua mpg internet, ma no con thut hien viec bao mat thong tin, xac thuc ngu6n geic xuat xir va tinh town yen dm thong tin. Theo 1u'at giao dich dien tir Viet Nam, Dieu 4 khoan 2, thi Chirng thuc chit V dien tir la viec xac nhan ca quan, t6 chirc, ca nhan dugc chimg thuc IA ngu6i 4 chfr 4 dien tir. Chimg thuc dien tir ra dai nham dam bao cho an town thong tin trong moi tnrmg mpg nen no c6 day du cac chirc nang nhu: dam bao tinh xac thuc, dam bao tinh bao mat ciia thong tin, dam bao tinh town von thong tin va tinh khong the phi' nhan. Do co nhitng tinh nang nhu vay, chimg thuc dien tir dugc img dung vao rat nhieu link vuc nhu: 4 vao tai lieu dien tir 130

(trong ca linh vtrc thucmg mai va phi thuong mai), gfri nhan thu dien tir dam bao, trong giao dich thucmg mai dien tir, trong bdo ve mpg khong day WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), bdo ddm an town cho cdc dich vu web, xac thut website, xac thuc may chfr hay xac thuc phAn mem, mang rieng do VPN (Virtual Private Network)... Cdc chfi the (hay caz thug bao) sir dung dich vu chfmg thuc dien tit se dugc cdc co quan cung cap dich vu chfmg thuc dien tir CA (Certificattion Authority) cung cap met chirng chi se kern theo met cap ma khoa (gem met khoa bi mat do thue bao giu va met khOa cong khai) de 14 cho cac giao dich dien tir. Cac quec gia muen trien khai dich vu chfmg thuc dien tir can phdi xay dung hanh lang phdp 1ST phii hop, xay dung ha tAng khoa cong khai, ha tAng ky thuat deg be \raj ha tAng khoa ding khai, xay dung nguen nhan luc c6 six dung dich vu va xay dung met mo hinh t6 chfrc, met quy dir trinh dO trinh cung cap dich vu chfrng thuc dien tfr phi' hop vOi quec gia minh.

2.3.3. Diu kifn di ddm biio cho sy phdt &tin dich vu chrrng thyr CKDT

2.3.3.1. Dieu kin ve co. so. hg king cong nghe thong tin va truVen thong
Dich vu chi:mg thuc chit ky dien tir ve ban chAt la met loci giao dich dien tfr, do de de trien khai dugc dich vu nay can co nhitng dieu kin nhAt dinh ve trinh de cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong dm mOi qu6c gia va cua cdc t6 chirc, ca nhan tham gia. Chi s6 xa hei ThOng tin (Information Society Index) dugc Tap doan Dit lieu quec to IDC tap hop va cong be hang nam dugc sir dung ld met trong nhang can cir phe bien tren the giOi danh gid mire de phat trien xa hei thong tin. Nhimg tieu chi dm chi se nay c6 the dugc sir dung de danh gid dieu kin ve coy soy ha tang cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong cho giao dich dien tir not chung va cho hoat &Ong chfmg thuc chit 14 dien tir not rieng. Nhu vay, dam bao co su ha tang cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong cho dich vu chfmg thuc chit 14 dien tir, cdc dieu kin can thiet phai dap frng gem:

131

(i) Ca so ha tang may tinh: De dap *rig nhitng dieu kien nay, truac het can co ding nghiep phan cling (ca hang dien tir va linh kien may tinh) phuc vu cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong. Tieu chuan de danh gia dieu kien ve cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong thuOng bao gam ty le may grill tren dau nguai va kim ngach xuat khau hang nam cua nhimg mat hang nay. (ii) Ca sa ha tang Internet va dich vu vien thong: Dich vu Internet va vien thong la nhiing dieu kien tiep theo phai dap ilng d6 co the trien khai chimg thuc chit ky dien tir. Dieu kien nay dugc the hien a sa ltrong thue bao, t6c dO tang va s6 nguai sir dung Internet. Ve phia nha cung cap dich vu, dieu kien nay dugc the hien 6 nang luc cua cac nha cung cap thong qua thi phan, cac loai dich vu vien thong va dung lugng ket n6i Internet quac
2.3.3.2. Dib ken v". khung phcip ly e

