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u4 w:dF uF4 ldA wK ULO dF
uF& ldA
U?B UC_ W d qO w 2 uF4 UEM vM
W??B? d? d?: V?u0 bLF* UC_ We uF4 e+d* s
c? u? w?U?b? u* UOF UF r:
U?' s?u?J?? W?u?F?4? WOdF WJKL*U UOHA4* lOL e a*
Ub u UK dF Ub u U s Wu4 uJ WOK
d?b?* w?M?U? V?O?? s? u?J Ub u U' v qOb U
u? U? o?4?M? v? W?U{U ULNM UI uI s
uF4 e+dLK Ub u U s U uI c u Ub
d qOe+d* v UEU UuKF* U WFU UC_ We
uF4 e+d*UC W
V?4? p? d? U?? U?b? u? h?O?c?A?? h??c
c s e+d*U Ub u hOcA WwU) uF4 e+d* d
p? W?F?U?: u?B? W?O?U?b? U?u? s? o?I??? u? d
hOcA UL w W{u* uM V4 Ub U WU hOcA
21

w?? W?O?UDd WMK UNUw w hOcA bu: s dc w


b+QU WwU) U u e+d UOKJ s 5K2 XL{
U?bb% oU4 U( cN WwU) d V4 a* U
XU+ v qL u b s b+Q l e+d*U Ub u WM' q: s
v UOU Uu*
wUb u* UOF* uF4 UEM wM `C o U u{ w
s? U??_ UN sJL w UF `{ uL f
Uu b hOcA
w.dF ldA
UF r: UC_ qI uU: s WOU U* XB
dD a* c u0 oI Uu vK
s?JL w?? U??F? WMLC WB d ULOKF bw b:
bI WU UF c qL Uu b s b+Q UNId s
U bF wzUIK fHMK wzUNM bIHU uB* wuK wzUN
wu) a* dF WOUJF UF
u& ldA
r: ud*U uOF qIM tLOEM b u4 dA* d
5O UO: d{ vu
] 5 qI r w+ tM WOU U* w UF
U?N?LOEM Uu Ww s b+QK W d lOL q:_ vK
uB b+R d cN ULNUO: tO U dC qL UD{

b+Q cN WOb U_ d+ l Uu


22

U?F? r?: u?U?I? s? W?4?U?) U?* w? t?4LK ZNM fH


UC qI W' ` u UNd UC_ qIM oKF*
U?? W? s WHR WM' s wuw ddI Uu s b+Q bF UNM
WB UbB w ULOKFK UI

b?w u?U?I? s? W?I?U4 U* hM dU4


vK hM w U: c w UNOwu aU WB
uUI s W4U) ULK UI U W q: s vu hcA dF
ozU: fL b* WFL WO WOUO( duE n:u v UMU p
iM bF
VKI U: bF
fHM n:u
wUdA jGC bF
b?: X?U?+ W??B? s? UB WOwu c l:u
d?? u?J? b?F? UNS Uu s b+Q WOHO+ U X{
s? b?+Q??K? s?d? UM: w ULO WOU+ dO UNu+ s ?C? WOwu
b X w Wb( UF qzU qb bF WwU Uu b
dF U? u? Uzd VKI n:u d vK Uu hOcA Ww
wU) dUE u*U
U?B WMN* VOD U UE s U* XB UL+
nAJK VO Ub U w t U_ WUI s w
UD t u Uu b s b+Q tOK V vu vK
23

W?O??D? t?d?? V?4? U?u? V??4? t?U?M??: b?F? v?u? s ddI


wU)

U u UOF* Ubb% w XLB X e w UFdA


bI V+d UK U% r UFdA s WK: U& c qL

WE( bb% XLB XewD U: w Wb( UUA+


Uu

WOdG UFdA
q+ Uu bb% WOHOJ t{dF bF wJOK ldAU UM wH+
w?b?* uUI s U* tOK XB U u bB c w t4* U
5?F c WOb* u_ jU{ oU vK lI Uu b s b+Q
v W' sb `dB tMJL v p w U_ v uK tOK
v?K? j?I? d?B?: WQ4* cN d u dF rK UuIF uU:
W?O?b* u_ jU{ s `dB vK uB( W' sb s .d&
(Mme Kein,1975,p.34)wb* uUI s U* hM UI

U*dK b: c dA* S wJOK dA* ZN vK Ud


? s? r?? U?u? s? b?+Q? vK h w
ddI c bw dA WD4 WOdN+ WOU UDDc UOI
(Mme Kein,1975,p.34)q:_ vK 5O s WKJA WO WM' s
b?b% XLB wJOK dA* e `C o U u{ w
dA d tu+ bF r WQ4* cN dF s UM4* U Uu WE(
u?* u?N?H?0 c? b?I? d?A* cN U?I? u?M? v? d?N?E r uU:
UuK UOFL+ wUb
24

WOdF UFdA
w_ dB* 5FdA wK ULO dF
dB* ldA
t?U?? V?u UOF* b r? U?u? d?B* dA* d?F r
U??_ U?M r d) q dbI p U?+U? U?u WE( bb
p vK WK_ s
U?O?u? b?O?u?*U? U) UF r: uUI d
V?O?U? U?U te UN UO Uu WU ddI WDK VODK
U?F? r?: uUI eK r? U?& f?H?M? dU4WMOF
q??: U?u? V?? W?U? d?+c? V?O??D?u?O?F? s? UMU U)
Uu s oI VOU VODK b r UL+5F UB
U?F? r?: d?B?* W?O?b?* u?_ u?U: b r?
v? p? U?+U? u?* U?O?F? U?F? r?: u?U?I?U bF*

h?O?c?A U WOD tMN uw oKD* dbI o VOD


W' vK wD nAJ lO:u UOK h< WB gH v Uu

v? U? v?K? U?F? WB ULOKF dB: UL+


Uu c s Uu b s b+Q bM WB gH U
U b UOF* bb% UUO UOzUB qLF Uu V WdF
wu) Uu

25

w_ ldA
s? b?+Q?? W?OHO+ UM b r? u?* w?_ l?d?A dF r
uUI s WMU U* u vu*U oKF ULO t4LK U q+ Uu b
s?? d?? _ W??' `?? b? d?? b?I? W?M?4? r?:
Uu b s b+Q bF uUI c w UNOK uBM* d_
h< VOD dO Uu dI c VOD uJ d w ddI
bOF4 w U4 v W' s uC qI WOKLF

VOIF
iF q: s bOQ WUI* UFdA iF q: s U& c U
W?Q?4? t?uJ u* ndF dA* q?L? s? fO t U vK tIH
U: c w bb' nAJ uD rKF s C WBU WO
wUb u* dUEUu* pc+ bF r Uu
bF f_U U+ UL
b?I W+u s nKc uL'U wuUI ndF VOB c d_
(Raymondes, s???b??? d??? V???D??? U????? w??
1969,p.38)

U?N?I?H? s? b?bF q: s UI U& c dF qUI* w


U_ `M U& c Q s UI c s tF oH U u
u?I( vK u UO( w U4 o vK b UO vK UJw

b?? r?N?I?? W?O?u??4? v p vK WOBcA


U?F? WU rbN sc U W4MU UO vK pB uD
d: bwS ud4O rNLL j vAc tO d id*
ud bzU tQ dF p c ruN n: WOG id* Uu
26

u?) WKK s pOU Christoffel,1982,p.266 r?uN s


V?U? s? T?U?) h?O?c?A?? c?N? rN{dF WOA d_ u4 c
rd vK dDO4 c oKI pc+ t ju{ u bF U_
UF eN UI w U_ d4 WOA
b
u* dF
b c w dA* bB qCH c
Uu b s b+QK UNO UM VOD vK 5F
w UF

U?: c w wD bI s uUI nKc p s vAc


U: c w bI V+u WI 5 dA* 5 u U UM fOK
ldAU U: c w Wb( UUA+ l vAL UFdA s4
UF WO4M w4 dI pc dI UU r4
U?F?d?A?? t?O?K? U U u U w bI V+d tI l
UC oU4 uM vK WUI*

U u UOF
s WF WU4 UNb s b+Q Uu ndF WQ4 XK
b?? W?O? WFdA UNI uUI d V?D ULK uN
q??: s? b?B? c? w XKO: w bbF qOK rNMO b'
v?M? U& q+ UU& WF v UNHOMB sJL W?Q4* cN 5LN*
UuK UOF

w WF_ dOUF* c qL
dUE u* UOF
wUb u* UOF
27

b4' u* UOF
uK) u* UOF
UbOMH s b U+ WQ4* cN uLN* UN:U w dOUF* bF U
oH c wIOI( u* s dF dOUF* c s vK dF WOG
d?O?UF* c UB s UJ q fO c UuK wb uNH* l
WF_ dOUF* c s + dF b4K d W:UH UNFOL
wU uM vK

dUE u*
U?O?F? U?S 5LN* U? 5? d?U?E u* UOL4 b?F
s? U?M? U?uK bOKI UOF* tOK oKD s? U?MN uLK b
XU+ U dUE u*U tOL4 s UM wJOMOK+ u*U tdF
vL4* cN wKOCH U uLC* w oH UOL4* c lOL WOL4
s fJ vK WF dOUF u v U l tOAL dUE
bOKI .b: ULb jI sUOF dI rK bOKI UOF* tOK oK
jK) UNKC rK wJOMOK+ u* d_ WOL4 U Yb d
c? U?M? W?O?L?4 c w Ub u dUE u* 5 iF
d?F s UuK d_ dOUF* s dO Q tQ uJO UOF*
tO XN w UI r r t t uBI* vK

dUE u*U uBI*


U4 r4 b WuO( UOKLF n:u dUE u*U bBI
d??0 b% Uu S UOF* cN U?I? f?HM VKI w eJd*
28

u?A? q?L?F? s? 5??zd? V?K?I? n?:u? s? V?OD b+Q


(Savatier (J),1968,p.89)
qLF s 5zd VKI n:u d0 U b: U4 U U
n:uU WOzUIK uB d u a* UB n:u c d0 t
W???? v?? i???M? c? U?4? r?4? u??? c?zb?M? o?zU?: l?C?
WId (Gerin) u?+b tO U U u g
w??K?I? U?A?MK wzUNM U n:u ddI vK bLF Uu s X
d+_ dL4* WOb UL_ UAM n:u WU w t vK UL

W?Odc U dF WOBF U) UB W?IO: sdA s


fH u wU) UO( UF WOUJ W UM bF YO
b eN n:u tF VKI n:u s 5U qBO tO V U
b S UU u9 U/ b WF UNK+ u9 UNMJ qLF s
p S U?O?U? w?u?? d?O hc bM U+ V _ VKI n:u
U n:u tF r bF ozU: bF UNu Ub U n:u tF
WU4 v WU nB bF d_ UC_ UdJM bJ WOKJ
5U
w?M?F? q?L?F? s? 5?zd VKI n:u uI c wMF
? u?L?K? wL( tId w t wMF U/ qFHU U b: U4
u+b ndF UM d4H c WOzUIK uB a* n:u YO ozU: lC
W?O?U?_ U?u?I?L?K X:R* n:u tQ dUE uLK Vigauraux
dNE tMJ UO U hcA VKI UIH iM fHM UOK
sb d XO* dNE0
29

dUE u* UOF UI
uLK UOF bb 5LN* WOU s UI UOF* c dF
U?+ X?: W?IU4 WOMe UI( l vAL U+ U1b:

U?OF UU
W?U? w? V?O??D? vK cF U+ bI U: c w bI d?O VD
dL4 sJL b v v r4' eN_ WOUL4' nzUu UHc
UL vK tb: bF p U UO( w dL U UO( tF
W?D?u? U?N U4 tMJL U?L?+ t??U?L?4? W?HOFC VKI Ud{
U?4JFM* WO4HM U+dK W4MU d_ fH md bM tFUw
bM' WOBF
b?I v U?OIOI

U?u? dUE u* U u{UF* dOA

dCU wMF qLF s fHM VKI UN n:u X wD


bb U p U b: UNUw
a* VKI W eN_ n:u b% WOIOI( Uu

a* n:u dG4 b WE( w b U u 5zd


n:u s ozU: lC Wub b fHM n:u dQ

qLF s
du' tO 54+_U qL; b uw
WOUJ q e tK s oOu wD U: w wLKF bI X UOU

Wzd bcU wUMB fHM od s qLF v fHM U


U?N? b?c??U? tO b qI od s VKI t?O?M Wbb(
X% u tUuI VKI UNM0 tMI wzUdNJ VKI rEM
o??d?? s?? U?4? e?+d? U?I? t?4?H? V?K?I?U? b?K?'
U?C? WOU< WOA_ bK' UON0 WOzUdNJ UbB
30

a* n:u WuKO( w U_ `$ pc WHK< u(


w?D qb WO p 5zd VKI n:u dQ qLF s
bb s qLFK ULNU 5zd VKI UI UFH ld4
WOD uKFK WO WLEM*
u?B? W?c?G?? b? o?b? f?H?M dL sJL* s `w U?U

U?N?M? d?O+ W_ dN WFC b9 WKu dH WOzUIK WOUMDw


u??O? u?U? U?L?+ U?? 5?O?U?O?4? U?Le dw hB:
bM' d* l wMOL)
W?U? b?* q?L?F? s fHM VKI UI sJL* s `w U?F

W iH od s p d d qLFK ULNU d+
b??b?? s?? U??N??F? r? W? w?u? v? r?4??K? d?(
wU)
a?* c u1 ULMO qLF VKI qE bI fJF b b: U4U

r wUb u* UOF* UI b u* uJ WU( c w


U WDu WOUMw WIdD UNKL w dL4 5zd VKI nzU
Preparation coeur poumons W??zd?? V??K??I?? r??U?? d?F?
Coste Floret,1969,p.768) wu_
d?U?E u* UOF v XN w WIU4 UI u{ w
bIU: c w dOJ wD bI u{ w UOKL UNw X w
r?N?U?+d XH:u Uc s qzU WOLKF UHR* Xb%
qCH p X:u s d bF UOK U r WOKI rNU: WO4HM
Shapiro,H.A.1982,p.11 rN4H UIK s Wb( UF qzU
31

U?O?( 5 U?D? W?U? t?u?+ b?F?? d?U?E? u?* uI sJL


`M p vMF _ wIOI u tQ tBOcA sJ1 r s u*
rNU4 u* UO( 5 q:_ vK w U4 qI UI U_
d* XU+ ULN b dI U u UOzUM

u* UO( 5 U?D WU dUE u* U v UMON


wIOI u v dU u s hcA UNO u w b* w UL
u?J? b?* t?u?I? w?:dD U u+b U4 p vK VO
U?M?? U? w uD wUb U& U w U?O?4 dOB:
U?L?+ 5??U? b U* X% vI s* UO( U sJ b: UL$
W??U?? b?? U??L??$ U?? b?? w?? b??: d??U?E? u?*
wdI
bb% U4 u s b+Q w dUE u* UOF qA U
uLK d UOF s Y s b U+ tU WE(

wU b u*
a?* c? u? U?b? u? r? U?O?F* c vK oKD
u?NE l dO_ vL4* cN wKOBH b UuK Yb( UOF*
UOF* bF r r s tO XN w UI s XL$ d dOUF
s b

U?u? w?D?G?? a* c u d_ WOL4 U Yb(


b a* c UNO U0 a* q+ qLAO l4 c wUb u*

32

w UIU tI r t t uBI* wK ULO dF


w s p tO XN

wU b u*U uBI*
f?H?M? n:u pc+ qLF s a* n:u wUb u* oKF
e bb% w U& c UB nK qLF s WOFO uB
bu c a* c u0 oI Uu d s UMN n:u a* s
u?L?K?4?* b?O?4? W?u?b? bU WwU) e+d* fHM e+d tO
l4 c ?U?+ a* U VKD s UM
u?L?K?4?* e?* a?* c? V?U?? WO< dAI qLAO
U?u b u UOF* c UB vK VKG U+
dU a* nK fHM n:u c' c VOw c a* c
b??J? V?K?I? p bF r4' eN q+ n:u r wu dA bF
du' a UdJM vKJ
w?U?L?' u??4?* v?K? u? V?D ULK WOU UOF* c bR
b?N?A?? w?U?L?' u??4?* vKF dH u4* vK d9R*
b?b% u* ndF WQ4* c WA:UM* bIF w WOLKF d9R*U
U bb w UC_ qIM U) wb d9R* d: bI tU
U?u? W?E?( b?b?% U?OF u a* nzUu wzUNM n:u
u wzUdNJ a* r UN WOJOMOK+ qzb du p oI
u?* d? Y?O? U? n?OM wLKF d9R* tO vN U fH
U Ud p U a* nzUu wzUNM U bF tQ
r? U?N? U?D b wFOD fHMK wzUIK n:u CFK
33

d9R tO vN U pc+ Fourgroux,1968 U _ wzUdNJ a*


vK b+ YO U UOUDd w bIF c WOJK* VD UOK+
U? U?N?O? u? WOzUN WHB a* nzU WU+ n:u oI u*
UuU WU( hOcA q: UNM b+Q 5F U b v d9R*
w?U?F? W??O?? X?4?O? W?uOG WU s b+Q VOD vK 5F
WO dO:UI dC4
UdD{ q WuOG V4 w quF iF UF tOK UL+
UdO bG
n?F?{ U?E?? b V4 U+ UF eN ULF b+Q
Wub b wFOD fHM
WOFOD UO( dUE uFA uF UL u b s b+Q
W?wU? a?* n?zU? s? U?UJF dR du s b+Q
a* cwKH4
wu) r4' C Ud r4' d UHc s b+Q

s? U? UU WFU WM' U?I?U? tO XN U l UC

f?H? w?U?b? u?*U? W?U?( h?OcA WMOF U du d{


w?b?O? w? U? W?O?b? W?O??D? W?O?F?L?' U?N?O? X?? W??OM
Z?O?K?) d?9R tO vN U l pc+ oH uA
u?* d?: Y?O? U? W?b?U? e?+d?* W?U?M?F? dbcK _
Uu b s b+QK WFL Udu 5F U b wUb
oH dO wu) d+ o UL nKc w
34

u?J?4?O?4d U w u* WJA uM4 wb d9R* tO vN U l


t?O WF U?OK+
U?u? t?c? U?b u s cc YO U
uLK4*e* Uu WE( bb UU

V?D? U?L?K? W?OU b bI U dH u4* vK u


WHO qL q+ n:u UbM wUHO bU u: l oH U u
qD W Vdc Ub UB UbM p U U4 bM WOU
v u*U tOK uJ U4 cN uD) WOL_ mU wdA
od s wUMDw fHM wK: UA u vK U4 c dL u
U??L?? n??d??F?? l? p?c?+ w?U?) U?F?
b4 `B UO( wUF q+ UN id* bIH w WU( tQ wKUMA
t4HM tK: UC UI UF WOUMB eN_ vK UOK+
bLF

u: l oH UL+ wu) wUMw qJA sdL4


w U4 q qLF s UU9 a* n:u du' bL
u? q?L?F? v? W?U( c w a* U sJ1 WOzUN d+ WuO
V? U? u? du' wUMB UF WIdD
s uB U4U WKU+ U WOUb Uu 5U qBO tO
V U UC uLK4*5U b WOUb Uu
tF{ - u b tUw tM uB a* u bO4 bL tO
wNM b VKI jOAM U l wUMB fHM eN vK
UNK: U?u q
X?: v?B: U UU 5 U tHzU q+
b?O?4? U?F? e?N X% id* l{ r p b WU
uLK4*
35

v?K? u? w tIHK Yb( U& U?C? bR UOF* c


t?I?H fK d: wUL' u4* vKF dH wUL' u4*
u?J? U?u? U _U ULF YU d9R w w
5OU 5F b tO du Xb b:
n?:u?? c? Q U_ rJ U?U
U?H?:u? t?4?H?M tK: n:u
tO WF
d: a* c u UOzUN

?DF tU nzU lOL XKDF


wu) tO WF n:u c U_
U w WdJ* WJ0 dUF t w wNIH lL: fK d: UL+
UNF u UF eN tL4 vK X+ c id* Q
U W s WM' d: UOzUN

DF tU nzU lOL XKDF


f?H?M?? V?K?I? U?+ tO WF qDF d 5wUB
Ud tu0 rJ sJ W+d* eN_ qFH UO LF e
tO XN U pc+ eN_ c l bF UU9 fHM VKI n:u
c U4 s U XuJU WOD uKFK WO WLEM*
`w UO( db b: dF a* c u w WMIO4 WKd v qB
u* UJ oOD U UUO: u* UJ iF tOK d& _ U(Uw

W?O?4?O?zd? e?N?_ n?:u?? v?? U?NIOD qOQ d9R* bI d_


dbM' fHM VKI r4K d_
uHG* WKOC uI p vK b4
dH u4* vK u
c bO eN s uJ U4 dFA wu bL aOA t
e?U w q+ S a* U w uu UO( X Ua* eN_
36

d?F?A w q+ vN U) c XU sJ qLFK


w?MF Ub u Q U{dI nu v UL+
U{dI UO( db id* c
w?? p?K? w? U?u? WE( s 5U bL aOA tO vN U u
WuK) tUO UN V4 UA Q UOI s U+

a* UNO eF
5U F vK U+

UBF

UOBF4

WQ4* cN 5LN* uUI U s bbF UHdF l pc+ oH


n?:u?? tQ u* d YO uMOUJU dO wUD w{UI rNM
tO V U pc+ wU) wU UA _ wzUNM
UOKF WOBF e+d* n:u v R* a* U u bOF4 UL+
UOL Uu bF U?uU: u* `B wD u* u UNKL s
tuI wu) bL p v U UL+ bOF4
b? d? b?? u? W?O?K+ a* n:u wMF aLK wzUNM u*
c? n?K?) v? q?I?M r wU_ e' n:u bO U?O?b U/
b?M?' wzUNM u* oI% a* c v qw v a*
Savatier,op.cit.p.91)
w?zU?d?N?J a* U UN WDu a* u s U_ oI
b?wd? u?I U4 a0 tKOwu r c Electro encepholograme
U?c? u?w w? W?O??B?F? U) W+d s UB wzUdNJ UAM
u?D? W??O? v?K? p? f?J?F? U?cc c XbF S WOdN+
V?K?I? q? u? q?L?F? s a* n:u wMF cN trocs plats W?L?O?I4
c?N? UF* U& Doll,op.cit.p.202)q?L?F? f?HM eN
37