De dich vu chimg thuc dien tit thut sr di vao cuec sang, can phai co met co sa phap lY chat the vai cac quy dinh re rang de bao dam quyen lei va trach nhiem cua cac ben khi tham gia giao dich dien tit. Truck het, can co luat va quy dinh cu the ve cac van de nhu: - Thira nhan gia tri phap ly dm chit 14 dien tir, quy dinh ve nghia vu cua nguai clang ky ding nhu ben chap nhan chit ky dien tir trong cac giao dich dien tir; Thira than gia tri phap ly cua cac chit ky sa va chimg thu so cua nu6c ngoai; - Quy dinh huang dan quy trinh hoat deng cua cac co quan chimg thuc dien tir; dieu kien cap phap va hoat Ong cita cac to chile cung cap dich vu chirng thuc chit ky s6 va ca bien phap xir lY nhimg vi pham phap luat lien quan den chit ky s6... Quy dinh cac dieu kien dam bao an toan cho chit ky
A SO.

Do dac thii dm chit 14 sa, dir c rat nhieu lgi ich nhung cling rat phirc tap ve cong nghe, trong quy dinh dia luat ding nhu cac chinh sach can dam bao !than manh den khuyen khich sir dung chit 14 so va dich vu chimg thuc chit ky sa. Dac biet khuyen khich sir dung trong cac linh vx.rc kink t, chinh tri, xa hei de thilc day viec trao dal thong tin va cac giao dich qua mang nham nang cao nang suat lao deng; ma rang cac hoat deng thuong mai; hO trg cai cach hanh chinh, tang tien ich xa hOi. 132

Song song vai xay dung khung phap 1ST an trien khai deng be ve phe bien phap luat; phat trien img dung; to chirc dao tao nguen nhan luc; nghien cim, hop tac va chuyen giao ding nghe lien quan den chit 14 se va dich vu chimg thuc chit ks, s6. Mei truemg phap luat dkr du ve chir 14 dien tir va dich vu chimg thuc chit 14 dien tir la ca sa de cac doanh nghiep lien hanh trien khai dich vu cap va chimg thuc chit 14 se cho cac t6 chirc va Ca nhan a co cong cu 14 ket cac h9p deng dien tir thuan tien, an toan va phu h9p yen trinh de quac Hoa KST Luat Giao dich dien tir tilting nhAt (Uniform Electronic Transaction Act), 1999
-

- Luat Chit ks, dien tir trong thucmg mai quec gia va quec to thong nhAt (Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act), 2000 Lien minh Chau Au (bao gom ca Bi)
-

Chi thi Thucmg mai Dien tir (Electronic Commerce Directive), 2000 Luat thuang mai dien tir (The Basic Law on Electronic Commerce) Luat Giao dich Dien tir (Electronic Transactions Act), 1998

Han Qutic
-

Singapore
-

Viet Nam - Lust Giao dich dien tir (Electronic Transactions Act), 2005

2.3.3.3. Dilu kien v'J chinh sach phat trien cua Nha nuac

De dich vu chimg thirc c6 the phat tri6n va di vao cuec song, can phai
co sr ung he ciza Nha nuac thO'ng qua cac chinh sach khuyen khich phat trien, khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep tham gia dich vu va khuyen khich khach hang sir dung. Cu the, Nha nuac can c6 chinh sach ho tra phat trien ha tang ca sa mpg Internet va vier' thong, chinh sach ho trq xay dung hanh lang phap 1S7, chinh sach ht; trg cac doanh nghiep di d'au trong rinh vuc cung cap dich vu tao lieu kien thuan lqi thuc day dich vu chimg thuc dien tir Viet Nam phat trien. 133

Tnroc het, can c6 nhang quy dinh, chinh sach cu the de trien khai dp dung char ky dien tir trong cac ca quan quan 1ST nha nuac. Dic biet, can c6 chinh sach cu the, timg buck khuyen khich trien khai sir dung chit ky dien tir trong cac giao dich dien tir nhu: - Giao dich dien tir trong nOi b0 ca quan nha nuac. - Giao dich dien tir gifra cac ca quan nha nuac von nhau. - Giao dich dien tir giira ca quan nha nuac von ca quan, t6 chirc, ca than. Teen thuc te, can CO nhimg bien phap, quy dinh va chinh sach cu the de trien khai giao dich dien tir co sir dung chir ky dien tir trong nOi b0 cac co quan nha nuac truck, tiep den trien khai doi von cac giao dich dien tir giita cac co quan nha nuac vai nhau. Tien tai, trien khai img dung chir ky dien tir va chung thut chit k5r dien tir cho t6 chirc va ca nhan khac de sir dung trong moi giao dich dien tir. Song song vai xay di:mg chinh sach, can c6 ca quan dAu m6i ve chimg thuc dien tir qu6c gia (CA root) quan 15/ chung va dua ra he thtmg cha ky dien tir th6ng nhAt trong ca nuac va phii hop von cac tieu chuAn qutic te. Ben canh do, can c6 chinh sach chimg thuc va tieu chuAn chimg thuc qu6c gia nham dam bao su thong nhAt va dO tin cay, an toan dm he thOng ding nhu thuOn tien trong trien khai, 136ng thoi, can c6 nhcmg bien phap, chinh sach cu the dAy nhanh tien dO hot &Ong dm T6 chirc cung cap dich vu chimg thuc chit ky s6 qu6c gia.

2.3.3.4. Didu kien 4 ne3i luc cira to chic set dung chrf 19') dien to
De phat trien dich vg chimg thuc dien tir, can co mOt dOi nga chuyen gia cong nghe thOng tin du manh, c6 kha nang bit kip von su phat trien cua cong nghe, ky thu4t ding nhu co kha nang thiet ke, xay dung cac img dung dap i'mg yeu cau khi trien khai dich vu chimg thuc dien tir. Yeu cAu ve than luc kh8ng chi ve chAt luong ma phai ca ve s6 luomg de c6 the trien khai ap dung chit k5, dien tir dtmg b0 tai cac t6 chirc tren ca nuac trong cac giao dich phi thucmg mai va thuang mai. Dieu nay doi h6i phai c6 cac chinh sach khuyen khich dao tao chuyen sau va rOng rai ve thucmg mai dien tir, khuyen khich irng dung cong nghe 134

thOng tin trong quan 13'T hanh chinh va kinh doanh, Ong tiled khuyen khich dao tao chuyen sau ve ung dung chit 4 dien tir. Ben canh do, can tao dieu kien thuan lgi de cac co sa dao tao t6 chirc Wien khai dao tao ngu6n nhan luc de tri'en khai hoat dOng nay. Kinh nghiem cac nuoc da trie'n khai thanh cling dich vu chirng thuc chit ky dien tit cho thAy, kho khan khi trien khai dich vu chimg thtrc dien tir va ap dung chit ky dien tir trong giao dich dien tir chinh la O. trinh dO cua dOi net can b0 chuyen trach ve hoat Ong nay trong cac t6 chirc sir dung dich vu nay. 2.3.3.5. Dib kien ve not luc cz'ta cac to chew cung cdp dich vu chicng thttc Chit 4 dien to khi dugc chinh thirc dua vao hoat Ong se CO s6 lugng to chirc va ca nhan tham gia six dung rat Win. Do dO, nOi luc cita cac co quan t6 chirc cung cAp dich vu phai dam bao dugc cac yeu cAu rat cao ve ha tang ky thuat, man Internet, ve ngu6n nhan luc... Nhin chung, cac t6 chirc tham gia cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc dien tir phai dap frng 5 dieu kien: (i) Dieu kien ye thit tuc, giAy phdp hoat dOng: Cac t6 chirc tham gia cung cAp dich vu chimg thuc chit ky dien tir phai dap tng cac dieu kien ve thit tuc nhu: (1) CO giAy phep cung cAp dich vu chtng thuc chit 4 s6; (2) CO chimg thu s6 do t6 chirc cung cAp dich vu chimg thgc chit ky s6 qu6c gia cap.