V?DK U?? s? W?u?J* WOJd_ UU WM' Xd UOF*


UO Ubb% oU4 u* U tOK dN c id* dF w+
X?U?+ S? tU ddI bF WU u WF d 5F
U?& b?U?B? X?O? t? w?M?F? c?N? W?OK uH c WO
s? b?+Q d{ U??b? U?& c? UB VKD UOF* cN UF*
wUMB fHM UN n: od s p vQ UC fHM n:u
v?K? b? b?B w W+d W ozU: dA b* V:d V?O?D vK
bB r S fHMK bN Q tc n:u c id* hcA UO:
5?U? WOK+ U b: a* c wMF cN p vK b W+d
uLK4*
b? h?O?c?A? q??: q?U?J?U Udu 5F U b UL+
w qL Uu
qUJ UL
WOU dR _ WU b
ozU: 5 U b* UOFO fHM b
a* c s W4JFM* UF_ u b
d pd% bM WOb W+d u b
uLK4* U e* a* nzU n:u W:R* U_ W

c? U?BQ b w U s wKUMA UL d b:
wUb u*U b v uU: ULK s U U s U&
e+d* WUMF dbcK _ ZOK) d9R v tM WbI* W:u w p
38

Ub u WM' UOwu qL W:uMF U dDI WbU


w U c qL
uK wdA VD U
i?d?* U?d?: w??D r:UD vK WKzUN WOKLF WO4HM uGC
idLK Wd* WU( V4
WUMF w rN UH Ub u v{d0 WUMFK Uu_ l{
e+d*
w? r?N UH Ub u v{d0 WUMFK b? W?EU WHKJ
vK bzU e+d* WUMF
UNe WOdI bJ vKJ VKI q UC_ iF eM WU(
wu) sd v{d*
5LN* WOU s UOF* cN dOJ bOQ UM `C o U u{ w
UI vK dF tF wCI c d_ Uu WE( bb% WU40
tLOOI vM4O U& cN UF* U& UNN w

wU b u* UI
U??_ s? n?O?H? V?U? s? U?I wUb u* UOF dF
dO UI c r dF q: uUI U WFdA ULK
w? UNuD WU4* W:b d?E UOF* cN UF* U& UB v
u??4?* v?K? u? V?D? U?L?K? i?F UOF* c U bI b
s WuL t U0 b wUL' u4* vKF dH wUL'
hcA a lUI qObU dR

u bI d4 w VD ULK


39

? t?u vK vC c wUb u* UOF* UI


U?O d c
U??) q? U?O? u? v?K? b? U U w dL UU
U?NUA oU v UNU 5F ? bcU sJL a?LK WOBF
W?O?F?L?' d?d?I? w? U? p?c?+ d_
b? U+ U* w dB w UB_ wd' WdB*
U? u?* s? s?I?O U+ c U4 UO w b r u u*
b? v?K? b? U?w U d r? c? v?K? u?* hOcA
s? X???? U?*U? U?4S u* uK nw u WKuD dI
sJVKI Ud{ fHM UNO U0 UNK+ UO( dUE n:u wMF u*
hOcA Wb4 UHdF dN tAOF c dI s dO_ ld w
uLK4*wHD U dH VKI n:u q: u*
s?c? v?{d* bIF td uI dH u4* vK
e  Uu u4O rdbc uuI sc rNM UC_ wM r
b?G?q?LF R b WOUcM bG dL qOb R w UO a*
UB p vK UOBc

tb: tUO qK a* s e WOUcM


a* u* WID* u+udU te u tuI R s UC_
U?u?K? b?R?* Z?? b? U??H? b?? u?I?WFU'U tKL w
U?C_ U U?F? U?? `??H? W?HOF{ Ub u WOJOMOK+
W u rOEF b bL duLK4*b
cR V r4' eN s UN uC w UO( dL vK
r?O??E?F?b?? b?4?' c? w? U?O( dL vK lU: qO t vK
U?B?_ WK tO U U u uLK4*
t??U? X?B?c? b: U+ hc Q U YO U WOJd_
40

UN e bF d_ U+d duB WOUb Uu a* c u0


U?+d? w? d?_ c? l?OL d t? 5?? t?M? w?U?M?B fHM
R? s? r?+ d? d?U?E? c? v?K qO bO oK b: bF
X?9 u tuO s oOH U?MJ2 U+ rNM UC_ wM - sc v{d*
uLK4* rOEFb U( c q w UF* W:U d rN
U?u? f?O a* u wHD uHw d d?O
W?F?C s WOUb UuU tU hOcA bF iM tK: qE U4
u?* U?B b 5U qBO t U: U u lOU WFC v U
d?A? W?4?L? v? s 5u dOGw b iM VKI U: wUb
WU vL4 tUO VO dH c vL4 U0 tUO U4 Uu

5zd VKI WuO( teN lOL e UOU XO* _ UC


q?L?F? a?* w? w?zUdNJ UAM UB rCN bJ vKJ
uLK4*wHD
s w d_U WO u lL d b:
W?O?I? t?O? e r iM tK: e r b4 s UC_ eU uI
wHD UOzUM tL+U V& o(U UNK: tK d U4H qU: UOK
uLK4*
W?b? fK0 ldA uH wL4I WOuLF WOFL' X b:
c? v?L?4? U?0 v?{d* R s UC_ e Q w
w dF _ u* dJ w id* U+ u v q: W1d bF a*
Q uIU d UC_ e u* v dU R c qFHU
uLK4* wHD WKu dOB: d bF uLO U+ id*
41

dB* VFA fK0 UJA Ud: WM' XC qFHU


V?D? W?O?K?+ l? d?U uI( WOK+ t XbI c uUI dA
WuL XC UL+ wUb u* UOF0 cQ c uBM* WFU
c? u?U?I dA WdB* UFU' nKc s dB U s dO+
b? UC_ qI UOKL rOEM VFA fK u b t bI
wUb u* UOF0
u?* U?O?F?* X?N? w UI dB sJL o?? U u{ w
w wUb
a* u hO:A w QD) UL
UN bcU r a* U hOcA UOKL rEF p U
U+ dO UN' c a* u vK tM b wzUdNJ a* U
c? v? d? v?K? U?u??4 t a* p U vK pc
e+d wu e+d t bu c vK_ u4* u a* s u1
U4 dB lL4 WEIO w rJ s u4* u W+d(
J W+d( lOD4 WuO w id* qb czbM
u? v?K?_ e?' c? W?+d( e+d wu e+d u* U4
f?J?F? U?N?'U? wzUdNJ a* r UN WDu tH:u X c
U?D? s? s?J?L?? W?O??B?F? e+dLK VdI UAM a* s
a?LK v_ u4* WIOLF WOBF e+d* UA s WOU+ UuKF
W?wU?) e?+d?* fHM e+d t bu c a* c dF U u
bI wu b:UH hcA uJ tF qL U2 Wub bU
dCU wMF UN' n:u S p vK UO e W+d( vK
42

r?4?' w? r?J??? w?? W?O??B?F? e?+d?* n?zU?u? w?zU?N?M? n?:u?


(Fourgroux et P.Y.,Op.Cit.,p.86)

a* U UN WOw b vK qObK U& c UB nOC

 UN' qL vK dR b: a* n:u dO qu u v wzUdNJ


U w p WuKD* W:UDU qLF
wFOD bF* U v r4' d UHc
iU dOD rL4 WU w r sc Uc_ WU
Coste-Floret,Op.Cit.,p.798WuOG 5UB* UH_ WU

s iF d: wzUdNJ a* U UN b: w pOJA


UN' c VU d qzUu WUF d{ wUb u* UB
w bU4* qzUu c qL UOzUN a* u s b+QK p
s p aLK v_ u4* WO< dAI u U d
a* vK WOuB u WF qLF+ d VOUQ WUF od
echogrophic)

U?? U?d?? q?? W?O?J?O?M?O?K?+ d qzUu WUF d{


j?G?C? U?H?c? r?4?' q?F? d? U? bF CFK
wzUIK fHM bF wUdA
p s ?I??4? Uu WU hcA c? o?dH uJ d{
t?O?? d U4 w te XO* s uCF UBU uI c

43

a* u* Wb qzU U vK UOF* cN u{UF* VI b:


qLF e VKI i U*U WOK+ a* u vK b+R UC UNQ
c? uJ b: `Ow ULzU: U UAM iF UM wMF p _
U?O?F? U?B p v V UL+ wUMB UF eN WO iM
UA s U?FU iM uJ d U?L UM t wUb u*
uLK4*5U a* c w pc WOMF* e+d*
wIOI( u* u fO wU b u*
VD `$ u v tQ uI v wUb uLK u{UF* Vc
w?I?O?I?( u?* u? f?O? p? S? a?L?K? u UNQ WU( hOcA w
v p w bM
c? u?0 UB* b e+d* WUMF U w qLF VO
qL dL4 VKI qLF YO r4'U WuO( nzUuU kH a*
q?E? r?4?' b? d? U?B?? r?C?N 5OKJ bJ
UOFO u/ uLM 5M' UL+ b4 w UO( d UEH r4'
U???b???u??? w??? u??? r?????? U???N???c?? n??:u?? b??: t?? u??+ r??
ud* WKOC tM d U u wu)wFOD
q?+ iM VKI qL fHM dL tuI o( U aOA
U?N?' b?I? v?K? W?O?D eN_ X UO( vK qO p
s UO bF U/ UO bF U4 S WOHOu twu) wBF
u? u* _ U?O? t?O o r WOK+ tu oI% WOdA WOUM
o( U UO(
44

w? d?F bIM c vK d wUb u* UB U b:


i??M? V?K?I dL qLF s a* c n:u Uu bb%
U?/ a?* c? w? V?K?I? e+d s dDO b U?O? p uJ
WKCF U bwS uI w WOK; WOBF R v p uF
nKc W:R dH a* c s UB U n:u u VKI
5?U U?u? d?A? W4L v 5u 5 U d d U4 s
uLK4*
UL+ U_ t uI c UNM UC_ UB W' dbc
W'U UO( dL vK qO d+ 5U qBO u+b u: w
d??A??* b??c???? o??O?F? s??J??1 X??O?? U??4?? W??O??I??O?I?(
vK wUb u* UB b: uLK4*b wd'
U?O?d? U?/ W???K d?b?c? f?O? t? u?u?I? U? u?I?U? p
W?O?+d?( WO4( bIF vK qLF CF UOdL CFK
w b< W_ U WDO; UB_ w+uA qK WFU
vK e+d qJA qLF WOUb Uu s b+Q bF UN U
uLK4* 5U dU Ub
qzU WOLKF ld* tO U U u p b+R WOKLF buA
n:u WuO UNO Xb w U( iF X bI
b? 5? X?d? d bF UNuO s X:U b: qLF s aLK
tUA U UO( v id* U lOU U WFC UU
U??_ U?O?u?HOUJ wD qbMK e+d w X UL+ wFOD
v?K? W?I?u?* UNKzU uU U?O?U? X?U? U?N?Q U WU uBc
U??_ X??U? X?C _ Ub4 UC s UH
45

b? d bF b b: d dN

U?O?UMw UNUF w dL
U?Ob kIO4 b UH U_ k WF:u c s U
h Q U_ UO: bM r_ oOC U UNN vK dNE
UN s WMO V bM U bB UuFL UL+ U