(ii) Drell k4n vs tai chinh: De dugc cap phdp hoat Ong, t6 chirc cung cAp dich vu phai dap frng nhithg dieu kien nhAt dinh ve tai chinh nhu: (a) Co dU nang luc tai chinh de thiet lap he thOng trang thiet bi ky thu4t, t6 chirc va duy trl hoat Ong phit hgp yeti quy mo cung cAp dich vu; (b) Ky quy tai mgt ngan hang hoc cam ket mua bao hiem d giai quytt cac rui ro va cac lchoan den bit co the xay ra trong qua trinh cung cAp dich vu va thanh town chi phi tiep nhan va duy tri co so dit lieu dm doanh nghiep trong truang hgp bi thu h6i giAy phdp.
(iii) Dieu kien ve nhan luc: Cac doanh nghiep phai dap img them dieu kien ve nhan ltrc nhu: (a) CO dOi ngu nhan vien ky thuat, nhan vien quan 1S1,
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diet' hanh, nhan vien quan IST an ninh va nhan vien dich vtt khach hang dap img dugc yeu eau ve chuyen mon va quy mo trien khai dich vu; khong co tien an, tien sit; (b) Nguiyi dai dien theo phap luat hieu biet phap luat ve chit 14r s6 va dich vu chting thtrc chit 14 so. (iv) Dieu kien ve ky thuat: Do dac thu cua dich vu chUng thtrc chit 14, s6,cadonhgiep (mgdieuknratchvyu. Cu the, cac doanh nghiep dang 14, tham gia cung cap dich vv nay phai thiet lap he th6ng thiet bi ky thuat dam bao cac yeu cau: (a) Luu tnz day du, chinh xac va cap nhat thong tin dia thue bao phuc vu cho viec cap chimg thu s6 thong su6t than gian chimg thu s6 c6 hieu lvc; (b) Dam bao tao cap khoa chi cho phep mOi cap khoa dugc tao ra ngAu nhien va dung mgt lan duy nhat; co tinh nang dam bao khod bi mat khong bi phat hien khi c6 khoa ding khai tuang fing; (c) HO th6ng phan ph6i khOa cho thue bao phai dam bao sit toan yen va bao mat dm cap Ichoi Trong truong hap phan ph6i khoa thong qua moi truimg mang may tinh thi he th6ng phan phoi khod phai sir dung cac giao thirc bao mat dam bao khong 10 thong tin tren dtrimg truyen. (v) Dieu kien ve kinh doanh: T6 chirc cung cap dich vu chting thvc dien tir ciing phai dap (mg cac you cau ve ca sa ha tang phuc vu kinh doanh cao han so voi cac nganh kinh doanh dich vu lchac, cu the nhu: (a) Co phucmg an ky thuat va phucmg an kinh doanh lcha thi, phit hgp voi cac quy chuan ky thuat va tieu chuan bat buOc ap dung; (b) Co cac phuang an kiem soat sr ra vao tru se; quyen troy nhap he thong, quyen ra vao noi dat thiet bi phuc vu viec cung cap dich vu chimg thvc chit 14 s6; (c) CO cac phucmg an du pheng dam bao duy tri hoat dOng an town, lien tuc va Ichic phuc khi co sit co xay ra; Nhu vay, co the thay de tham gia cung cap dich vu chimg tiurc char 14 s6, cac doanh nghiep phai dap *rig nhieu yeu cau rat cao ve tai chinh, nhan sit va ky thuat. Tuy nhien, cac yeu cau ve nhan sit va ky thuat can dugc quy dinh cu the va ro rang han nira d6i voi ti mg loai, timg cap cua t6 chirc nay. Dac biet la cac yeu cau cu the ve trang thiet bi phan cung, phan mem phuc vu cung cap dich vu chung thtrc cha 14 s6.

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* Phan tich tinh hming: KST ket hcrp ding MO tir bing email TINH HUONG DAT RA DOI VOL DOANH NGHIVP: Sau khi da c mot website vbi dcly dzi thOng tin ve cong ty, danh myc san phdm, quy cach, anh san phdm, gia ca... win de cac cong ty quan tam la gti-i thong diep quang cao ve cong ty va glen thieu website den khach hang tiem nang. Ben canh cac ngunn thong tin truyen thong, Internet kw kha nang cho cac cong ty tiep can ngudn thong tin dciy clzi, phong phic va cap nhdt tren cac Danh bg toan cdu, danh ha cong ty cica cac nu*, cac tam diem thwang mai, cac san giao dich B2B... Dtra tren cac ngudn thOng tin xdc tien thwang mai nay, cong ty tien hanh gtii Email chew hang den cac khcich hang tiem nang. Cac buck trong quy trinh giao dich sau khi del flip can vet nh an duar thong tin phan hni fir khach hang tiem nang. C AU HO!: 1. Hoi hang, dat hang qua e-mail khac gi so voi cac phuong tign truyen th6ng? 2. Hcfp ding duqc hInh thanh nhu the nao? 3. Neu c6 tranh chAp thi lAy can cu nao de chung minh da c6 hop ding mua ban? i 4. Cac dieu khoan duorc thoa thu'c n tren nhieu e-mail, tai cac than diem khac nhau thi thad diem nao claw coi la thad diem hinh thanh hop citing? 5. Giao dich qua e-mail c6 uu diem va nhugc diem gi so vii cac hinh thuc giao dich truyen th6ng? 6. Hai quan c6 chAp nh4n cac hop ding hinh thanh qua cac e-mail khong? 7. Khi khai hai quan, bo to khai can c6 hop thing thi Fay e-mail thay vao co duoc khong? 137

8. Danh may ten giam d6c va cong ty vao e-mail c6 dugc coi la chit 14, khong? 9. Hai e-mail, mot e-mail c6 cac diEu khoan vE ten hang, s6 lugng, chat lucmg va mot e-mail c6 cac diEu khoan vE gia, thoi han giao hang, phucmg thirc thanh town... co thE thay thE hap ding dugc khong? 10. Trong town 1)0 quy trinh giao dich, hay chi ra nhilng van dE can chit 3', de tranh nhfing sai sot, tranh chap c6 thE xay ra.

Cau hal on tap

1. Neu khai niEm dm hgp ding diEn tir va giao kEt hgp ding diEn tir. 2. Neu mot vai dac diEm dm hgp ding diEn tir. 3. So sanh hgp ding diEn tir vai h9p ding truyEn th6ng. 4. Neu nhimg lgi ich aim viEc sir dung hgp ding diEn tir trong thuang mai diEn tir. 5. Neu mot vai hinh thirc ki kEt hop ding diEn tir cling nhu qui trinh ki kEt hop ding diEn tir dm cac hinh thirc nay. 6. Neu cac nguyen tac ki kEt va thut hiEn hap ding diEn tir. 7. Neu cac diEu kiEn dE hgp ding diEn tir co hiEu luc. 8. H9p ding diEn tir dugc hinh thanh vao thoi diEm nao, dila diEm a dau? 9. Neu mot s6 nguin luat diEu chinh hgp ding diEn tir tai ViEt Nam. 10. So sanh cac nguin luat diEu chinh hap ding diEn tir teen thE gi6i va tai ViEt Nam. 11. Chit 14, s6 la gi? Chit 14 so co vai to nhu thE nao trong thucmg mai diEn tir ? 12. Hay neu cac nguyen tac dE sir dung chit kS, diEn ttl. 13. Hay neu qui trinh kS, kEt chu ki diEn tir. 14. So sanh cac nguin luat dieu chinh chit lq, diEn tir ten thE giai va tai ViEt Nam.