UNM
W?D?? U? U?L?+ U?N?uO s UH X:U q e tK bI
c XO tQ tU XBc id WU v WOJd_ (C N.N
W? b? b?: U?O?K U hcA c U p bF a*
UOc UNUw Uu XBc lzU:u wIzU rKO WOUDd B B.C)
t?d?A U p s d+_ wHD p bF UOK U r
bzU U uMF Wd cN dF U4 U4 vK WdB* U_
t? U?? d b U4 b hcA c vb UO( v
b??J? bNF v qI
W?u??OG VOw b??J? w nOK U?Cd U+
w tF{u uU: U t d: U_ q: s tB bF WOuM*U
d? b?N?F?*U? uKUF U UbM W w uF{ uU
U nK s rN dc t uu W U u Y' b
d?F? X?M+ tuI WuOG UM tU4 U4 b dA UO

u: dw rQ lOD wMuJ q w WKFA U

w Q dF b r X/ v 4 u w qL vK
b??d?? w?? t??M? u?A?J? u?U? q? w?M?b?u? X?I? r?
U
p?O?J?A??U? U WOKLF buA c vK u* UOF UB b:
buA c Q uIU U wUDd rKOH w U( u UL+ UNO
e?+d? W?Uw s WLU jI WuO U U/ a* u0 oKF
46

w?U? u? UNQ WU( hOcA uIU U jI a*U wu


U a* u UNO b+Q b WU bu  UU

UBOcA

U+
wHD UOK
o?K?F?? XU+ UNM nA+ w WOKLF buA s bbF l:u
U?O??K? U? r a* U WO vu* UN vK XBc U
v t b w U?O?U?+ hOcA w QD v ld p Q uI
fO o dOG U4 q: s tM rM b: U* tuD) UOF* c d
w U?M?OI

U?M? d??+ U?N?F?O?L? r?4?' eN n:u 5( UE w


Uu U hOcA
UFU: O s4 U a* u0 vL4 U hOcA w
U?B? U+ ShcA U bb UOF* c WOw b vK
U?H?_ v?K? U?OF* c oOD b v u wUb u* UOF
nzU UF vK UH_ bI p uKK uM fL v
d?_b?M?' 5?G?U?? s? d?O??J? v?K uB a*
sJ1 u* hOcA+ dOD d w WwU WU WOD ozUI(U
W?MOF WdL U?uL w WU) ZzUM UL W{d uJ
wHD
d??0 u?* U?J? i?F? oOD wUb u* UOF UB d:
s? vK u* UJ WOI qOQ UC_ UB Ub u
?O? p fO r4K WO4Ozd eN_ n:u v UOU U
u?* W?I?O?I? v? r?N?4H U& c UB UML b vK U?u:

d_ bM' wUb

47

v UF tK WL s QO b
u?4??O? t?uI tK WL s QO s q e vu* UUN
d???U???J??? u??I?? t??K?? s?? f????U?? t?? t??K?? s??
t?U???4? b? U?N fO tK b: _ p U nu
uI pc U:bB ULO4 U+ ULN s tIK UH vK U:
q?J? q?F b b e tK .d?J ud
S? p?c? wI4F tK U U b
tK b: S a* n:u U s eU nI VD U+
UUF{

tO bI Uu
wQ bI w q+ XF tK WL UN b
u* uO UdI w UF nAJ tOK u UL WHUC
qLFK tU a* u sJL* s t WFU: X4O UOzUN a*
d?F? V?D? U?+ bI q: s 5zd VKI n:u l b ULK
nA+ UbM dUE u* uLK UOF

UIU d c t U

U?O?F?* c? d? 5zd VKIK UO( bOF U?? q e tK bI


5U
UJ_ Q W( c vK wUb u* UOF UB VI b:
t U*U U b: bF tS tc u0 VOw s sE WK vK vM
U?J?_ U?M? w UB: _ a* u* U?? n?A?J r v
5U `UB* s dOJ qODF tO 5IO qOB% vK
b?N? t uB s VU tO U+ VOIF c l:u
V?D q e tK ou UL q e tK bI 5IO l WOK+
u?1 q?: p b U0 WE( w a* u* UA+ w
48

u a* u 5 WKwUH dH p tc U c hcA


r4K WO4Ozd eN_ WU+
WdA UC_ w U& tOdB vK U `H U b u UOF
?G? U U: `H UL+ WO UOG lD: dUL dNE
q?I?M? U?u? WU US qOFK UOHA4* w v{d* uu U_
u UO_ s rdO v rNM UC_
a?* u? q?? i?F?? U?N?I?K?D w dOF p b+R U
w? U? U?u? Y?b? w?J?O?M?O?K?+ u?* a* c u
W?b? w? U?C?_ q?I? U?O?K?L? w? d?O?JH Wb l b UOL4
w?M? d?d?? s?J?1 i?d?L?K WU bb% UNM b w UMO4
w?d?A? u?* v?M?F? U?N?O? oI d id w UNe tzUC
d_s4

wU b u* UOF rOOI
s tO t U u{ w U& c UB UN:U w Z( u{ w
U?OF s dOJ u: Ub u UOF d uI wMMJL UI
bO+Q t rOK4 sJ1 p r t WOK+ d oU4 dUE u*
UOF

U u uJ s tU U tO XN w UI uI Uu


rJ% iM tK: e UU4 UOIDM q: UO4H rK4 sJ1  UuK
UOF* c bIM UN:U w WOKLF buA c wu: bCF U u*U tOK
pOU rOE r s qI w U* qI u*U w hc vK rJ( WOA
qJ b UN fO q e tK b: s
49

u0 rJ( bF sLd b aOA uI p vK b


uHMK qOF tM wNM d_ UJ u tHK tc n:u d: U4
w UO( tK: w iM UI l U4 vK eN sL oe q:
UOb w UBI e o(U UNK: tK d fH qU: uN tzUC
bF d w c
W?E?( b?b?% v?K? w?U?b? u?* U?O?F? b: w pOJA U
b4' u* u uLK YU UOF* wK ULO dF Uu

b&' u*
t?u?N?H* _ hBc 5?d? ? s? u?J? UOF* c UM
tO XN w UI wU hBc ULMO t sbR* tU

b&' u*U uBI*


b wKJ u*U d iF tOL4 U b4' u*U bBI
q?L?F? s? r4K WO4Ozd W eN_ WU+ n:u U& c UB
wHJ se s d bb s W+d( v UNU WKU: dO WOzUN uB
WIO: v s dH c bI r4' w WO dOG b(
(Riquet,1956,p.41) bM'
qLF s 5zd VKI n:u d0 wHJ tS UOF* cN UI

a* n:u wHJ UL+ dUE u* UOF UB p v V UL+


b? w?Ub u* UOF UB p v V UL+ qLF s
uB qLF s a* 5zd VKI W WO4Ozd eN_ n:u X
w?H?J? W?I?O?: v? 5? d?? s?e? s d FK WKU: dO
Uu b b+R r4' w WO dOG b(
50

b?+Q??K? Udu 5F U UOF* cN bR* U_ b b:


w UF c qL Uu b s
"U W UFM id* dFA czbM qLF s VKI UN n:u
W' s UOKF e_ w u l Ub v b Ub n:u s
W?{U?H?? i?d?LK b czbM qLF s fHM UN n:u
b??B?? W?+d? b?L?N? r? 5? d?O? o?O?N? w??+d?? W?O?4?H?M?
dOeK WUB XU+ w WO4Ozd c'
oDM bF id* UB czbM qLF s wBF UN' n:u
w? q?K? l WO4( WOdI U4JFM* bF 5MOF uc
WOKCF UdK UNKI W' VOKI WuFw l W CF
nu Bernard Knight,1991,p.47
WO U od s c Wb4' Uu s b+Q r
W?DO* U?4?:_ V?K?I Ud{ v ULU r4' h V
wbB wUdA iM f h wUdA iM f t
WO4HM UF U bF s b+Q
WO:b UUJF WOB UUA u b s b+Q
wzUdNJ VKI U od s VKI b UN h
a* vK WOuB u WF qL od s wBF UN' h
eN_ n:u vK WIO: 5 dAF 5 d WOM d UE
u qLFK rNOKU: b s b+QK qLF s r4K WO4Ozd W
W?' vK WO U uu p vK b4
U?F odD
wU)
51

W?F?d?A? V?D? U?L?K? i?F b4' u* UOF* c bR


dH wUL' u4* vK u uUI WO
t?M? d U0 p vK b4 w?U?L?' u4* vK wD d:
Lowrence Abel q fu d' WUzd WOUDd WOD WOFL' ddI

WFL Udu 5F UuK W Ud b YO


WIO: dA fL s d+ b* UIH) s VKI n:u
f?H?M?? l?D?: v?K? o?zU?: f?L b* wFOD UF fHM n:u
wUMDw
ozU: fL b* wzUdNJ jDc* w Ub UAM dUE bF
uA
t?Q? u?* w?H?D? u?H?w u+b d dH u4* vK
UC lOL n:u U?O? p oI b4' d W:UH0 oI
W?b? l? U?O?( d tbIH r4' d l qLF s r4' eN
w?H?D? w?dA VD V+ Ub% w b+R* u* U uN
UO( WUN tQ bM' rOd td UL+ uLK4*
U?O?( WUN u u* U*U b4' s d dc w qJ UOb
WuO( UF_ s WuL s U UN c UOb UO( w UL UOb
U?F?_ c? d?L U4 r4 UO+ kH w U?F
U?F?OL qLF
WKOM WuO( eN_ vL4 WO4Oz eN W vK bLF WuO(
bM' wBF UN' w4HM UN' b UN' s U w

52

u UOF* cN WO WFdA ULK iF bOQ vK WK_ s


lL UM wUL' u4* vKF dH u4* wUL' u4* vK
w r: t w ndA d_U WO u
V??J? v? w?u?I? _ b?NF bOL tK U+ vK r w p
U?u ndF U??? tKOC s tO VKD w d_ aO
b?O?K?I?? u?N?H?*U? e _ a* u UuK Yb( ndF wM
u?9 q: r4' UC s UH WwdH d' wDF uLK
n?d?F? s? wuI _ bNF UJ U U v fK: vN b:
u?* b? w? WONIH WOdA uBMK tM UH wGM uLK
t?I?H? V??+ v?? w? W?b?* Y??? c w u uM vK tU
uLK fK: d: 5 Y c w U vK U w
n:u s r4K WuO( W eN_ n:u d{ d b4'
ndA d_ u UF qU: dO UH:u