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15. Dieu kien co sa ha tang ky thu4t, phap Vr de trien khai chit ki dien

tir.
16.Hay neu mot vai hinh thirc ki ket bang chit ki dien tir tai Viet Nam. 17.Hay neu thuc trong ki ket chit ki dien tir tai Viet Nam hien nay. 18. Chimg thuc chit ki dien to la gi ? Vai tro cua chimg thut chit ki dien tir ? 19. Thanh toan dien tir la gi? Neu mot se hinh thirc thanh toan dien tir ph6 bien hien nay. 20. Neu qui trinh thanh toan bang the tin dung trong thuong mai dien 21. So sanh L/C dien tit va L/C tnlyen thong. 22. Neu mot s6 lqi ich cua viec trien khai thanh toan dien tir. 23. Neu nhcmg rui ro trong thanh toan dien tir ma nguoi tieu dimg va doanh nghiep gap phai trong qua trinh den hanh giao dich thanh toan. 24. Neu cac hinh thirc thanh toan dien tir ph6 Wen trong mo hinh thuong mai dien tir B2C tai Viet Nam. 25. Neu cac dieu kien can thiet

a tri6n khai thanh toan dien tir.

26. Neu thuc trang thanh toan dien tir tai Viet Nam hien nay. 27. Giai phap thanh toan la gi? Neu mot s6 nha cung cap giai phap thanh toan phe Wen ten the gioi va tai Viet Nam hien nay. 28. So sanh the th6ng minh v6i the tin dung truyen th6ng. Thu:at ngfr Ngfin hang thanh toan (acquring bank): ng'an hang cung cap dich vu c6 the chap nhan cac thanh toan bang the tin dung cho ngu&i ban

a ho

Giao dich khong xult trinh the (card not present transactions): giao dich thanh toan bang the tin dung ma dia diem dm nguai mua va ngu6i ban khac nhau do d6 nguoi mua khOng xuat trinh the cho nguoi ban xem The thanh town (charge card): the dung de mua sam voi han mire khong han che, toan bO s6 tien da chi tieu phai duce thanh toan hang thang 139

BOi hoin (charge bank): qua trinh theo d6 ngan hang oh nguai ban liy lai so tien da dugc chuy6n vAo tai khoan cua nguai ban va tra lai vao tai khoan tin dung cita nokri mua ne'u nguai mua chimg minh dugc viec boi hoan IA hgp 157 Vi din tir (client-side electronic wallet): vi din ter Itru tilt thong tin cua ngwofi mua tren may tinh cua nguai mua The tin dung (credit card): the thanh toan voi mOt han muc chi tieu nhit dinh, cac khoan chi tieu phai tra hang thong, chit the phai tra lAi ntu khong thanh toan h6t cac khoan dA chi tieu trong thong Ngfin hang phit hanh the (customer issuing bank): ngfin hang cung cap dich vu the tin dung cho khach hang ca than, doi khi dugc ggi la hiep hOi the tin dImg The ghi ncr (debit card): mi5t loai the thanh toan co th" chuye'n tien to tai khoan cua chit the sang tai khoan cua nguai ban Tai khoin cfia nguiri bin (Merchant Account): tai khoan ma nguai ban phai sir dung tai mot ngan hang c6 dich vu sir 15, cac thanh toan bang the Ngfin hang cfia nguai bin (merchant bank): ngan hang cung cap dich vu cho nguai ban d nguai ban co th6 chip nhin cac thanh toan bang the Giao dich sieu nho (micropayment): nhimg thanh toan qua Internet cho nhfing m6n hang c6 gia tra rat nho - tren duai mOt USD The thanh toan (payment card): thuit ngit chi cac the co Icha nang thIrc hien thanh toan thay cho tien mAt, cac loai the thanh toan phi) lien Om the tin dung, the ghi ng, the mua hang Nha cung cap dich vu thanh toan dign tar (payment processing service provider): mot to chirc trung gian thin ba thuc hien xir IST cac giao dich thanh toan din ter qua mpg M thong thanh town ngfin hang (Peer-to-peer payment system): thanh toan gift cac to chirc vCri nhau The thfing minh (smart card): mot loai the nhkra tren do c6 gin chip din ter d Itru tru cac th8ng tin ve chit the 140