5?b?I??* U?N?I?H? U?M `C bB c w tIH V+ dIU


s? Y?b?( t?I?H? i?F? pc+ UOF* c vK uFL UJ
u*tuI u* d YO weG bU u WF 5bI* UNIH
w? d? U?C?_ q?+ U?N?K?+ U?C?_ U?B?I?? s? U
s b d b s UNdB UDI u* vMF UN WKLF4*
u? W?F pc+ weG t W uJ
? U?O?( U?C? t? u WOHO+ u* WuI vK s bL tK b
U?D?I? l? t?U?? t?O UFL ULNM wuO( r4' dF
U?I??D?M? ? t?O??H dH dB uc dB b t4H
wK s UBM  tOb: uI
53

b? t? U?N?A? o U VU Yb( w tIH s


d UDM bO WKOC uI bd wUb u* UOF UI
t?M? d? d? s? p? t?O?MF U0 UO( W:UH UN Uu w wNIH
s? r?4?' e?N? l?O?L? f?H?M?? n?:u tOMO u td
U bdUDM qLF
fK u UOF* cN uUI U iF wM vK WK_ s
n:u tQ u* d YO w UB dB* Wb
c? w?M?e? b?*U? t?zUC r4' eN UO( dUE lOL' wc
u u* sJ jI WO WF: fO u* WOMH WOD d) dI
tO WOUL WU WOuU: WF: WOM WIOI UC

w?d' wzU:u VD rK uD l tuI wU) U td UL+


WOUMDw Wzd wUMDw fHM WDu UF bc WN s
n?:u?? U?4? U? dI wJ dC s `w WOU WN s
W?O?4?H?M?? W?H?O?u? w UOK WdC W nzUu WF b
W+d qL WU UNM WHO UI WU wH WO4HM WOb WLEM*
fH uwU) bF X1 r w t dF V id*U
w?M?F? q?L?F s a* n:u tuI sb d bL tO V U
w?zU?I?K?? n?:u a* U u0 w WOIOI( UuU WOIOI( Uu
sb d r4' eN_

b&' u* UOF UI
UOF UN dF w pK s dOJ q: UI UOF* c dF
t hcA U w dO+ vQ t_ WOFO WO c wUb u*
54

U/ U??O? hcA bF q?L?F? s? a* n:u d0 fOK U b:


b WO U uN l a* n:u VU 5zd VKI n:u 5F
U?O?F?* v? X?N? w?? U?I t UH pc u tu vK
wUb u* oU4
YdU VUD UI 5u v UI c nOMB wMMJL

S qOFU VUDUI
UI U b: Ub4 U s U w

wUb u* d0 Uu
wIOI( u* u fO b&' u*
u?0 o?I wIOI( u* Q uI v U_ iF V
u b U qJ b4' u*U b U u r4' w U)
WU+ w W4_ U) u UNu v WO4Ozd eN_ n:u
u?* U?? p? s? d??+_ w?U?) r?4?' U?C?
p?c?+ u?* q??: o?d?G? q?? W?O{d U w dNE b: b4'
nuwzUdNJ oFB WO u* s wUM
U?N?H?:u? d? U?d?+ o?U?4? b?4?' u?* U?? l:u
b s b+Q tQ sWIO: v s r4' w W eN_
W' vK WOd UF uN b UF WuO( eN_ c WOKU:
U??) u v UE dC uI U Uu vK bO+ W c
U) YO uD b: b UE VKD p S r4' w W4_
b? v?K uC q+ U nKc U?: dL4 b: r4' w W4_
tIH UNO U w WdD{ UOK dL w U c U) UO
5U UO( dL vK UNM b4 w w
55

vu* s WO UC_U UH U U
U? v?K? b?4?' u?* U?O?F? w?Ub u* UB bI
s? a?* c? u?0 UH+ b VKI w UO( n:u v UE
UNu+ U vu* s WO UC_U UH s WwdH XuH tQ
sd v{d* ULF W(Uw e
W?Q?4?* c? u??? vAc dO+ dD tO uI c l:u
qOF v U_ lb U2 WdA UC_ w U& v UC_ qI
s? s?J?2 b? d??+Q UHU d WOG id* hcA U S
w?K?L?F l:u w ?F? U?M?4?* U? u? v?{d* s dO `UB tzUC
i??M? t??K?: e hc U qI w WO4HM WU( 5UM
VD U w dOJ bI UC 5UM UO
UOUMw u fHM e
n:u bF qLF v a* U w tK uF VD U$ UL
WU4 UNK+ fH_ w WU WIOI UU w lC UMOK
s?d? U?H? w? W?LU4* WOG hc UO qOF u r s
b q e tK b: UMU WKU d WIOI qE V UL+
rO w UEF wO vK U: vUF tU uN UN
u* s dF t s b4' uLK UI s v_ WH U
w uM vK puK) u* u UuK d UOF dN wIOI(

uK) u*
s?d X:u w wdA VD U s bbF UOF* cN U
u?b?O? e?UA u+b td U u wze' u* U?C? tOK oKD

56

w?U?) r?4' w U) u WO uJ u* tuI

w?? r?4' UC_ W4_ U) u wMF uK) u*U


n?:u?? W??O?? p? W?u?O( r4' eN_ qUJ n:u bF b
nKc Le Metabolisme w?zUOLOJ u U UOKLF wzUNM
r?4?' U?? u?0 d? u?C? s U) u UN:dG4 w b*
W??O??M??O??I??O?? W??I??O?I?( U?u? b? w? p? v? U?M? u?J? W?O?K?+
sb d bM'
WuK) UO( UI X Yb( VD v UOF* c UB bM4
p? v?K ub U?b?4? tu bF U4 r4 w X:u s d
r?M dU U?b4 U b: r4 vK WOdNJ WbB Xd tQ
c? b?I? w? r?4?' b?? r r4' C lOL w hKI p s
r c' CF 5?OKH4 5dD C s b
hKI

WU bF d C s bIH dO 5uKF 5dD C


i?F? U& UNUJ vK kU% W:b( U?O X UL+ Uu s d+
UL+ Wb4' Uu bF d+ WU b s_ 5dU+ W_
W?U? U?C?I bF W4_ iF w uK U4I u U?C X
Uu bF cR w WOO4M uFD pc+ XUb4 Uu vK
s?d?A? v? q?B d tMec bF r c b qI pc+ Wb4'
g WO U e Uu

u?B? w?N??M? U?O?( U? vK UI UOF* c dF b:


WO U uN r4' w WO4Ozd eN_ u0 UNO p WFU:
57

U?H?:u? q?L?F s W4Ozd r4' eN n:u dU wK w W' vK


UFU u tO WF UOzUN

vK uK) u* bI s UM S UI c s iOIM vK
eN qK 5F WOIOI( Uu vK WFU: uB b t U
d_ WKqOUL WO4Ozd UdwUM v r4'
V?K?D uK) u*U bF c dO_ UI c l:u
U: t:dG t c_ sJL WO4Ozd UdwUM v r4' eN qK%
sHFU t W' UB u

v?K? w?? W?F?_ u?* d?O?U?F? d?F?? - b: uJ pc


rOOI Uu WE( bb% WQ4* c vN Uu WE( bb% r UNU
p d t dOUF* WF_ dOUF* c

VOIF
s?L?J? b?B? c? w? d?N? w?? WHK< Uu dOUF l:u
w?H? qd vK b U/ U?O?zU? b u* w UNU
q?? qLF s WO4Ozd W eN_ b n:u r4' UB Wb
UN' n:u dQ w dO_ UN' b r a* 5zd VKI
V?I?F r p VI n:uU ULNM ?+ VOB U?2 qLF s _
U?F?? U??) W?4 u* d nKc W4_ U) u p
U) qL dL4 YO tO b uw n:u qL% vK ZO4 q+ bI
W?b?4?' U?u? b? q: tOK XU+ UL+ dH c WKO W4_
r?4?' eN qK% WKd w dO_ WKd* p VIF r WOKJ
sb d WO_ UdwUM v
58

s? U?M S tUC oU4 uM vK u* qd bF


d?F? U? u? q?LF s ULNOK+ fHM VKI n:u d0 vH+
n:u iF tO U{ a* u0 vH+ s UM dUE u*U
n?I? V?K?D? s? U?M? w?U?b u*U dF U u pc+ fHM
dF U u W' vK WOd UF uN b l UF W eN_
W4_ U) u d{ VKD s UM dO b4' u*U
r4' dwUM qK% U uK) u*U dF U u r4' U WU+ w
u VIF XU+ u* qd U dF dO_ WKd* c S
r?K?F `$ p s d+_ WKu d v U% UN r4' U
Ub: jOM% p bu jOM od s qK s Y' kH w
sd UdB w WUN UOBcA jOM% pc+ WMdH 5dB*
W?? v? U?C? l Uu dOUF bb% w c U
WdA UC_ UB rNU odD ` U_ s WwU iF
`dA pc+ rN w UN UH v{d* s U vu* s
wCI WOD WKB* tO p ULL WOLOKF WOLK d_ W'
UH tMJ Ub u UOF0 b S Uu WE( bb% w dOJ
pc+ b4' u*U c u U2 d+ U4 UC s qC uB
UC_ iF UH tMJ1 VOD S b4' u* UOF0 b
b?? u U2 q: U+ uK) u* UOF0 b fJ vK WdA
iF WKB s U+ wU) wUb u*U
b? v? q?O?1 u?U?I? q? S? U?u? h?OcA w qOF U_
p?A? q??I? W?O?F?D?: uB b+Q bF Uu w qOF
v?K Vd w WOuUI U U w lC t_ p U b'
59

v??_ W??b??U?? U?C?_ q?I?M? U??U??L???? d??O?F? t?U? ?


wU)
u?* t?u?J? u?K?) u?* UOF ` w?M?S? o?? U u{ w
o?K?G? t? b? U+ U* t p v U4 c? w?IOI(
U?O?_ v? v?u?* s WdA UC_U UH WOUJ U U
U vu*U uu: v{d* UO d+ WOL s pc U
U?E?? w?M?F? r?4?' w U) W4_ u9 v UE p
UH4 w+ tOw r4' w uC q+ bIH c d_ WKu UU
u?* v? d?:_ u? b?4?' u?* U?OF U+ UO_ q: s t
a* 5zd VKI r4K W WuO( eN_ ULO wIOI(
W?Od UF UN b X:u s d qLF s U?U9 XH:u b:
WIOI( v d: tQ b4' uLK wHw U r4' vK uNE w
d?G??4? W?O e r4' w W4_ U) v l pc
WdA UC_ iF s UH WOUJ l WwU X:u iF UNu
b UbI dC bI bUI UIOD wMS WU( c w
v?w b?: U?+ U?b?4? X?O?0 d?_ oKF UbM b4' u* UOF0
w? u? s? U?M? U?+ v?? p? vK td XI tzUCQ dU
w? UN dFM w UC_ qI WOdA juC U?I UNO WU
W?U?( c dO w ULMO Bernard Knight,Op.Cit.,P.47 d? l{u
U?OF0 bF U/ b4' u* UOF0 bF  dA UC_ qI
id* s wUMB UF eN eM UQ+ p uK) u*
`dA UQ+ pc+ UuK

UO
uJ Ub4

UO
`w c
Uu b bF UU bF UE WwU WOLK d_ W'
60

Uu b s pAK U ub bO+ uB b+QK wHJ Wb4'


d_ v WOLOKF WOLK d_ W' s UH u%
u? r? w?? Y???K? s?b? d?O?Q? p? s? v?Ac WOzUM
wU) UNdA UNM UC UBU UNUw
r?: w?+U?u?K?u?J?O?A?? ldA d w tU b c

b?+R Uu uJ UC_ qIM UF


U?NM uC c Uu vK 5U d q: W' ` sJ1
b dO bOH dO Uu U s 5U bF UNM uCF c c U+
i???F?? d???? w?? p??c??+ w??U??)
q??: U?u?K VOD bF UU b UE d{ UFdA
5 U WOMe dH c d UNM s u4LK UNLOK4 UNdA
w?? d( W U dH c nKc UU dA v l
wJOK uUIU p vK b U
UHOw hcA UNO wu
p?c+ Uu s b+Q vK WU wC q: W' s d c
r?: W?O?b* u_ uU: s U* w h c u4 ldA
w? U?U? w?U?L? d? q??: W?' s .d& vK UF
W?O?U U* tOK XB d_ fH UA w UU dA nOB
q??: t? `?L?4? X?O?* s s UF r: uUI s
w?U?) U?u? W?I?O? b?w v?K? WU d
sb WOA Uu b vK WOM d d d w WKF sLJ
o?O?L? U?? W?U? w? U?+ X?1 r UNUw p bF `C W'
l?zU?: b s dOU tO U U u g
Y bu YO UOUDd UOUD bMN q WHKc w bb
61

q: sb b b+R U?2 tOK XM c UNF{ dO b: UNM bF


X: d bF W' s bF tUO VU hcAK WOIOI( Uu
t+b sJ1 hOcA w QD u WOA Uu hOcA bF U+
w?M b wK tO U U fH u Shapiro (H.A),Op.Cit.,p.11
UNO U w F Wd s Uu bF hcA qI bF VU YO
Uc r v Uu vK UU l d bF WdA* v
W?O?d? UF uN Uu b s b+QK WwU WO d
UNKI bF d UU dA UEU UC VU U/ pc nJ r
t vK UNM b4 U uNE U4% p UNM q: WdA* v
wMb UO e
U?N{dF U?2 U?u? d?OQ UFdA iF Xd t4H X:u w
uUI p vK b4 vu* Wd+ b d_ UA sHFK
W' s d{ vK h c WMU U* w u4 WOb* u_
U?E? s? U?* t?O?K? XB U u Uu WE( s WU
W?' sb qOF u s UF uF4 UOu bOu*
UN wIOI( u* b+Q r
s? u U?u?K U?b?4? h?c?A? u? U?? d+cU db'
c? w? u?U?I? q? u?U?I? U fO U_ UB
d??U+ tKL w VOD bO ULC ju{ l{ w b4 bB
hc wd U W s WO WM' WDu Uu s b+Q uJ
ULU WMK d: uJ WOBF d_U hc dbcU
w? W??'U? U?H??U? u?I?O? s? W?MK UC b 5 s uJ
62

Uu w Yd d{ l WOLK WO WOD d_


b? r?4' w WO4Ozd W eN_ n:u u bF UE 5F
wIOI( u* s UN VOD b+Q w+ WIO: v 5 d
c? u?N?E? W??' v?K WOd UF iF uNE p hcAK
r?4?'U? U??) W4 uK) u* b vK tM b4 UF
h?O?c?A? Q?A? V?D? u?U?I dE wN 5 UMI b: uJ pc
Uu
U?OF d wMF b4' u* UOF* wOd d+cU db'
u?LK bO+Q tIOI w u U b4' u*U WOK+ wUb u*
U?H?:u qLF s U?O?zU?N? a?* n:u s b+Q WuFB d?E wUb
d UOF s Y s b U+ c vK_ v_ u40 tO WF
5? du d b4' u* w t4LK U u p s b+QK
UL qUJ wzUNM a* n:u s UNId s b+Q r
d?O uB U?O?zU?N? a?* n:u VU VKI fHM UN n:u
WOK+ a* u tF b+R U2 UF WIdD u qLFK WKU:
e?N?_ n?:u?? W?O?U?? dH W' vK WO U uN
U u b tF b+Q U2 WIO: v s r4K WO4Ozd
r4' W4
t?OK uJ; U w a* c u t b sJ1 t UL+
tK: U+ u U b: dF tS b WOKL r dL bU
bU tOK uJ; _ p qLF e t4HM UN iM e
p tzUCQ UH sJ1 r s tUO UI b bI s
63

U?H U?u?K? t?u? 5( UE dA WOLK d_ t `dA


b( UdE `dA s dG UH bF WU( c w dC
U?B s?* W??4?M?U? d?_ f?H? b?4?' d? fO uK) u*
v b4 oe9 b4 s WOK+ t UBH tM r$ U
s pAK U b U0 WUw c t wu U* U( d4 w
t?u? r?? v?? U?E??? d? r s WU XO hcA c
WO d_ t UH sJ1 c Ub4

64

wU qBH
wUMB UF eN b
VODK WOzUM' WOu!*

65

VODK WOzUM' WOu* wUMB UF eN b$


s?J? r VD w* bb w uK dO_ uM! w* dN
W?F?O??D? U?OLOJ WbMN rKF VOU uD d?E q6 s2 U?*dF2

j?AM t?Q? s?2 u?* UB c idLK WOMI UOdJO


b6 bBK dO*

UION fHM VKIK iM bOF


Wu2b t
tHzU tO uF ?2UM tO U! d! w* dOM U w* `$
b?I?* t?M?O w* UN s VD e w U( w* v WuO(
W?U?N?M? W?E?( U? w?* b?b?' w??F? u?K?_ c od s `$
uJAM UN UFH F UAM w* 2 W2u;
u
UOL!2 t XUM wUMB UFU bb' uK_ dF

bA* WUMF tOL! iF eMd* WUMF iF tOK oKDO* d


l6u UO( vK UHK WOUMB qzUu iF tOL! 5 w*
WOMH VOU_ s2 WuL2 UNKL2 w* wMF UN* vK UOL! c
X?Md u? w?? d?D? W?L?O?!? WO{d2 U( WBB* W?O?F
V??!? id* U* v dBI WOUM2 W?OM2 d* w* XC*_ UNQ
Bernier,J.J.1966,p.459 U?H?A?K? W?K?U6 dO WuC WUw w*

id* UM v2 wUMB UF eN b v U_ QK
w?* u?!?M UNM rM w dOD) u( U q2 dD WU w*
U?zb?N?* b?< U2uM*U rL! U bB hHI
V?KI Ud{ UE b j U? uKJ qAH U
67

w?ze?' X?6R?* q?DF U uH* VKI Wd UOKL


wK* Jean Louis,1993,p.27 a* nzUu
X?U?M u WuO w* id* u U( c WOU 5 lL&
w WIOL a* nzUu X6R2 qDF s rM w pK w W6R2
qL dL l2 5zd VKI nzUu wFOD n6u s rM w
sJ2 u v hA b a* c U* s rM wUM WLz a*
WU( c wUMB UF VOUQ Wu2b t tC vK UI
t_ dE wUMB UF eN b u dOM b q2 dO_
b?6 W?L?z W?u?O w* q c hA bF w?U?2b u* UOF* U?I*

u* UOF2 v U s2 b!' u* UOF2 fJ vK p U2


Cotte,1971,p.453UO dF uK)

e?N? t2b s VODK WOzUM' WOu!* b2 UM `C wJ


p Y 5F U*u WEK oU! Ubb% u{ w* wUMB UF
wUMB UF eN bU WIKF*
WF6u* VOD U*dB
VOMd s Wb s2 lM1 U2S* W U*dB b s d w
s eN_ c qL n6u U2 idLK wUMB UF eN
p? w?C??I? eN_ cN tOMd w* dL! d?O U2 id*
eN_ t2b VOD WOu!2 vK id* U* d vK dF
v??2 e?N?_ c?N t2b s tOu!0 WUI*U WOUMB UF
u* UB e id0 d2_ oKF

68

WNu+ w, wUMB UF eN b$
VODK WOzUM' WOu* dC* id*
v? U??% d?D? W?U? w?* V?OD v id2 dC b
t?UO UI wUMB UF eNQ VOD VU s2 ld! qb
t?K?L? WFO Vu0 U2
e?K
2 u?J? V?O??D S* WU( c w* u* s2
VOMd Wd wCI w tCd2 F W2 WUMF c twUB
UU2 U?OM* p tUJ2 w* UM v2 t wUMB UF eN
p UN 5B* U_ eN_ c UN w WN' v u* tu
V?O??D b X UN WU dO w* `B
t??U s! v
tO UN oU! UOFLK UI* WOIOI U* tU*
tCd* b% ZzU s Q! oU! t2eU VOD v*
u w*UAU* WU oOI fO WUM c eK2 VOD p U
l6u dFA 5HA uN* X{d2 q e vu*
i?F? w?* b U/ vK* uBK U?I* cJ U?L?z d?O! wKLF
t??U? r idLK UF eN VOMd s VOD lM1 U(
eN_ l*d VOD uI d U w* b b6 ULM UNO WU*
w* uLK W{d tCd2 U?MU? X6u s2 d* t UNOMd bF tCd2 s
5*dB sc b vK VOD b6 l6u UNFOL U( c
W s e? U2 W U b_ uJ eN_ l* UM2
VOMd s2 b' bF VOD uFA U2 td U( id*
t? tzUH s2 U?u??O2 tuJ p idLK UF eN dL
s?2 T?U?) hOAK d?O? U?2 W?d* d* s2 tBOK w*
69

U UM u* UB UO e tuM r id* U*u VOD VU


c t*dB s UOzUM VOD WU!2 b2 u rN2 U!
bB s2 qM n6u2 vK dF U! c vK WU wCI
p VD uUI sb U s2 5dA2 s2 YU WQ!* cN
h?O??A?? Y?U?? V??! jI* wU _ 5! u{ w*
q?B?H c s2 wU Y* u{u2 v d6 tuJ U*uK TU)
WU!2 b d _ 5O!Oz 5U& 5 eOOL wMMJ1 bB c w*
UM2 c t*dB s UOzUM

tU!2 u d wU UOzUM

VOD
id* s UNF* wUMB UF eN VOMd s

UOzUM VOD WOu+ b


t?UM2 s U?O?zU?M? VOD WU!2 b d6 w* U& c bM
v?_ 5? v tM UNF* wUMB UF eN VOMd s
UM2 VOD o oKF WOU F i* w* id* o oKF
Wd* t2 b l{u tzUH s2 uO* idLK bU!* .bI s

F i, w, id* o
V?O?DK WOzUM' WU!* b U v U& c UB bM!
c id* s UNF* wUMB UF eN VOMd s tUM2 s
UM u F i* w* id* o w* sLJ UNO WU( f2 w* u
o?d? s? d?D?) WO{d* WU( c w* tu q6 tM d b6 p
dL VOMd tC* UM FK id* i* wMF wuUI tK2
WHOK) wUMB UF eN VOMd
70

c?N? d?I?* UFdA dF s2 W( c dF


t sbR* WHH VD uUI sb U u6 pcM o(

WUI* UFdA
UNM2 o( c WUI* UFdA iF d6

WOJd+_ b* Uu UFdA


i?* w?* i?d?* o? W?O?Jd2_ b* Uu UFdA d6
e?N? V?OMd i* u_ c s2 tM2 WMOF2 u W?OKM F
U: c w* o! qC* UOuHOUM Wu UM b6 t wUMB UF
Uu WOI UNF
UOuHOU@ W ldA
WIOu dF U2 UbwS p F i* w* id* o d6
o WIOu c Vu0 w* (Testement de vie) UO(
w* p WOUMw qzUu tUO WU i* tzUH s2 uO* idLK
tM2 UHA s2 uO2 d* U w* WUw t{dF WU
s U?O?zU?M? V?OD Q! UN bF w?M c? U?O( WIO dA
t?zU?H s2 uO* idLK wUMB UF eN VOMd s tUM2
WO dA
WKB2 rN fO s2 sbU uC w* t!HM id* UNOK l6u
c? v?K 5uKD* sbUA sL{ b?U ZUF* VOD uJ
WIOu
71