The luu gia tri (stored-value card): the tix hoc the thong mink teen do luu trir cac thong tin ve s6 du cho cac dich vu dien thoai, tau dien, xe bus... Doanh nghrep gifra doanh nghiep (B2B): mo hinh thuang mai dien tit giira doanh nghiep von doanh nghiep. B2C (E tailing): m6 hinh thuong mai dien tir giira doanh nghiep viii nguari tieu dung.
-

Doanh nghrep vai nguiri lao deng (B2E): mo hinh thucmg mai dien tir gift doanh nghiep vori nguiri lao dung Ngtriri tieu dung yid doanh nghiep (C2B): mo hinh thuang mai dien tir giira nguari tieu dung van doanh nghiep Nguoi tieu thing voi ngtrel tieu dung (C2C): mo hinh thuang mai dien tir gifia nhfing nguad tieu dung vOi nhau. San giao dich (Tien tii. (Electronic marketplace): mOt website, tai do nguad mua va nguari ban g'a'p nhau, trao cfoi va giao dich ThAm dinh (authentication): la viec nh4n ra nhimg nhki clang rieng cua cac ca nhan Chung thIrc: thong diep dir lieu hay bAt dr ban ghi nao duce chirng thuc bad mot to chirc nham nhlan ra ai la nguei nam gift khOa ()1 mat hay cong khai) Haa sink : la cong nghe thAm dinh cai cho phep pha'n tich va xac dinh cac Mc diem dm con nguati nhu ngon tay, v'Ong mac, am thanh, ac diem khuon mat va khu6n ban tay. Co. quan chirng thtyc (certification authority): la ben thir ba duc lAp dang tin c4y se cung cap va quan 1S, cac chirng thuc ve an toan va cac kb:5a cong khai cho viec ma hoa th6ng diep. M4t ma: la cac ky to dugc ket not vori nhau nharn ma hoa mot thong

diep
Thong dieP dfr lieu: la th8ng tin dugc tao ra, giri, nha'ri va luu tit bang cac phucmg tien dien dr.

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SO hoa (digitalization): la cac so dugc ghep voi nhau voi (10 dai co dinh nhim rift gon nOi dung dm th8ng diep thong qua ham bam. Chic 147 so (digital signature): la mot loaf chit ky dien tir co sir dung cac so va phuong thirc ma h6a Chit ky digli tir (electric signature): la N thOng nhan dung ca nhan bao gOm chit 14 so, ma so nhan dung ca nhan (PIN), mat khAu, ma the thong minh, cac than clang sinh hoc .... Ma h6a (cryptography): la hinh thirc sir dung cac thuat town va chia kh6a de ma h6a thong diep truac khi giri va giai ma thong diep khi nhan duce. Ham bam (hash function): la thuat town de rut gon cac thong diep thanh cac con so co dO dai co dinh. Tinh toan vgn (Integrity): dam bao dit lieu la khong bi thay doi Killing the phfi nh4n( Non-repudation): khong th6 chOi b6 giao dich Nguai nom gift chfr 14 (Signature holder): la ngtthi da khai tao cha 14 c6 trong cac thong diep dir lieu hay dai dien cua ngutri 14.

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