Udd% aU s2 b uM fL WIOu b2 bF
idLK WO d s WIOu bB
qLF q6_ vK 5uQ d* hOA q6 WIOu bB
WU bOH 5O s2 tOK l6u2 w ddI vK UM WIOu cN
WIOu c dF tzUH w* q2 t WOFOD tUO( hA u
s?2 UNOMd b wUMB UF eN n6u tzU{ vK WMd6
u?J?A?M Susanne,1991,p.93 t?U?* t?O?K? V?d?? U?2W?b

U UB UJ W ldA


UI bN WO qzU v uK b w* tI idLK d6
U?* X?B bI* t{d2 w* dQ2 WU v qw p tUO vK
s WE( w* sKF U s mK h qM o vK v_
U?I? v? bN WO qzU UI w* uK b w* t
U???N???zU??H?? s??2 u????O??2 W??U?? v?? q??w v????2 p?? t??U??O?? v??K??
uJAM
U UB UJ W ldA
tUO vK UI bN WO qzU v uK b idLK d6
OM

5F w* o( wu idLK U b
W?U? v? q?w U?L?O?* t?U?O oKF w dI tM WUO cQO tM
U?d?L?? w?U?M?B UF eN UI VK YO s2 w
uJAM
72

bMJ ldA
c??? w?* o?( w?u?U?I? h??A? q?O?M b?M?J ldA `M2
s2 WO qzU b b b tUO oKF w dI
(Ou stade ultime W?O?zU?N?M t{d2 WKd2 v qw tUO WU UNQ
Susanne,p.39 de la maladie)

wUD ldA
s? d?N?6 b?? w qb qM Q wUD ldA d6
une agression arbitraire wUL!' tUOM w* tI vK b qL id*
s?2 w??D? q?b tzU{d dI w?* t??d vK contre l individu
c wUD ub d6 b6 uJAM t2b
q?b? _ h??A? u?C? u? b vK h YO idLK o(
W?H?O?K?) q?b?? c?N? t?C?* W?O XUM ULN2 t s U?L? w

wdH UuIF uUN dA+


h uU6 dA2 w* Coillavet w!dH uUM! b6
WOKIF tUJK0 lL tu2 S t Q2 dwU6 mU h qM vK
p UOUMw tUO WU WOd WO qzU W wIK tC* w* o( t
Savatier J.1979,p.32)tM2 UHA s2 RO2 d0 VOw
d?L!2 U??2 U?M XUM UM dA* cN VJ r
Bernard d?M?uM Ud WBK Wb dOdJ u UN* qLF c q2 WU
rOd u*U U!d* d bNL bb ULOKF bw s sKF Cochnar
73

Wd2 s2 uUF s?c rNzUH s2 RO* v{dLK UL!U p


rNUO( b l{ vK rNbU!2 q6 p rN2 nOH 5*u* wIK
s? U?F? e?N? l?* u c rOd u* qzU b dF* s2
j_ dA u* UB c id*

wd_ ldA
WI*u2 dA p F tC* idLK wd ldA U
d?2 w?* w?zU?B? w?U?!?H? V?O? rNMO s2 p vK U W
oDM sJL tMI vK d c VOD v W*U{U Ud!
d?A? i?d?* s? U?F? e?N? l?*d? c? V?O??D vK U??C?

j_

sb ULK
w2 sb ULK s2 W( cN bR* wK ULO* lKD
UC wO!* sb ULK s2 pcM
w+ tIH
o? s?2 _ w?U?' v?K UI tuI bL U2 p s d
V?O??D s2 qI VK qIU WuIF s uHF tOK wM:
ULM U2bL qI w* WuIF s uHF U!
?F? t?u?I? U?{d?I? n?u? W?K?O?C?* t!H n6u* s d
Vc* WLz UNIH dOUL bM Vu fO d2_ s2 b
U??w i?F? WKOK6 WHzU t U/ rbM U* d?z w* u q
d??B? F qC* ULN ULKF UM b6 q bL wF*UA
74

dB XUM w WU' s U s Yb( qC* dB U6 s2 rNML*


p wdB X UI* UN ub .dJ ud XQ
U{dI dw q XUI* pOHA tK u X WM'

U?M? u?J? ?F?K? i?d?* i?* W?U? t?KOC* d b6
4? o* UHA t vd s?J r U2 tuI p F s2 b
V?D? U s2 Ud UNK UN*dF w U!* U_ w* tK
UM tu s C* p UU b uI * UB
f?H?M?? e?N?Q? t?K?O?wu? X?U?M u?w Q? ?F?K id* idF
sL* u UM2 tOK wI
d* tOK qOD wUMB UF
V!* V?u u t!J qF q U!

2 p uJ v U
U{dI

wO* sb ULK


l?*b? u?* V?K? w?* i?d?* o? w??O! sb U iF b
Y??? u?{u?0 o?K?F?? u?* s2 uM c d6 S* lDU WIHA
UF eN l* VK w* id* o p wMF dU2 dO uB
U dA wU fu UU uI p vK b!

uLK UK
U?UU_ oD i?d?LK VODK b? `?L! wD uUI
dO U uI c dM dU2 uB WIHA l*b qI
t?I*u2 bF dC* idLK UMJ!* U?D VODK u U{ t
b2u uLK OF r_ nOH WO*UM WOLJ
75

uUI U
iF dFU o( cN uUI U iF d6 vK b!
UCI UJ iF uUI d

uUI d
t?U?O?( b? l?{ U?!? o? s2 qO fu u uI
W?F??2 q?M s?2 W?O?U? W?u?F?w d??M U?O?( r?_ q?F?? U?2b?M? W?wU
uLF vK bF tOK wM: U{ d* uI Pelletier,1967,p.21
W?O?U?L WONU U{ WO s bB r qFH UM d
2 c

W?b?!' t2 s2 tOK wM: cIM q? s2 tJ b6 qUH UM


c?HM* b?O? UM t `Ow U2 W1d VJ b6 uJ tS* WO!HM
U?2tOMu2 s2 b W v U/ tb d*u2 dO c WO sJ
t?!?H? pU2 u U!tOK V6UF2 d?O? U? l6u w* qFH
tOK V6UF2 dO U U*U UO( c vK wCI U tI s2
du'
Le droit W2dJ u* w* o( UL!* WO!dH WOFL' d ULM

u* UB c? i?d?* o( UbOQ s de morir dans la dignit


Fouda,1993,p.132tUO UN WE( U w*

UCI
U?C?I?K? r?J?? o?( c?N? U?CI UJ iF d6 vK b!
X?K Karen Quinlon v?b? W?M? U?d?L UH oKF wJd2_
r uF U! qJ b6U* XUM WOJd2_ UOHA!* b
V?O??D? U?6 U?N??K6 i u UO( bO6 vK X U2 UN X sJ
76

UN bF r UN' c wUMB fHM UN X% UNF{u ZUF*


wUMB UF UN l* VOD s2 VKD v UNK l* U2 UuF
U?N? d?L? vK dw p i* VOD b bF UNM
UU WLJ; v uK v UH b p l* b6 wUMB fHM
u?9 U?NMd UH s UF UN l*d VODK d2 bw UNM2
n?6 d?6 v? p? w?* bM pc rJ( XC* WLJ;
p d vK rb U_ v U uF t2b s2 UF eN
UOKF
WLJ; XLJ b6wduO w* UOKF WLJ; v UH b Q'
UM uIU c UNLJ XKK UF UN n6u XC6 t(UB
X?U?D? u WCd* UH sUM WLO_ dE c w* uFMI2
e?F* qO6 s2 w w UNU! UN6U* b WE( bOF!
c? n6 U b6 XUJ U?O?zU?N tM2 RO* UNF{ WIOI XM
vK lI c Vu Q uI w* d UM WO UNOI w eN_
U2 UA WU( c w* wMM V UM UO WUOB Wb oU
qL vK sUM U u tS* wUU WwU) d*_ uI
d?N? W?FC WOUMDw WOU UO w* qE d: tKL% sJL U2
w?*U?N?U?O? v? u?F? w* wF6 q2 q6 UN uJ d
c? U?N?L?U UL w?d?A? s?U?M w?u? u?F tS*wU( l{u
`d2 uI(

VD ULK
p vK b!
id* UO UN o VODK U_ iF d6
f?O d c U uuO w* WOD WOFL' tO X U0
WMOF2 U w* UC VOD vK V
u U/ V!* idLK UI

77

c UF* d? WOFL' bM* b6 Ud!U id* WU UNL


d?2_ UH v uwuK U?L UM oI2 d?O rKF d
U?L?? c? X?U?I* id* u1 q6 UHAK WKUI dO
uUF UCd2 d oDM* s2 fO n_ w* b vK be
W?U? W?O?F?L?' Xd b id2 UI qO w* Wd*
dO tQ dI bB Wdw u* w* t id* b p
bLF U WF s2 uJ Wu rMU UNMOF WO WM' s2 UHAK qU6
p? W?M?!?( W?F?L?! UO_ s2 rdO WOK; WMK fOz
du' id* h* bF
o s2 U UO!M* w* wb wD fK: d6 pcM
id* U{d u WOzUNM tUw WKd2 w* id* UI VOD
avec l accord de patient au de ses proches t?U?6 s?2 d?O?G U{d
uJAM t s dOF vK U6 dO id* UM p
U?M U? b?b?2 w?* wb wD fK: d6 U2 fH u
s?2 V?O??D? l?M1 p _ l2 UF WIHA l*b qI
dO_ WKd* w* UOFO Uu2 uLO tMd w* id* d
De laisser le processus natural de la mort suivre cours dans t{d*
uJAMla phasse teriminale de la maladie

WHH
vK Thomas Moreu2 U2u u!KOH uI p vK b!
b?2u u* vK U!F u? UCI fI
UHAK qU6 dO id* i*d _ vMF2 t Deima U1 UC uI
78

U?*U? t?U* qON! w* t v tO$ u* v tId w* qd


U?*U?B? d??M w? t?S?* U?N?O?UF w s2 t U?B?O?K? p w*
w W ULM tO* b Uc id* vK dH s2 n!U
du' r_ c s2 tBOK s2 WOdA2 dM

id* s UNF, UF eN VO@d s UM+ w, VOD o


tzUH s+ uO*
La mort par petie WIHA l*b qIU dF U?0 W( c oKF

La bonne mort w??D? u* iF WOK oKD c l euthanasie


uBI* UL* uJAM o*d u* d iF tOK oKD ULM
tzUH s2 RO* id* UO( b l{ t bBI WIHA l*b u*U
UNM2 UH vd UNKL w t2 s2 tUUF2 UN WIHA l*b
Simone,p.219

Y?U??U? uBI* UL* WLO' vK YUU W( c oKF ULM


v? u?b? w?? ? W?Md?; W?O?K?b WO!HM uI YUU bBI
l?*b? Y?U?? d???F
w?K? W?1d?' w?* d?O?J?H
U?M w?* q?b? t? u?M?F?* s?Md?K? d?* t? v?M?F?0 W??1d??K?
uJAM W1d'
wUF hF!2 d0 id* d U2bM UOKL uB c oI
bBI UO( WU tF2 qL* wD F .bI s UM2U UOFO

u*
UCI tIH UFdA wK ULO* dF t WL tU*u qOF
s? U?O?zU?M? VOD Q! U?U?C??I?0 w W( cN bR* UI*
tzUH s2 uO* id* s wUMB UF eN VOMd s tUM2
79

WUI* UFdA
.b?I? s? U?M??2 w* VOD o WUI* UFdA iF d6
c s2 t uLK dO!O tOK U6UH dD w* hA bU!*
UFdA

wUDd ldA
c? w?* U??IF s2 VOD vHF w?J? w?U?D?d ldA d
WU(
WUIMU bOI
2
R2 VOD uJ
idLK U2 V!

2 d* uJ
UOBF!
UGU id* uJ
t{d2 s2 tF VOD qb bF WUM tzU{ s id* dF
wu) c

UF u ldA
l?*b? t??1d VJ v2 UIF s2 qUI UH o w{UI `M2
WK2 WOzUM ou t sJ r v2 tOK wM: w{ U( WIHA
VOMd s VOD UM2 vK oDM wuUI hM c lDU dAU
id* vK tM2 U6UH p UM v2 UN tF* wUMB UF eN
v?K U?M?
p UM v2 Wd* t?2 s?2 t?BOK tzUH s2 uO*
f p vK tU( t id* VK

80

sb ULK
WO+ WFdA
U?/ u?* d?O?!O s2 uM c U{dI nu WKOC* uI
u tMd vK cR

2 uJ v bM2 Vu fO d2_ d u


Wd UK tUL VODK UuKD2 sJ r dA2 ezU d2
U?{d?I? t?K? U? t?O?K d tK W id*

U?F? e?N? V?O?Md s UM2 VODK u d cN U?I*

w* id* UH vd id* UM v2 p UNF* id*


s2 U?F?U? c? V?OD qF* uJ pc d u* v tKO
tK W td UK dC* id* VcF b w* t
WOO*
UM t tuI 5OO!* dE WN wU u U UU `{
U?N?M?2 u??O?2 h?? W?U? t? wLKF bI VOUQ c_ V
wUMB UF VOU lOL s2 rd vK u6u WJO tU* Uw
h??A? c? s? u??!?* o? s?2 u?J?O* b( c dOQ W2b!*
u? W?U? U?N? X?!?O? w? F VOU lOL i*d dOL{ wu
uA id* b! w* W6R2 WuC UO vK UH(
V6UF qIF tuI d dMM WH6U dOM tO V U2 fH u
b2u tO WLN tOu u t q WU( c w* VO

81

W?F?2U w* bI b? w?* p?O?uUJ WH6U_ b dw pcM


qF& WOO!* WUb Q ZOO u WA6UM* U w* ud
Wb U{ b6 t UIKD2 UbI

2 b2 WOU! UO( d s2
ULMO WwU wN uUI oOD UNO* cF WMOF2 n6u* dF b6
U?M? UL UOU V o bDB WzU W2UF nuF uJ
b2u WIHA V UO( o
VD ULK
WOLKF d9R* iF p vK b o( c VD ULK d6
bB c w* U_ iF u6QVD Ud
uJ V UO( Q U w_ wD fK: vw
n?O?H?? v? t??? V?? U??/ W?O?D WULLK b_ bN
Rafat Fouda,Op.Cit.,p.142UUF*
U? W?O?D uKFK Wd!u! WO1UM_ ddI bw UF fH w*
5J! UHM W'UF* s wK WOD WOUM s2 d
W?6U?D? t?KL U2 dM qOD t?Q? s2 u* q dOQ UM
t?M?2 U?H?A? w?* q2 WU w* `w b6 d* uJ WDd WdA
b2u
v?K? u?*U? r?J?( w?* d?? U?M tuI fM bM U2 u
u' c qI U2bM sUHAK WKU6 dO WU w* uJ cF u
s?2 U?!? v?K? W?I?H? q6 uJ `B WIHA l*b tKI UMS*
du' uO(
82

s2UC UL s2 qL WIHA l*b id* q6 uM d b6


b

bB b6 dJH c tuI p wLK! U! wUL


wAL vK d rNKF& w WOMb rbzUI V! UM s2 dOM

wQ bF! sJ WOFOD UNzU v sd u rNHu l2


s?2U?C?? U?L? s2 ?L? i?d?* q??6 t?O?* bF c? u?O? p? U?d6
du' wLK! U! wUL
U2 U?6U?H? i?d?* t?K?6 s rMu
c? b?U? dw pcM
u?U?IK wHU0 rK wM UN2U2 rMU U?M w WOJd2_ WLJ;
wMM9 _U* WO6_ WOUM s2 U2d UL
VJ r wM
Graven,1968,p.30 o( c
uUI d

c s UM2 dE% _ Pradel d u!O*d uI


U?M? u?J? U?L?MO UOK WOUMB WU UN bBI w? WUMF
WOu!2 tu uI* s2 fO cN UO UO( c dL q2
u?J? l?{u? c? V! fO p qLF c wQ c VODK
idLK uJ sJL WU( c w* t_ id* W vK UM
v?M?F?2 U?N? b?F? r? UO w* WKB2 t bF r lL: _ sJ dF2
id* UO( WOUMB WU d c n6 d{ d qJU*
bN2 sb U U_ s2 u
b U! uD oDM* s2 fO Vb w2U uI
d?E nO{ bL uI Aldeep,p.101 U?N b lC s2
UN2UJ lzdA bOUI uOI U dO s2 u{u* c v U!
83

dNE U!U WLd l2 oH id* q6 d cN b


w?2u?O? u?* nOH VOD vK vBF U V? t w

UCI
o( cN bR* UCI UJ iF p vK b
wdH UCI
tKI 5O!dH WUOM M b w!dH w{UI d U w*
tK6 rN* q?K? b6 WOU2 WUw s TU wHB qKA WUB* t
u Vu U6 b6 t!H d UD U2 wUF XUM UNQ te
b2u UNzUH w* q2_ bF UNUO UN
U?N?K??6 W?L?N s2 U* fU UM WLJ2 d U w*
v?d? U?M c? t?{d?2 W??O Wd2 U?2 w?UF U?M c? U?N?OD)
bBI U!H qI s2 vK UM
UNuI UNLJ WLJ; d UH
vK U?M
p UH tM2 dLK vd UC c s2 UNBOK
b? l?{u WOM UNK2 XK YO uu2 dO fHM q6 WO
du' UNM2 UHA w* q2 bNF UNOK U
Mireille W??O?C?6 w?* Chambery W??L??J???2 d? U? w?*

U?UB2 U?M t_ Gardinal U?0 U?N?K?H bO! c XK6 YO Gourand


u? W?L?J?; f?O?z U?N?Q b6 vLF rJ rLB u bIH
f?H? v?K 52bI X?M?M q?N?* n?6u?* c? w* d d2 p!H b
d d2 n6u* c q2 w* b UNQ uH vK XUQ* qLF
84

W??L?J?; U?N?d? W?U? c? q?F?H? f?H? v?K? b?I??


X?U?M
b2u
eOK$ UCI
X?U?M w?? tM tK6 WLN s2 bu d Chester W?LJ2 XC6
d? b?6t?zU?H? s?2 uO2 d0 UNUw WO Wd2 s?2 wUF
w* Wd* wUF tM W qL% lD! r tQ c tKF* vK t2b6
 UNzd WLJ; d b6 UHA w* q2 tO* bFM c X6u
X?U?M w?? c?F?K? b? l?{ u? UNK6 vK bOu YU Q rN*
du' tOUI

UF eN VO@d s VOD UM+ WOdA* bR* Z(


id* s UNF,
c? U?B? X?F* w Z( vK u6u sJL o? U2 u{ w*
i?d?* U?F? e?N? V?O?Md? s? V?O??D? UM2 rNU v U&
w* Z( c qL tM UNF* dC2
w* bU!* U?/ j?I* nOH F X!O VOD WLN2
U?H?A? U?M v??2 U? u2 vK id* uB vK X6u fH
u?I _ Wd2 i?d* UNOUF w? XUM tM2 U?RO2

id* WU fO VOD qL qF tQ s2 p dOG


b2u d2 WO!HM WOb
uJ wGM wD U: w* WwU rKF W( c U
Q VOD sI tOK UO_ W2b w* u ULM vu* W2b w*
85

5?F b?
2 d?O? w?d?' q?b UNM2 uO2 id* WU
fOK* rKF qA* vK O

u* UM S* t u* od qON! tOK
Graven,Op.Cit.,p.30 N

UzU

Uu2
U! bI tKF$ s2 q6
id* vK UNID WO WO WUM UU U2eK
2 fO VODU*
WU2 u* WwU WO bzU* s dH! qzU
v?M?F?0 u?* U?F WU2 d2 UN UE ULK*
Malherbe,1982,p.232tb qON!
s?2 u??O?* v?{d?* v?K? r?U?H l6u* v?u?* W??K?B?2 `?Od
v{dLK UF eN VOMd s VOD UM2 .d& rNzUH
W?U?( f?2 w?* s?d v{d2 U2d tQ s2 rNzUH s2 uO*
t?K S rN WO*U eN_ c uJ l6u eN_ c v
s?2 u??O2 v{d2 vK UNU6 UOHA!* lOC o?DM* s2 qN*
u? w?* r? d?E??M sd v{d2 UM WwU rNzUH
q?G?A n?O?M r?N?zU?H? w?* q?2 b?u? ?F?K? UOHA!*
? w?* q?2_ l?OC
U?N?? s?2 u??O?2 U?? UOHA!*
W??O??U??F?? e??N??_ c?? q????2 r??N??F??2 b??? s??c?? v??{d??*
o?( c? d6 s pOU b2u
w* qL d WOU s2 rUH u2Q* v{dLK U* tO* VODK
b? UN rNzUH s2 uO* R UC s2 UH WOUJ2
b2u UNO WU( f2 w* r sc R
Wd* d* s2 WOUI tUUF2 tzUH s2 uO* id* WU
U2bM VOD p U VODK WOzUM' WOu!* s2 UFU2
qL
tOUF c U( r_ bI0 dFA UNzUH s2 UuO2

WU qI!
86

qAHU tOK uJ2 UF eN od s FU tKb Q


UUB6

UO!H td_ idLK s2 be2

rNK b s
d? v?{d* wM pcMUF eN_ WEU WHKJ
r?N??U? u?b? s?2 t?M? r??M? U?2 F w* UL s2 b?e2

d t qE l6u q VOD tH6u2 uJO U2WOB


vK dR tQ s2 p qM tO* p U2 d6 U w*
c? j?G?{ X?% t? dD{ c c d6 U v tF*b VOD
b2udu' dE
V?O??D qF* `O pc U{ p tK FK id* i*
uB U u6 b dI w WOU2d bUI v UM

p
du' tuB w{ h s2 dC
c p u qI _ WIHA l*b qI qF* s qI WHw UH
b?!?( b?I?(U?M W?dA2 dO WHU dOQ X% WO u! VJd
W?IHA l*b qI w* d*u U2 u u!I UI lLD
U?H? V?(U?M W?dA2 WHU dOQ X% WO s! r? t_
du' abU!*
UF eN VOMd s UM2 w* tI VODK UF d d6
U?2 t{d2 s2 wUF c? t?zUH s2 uO* id* s UNF*
`{ U!d* w* d UOU p vK b!
Wd2
id* VK vK UM UM v2 rOd qI bR 5O!dH s2
s?2 V?K? v? WU qI s2 uM c bR UM
U?u?I?F? u?U?6 q?b?F? 5O!dH s2 VU b6 id*
Sabres,1987,p.1-7c WIHA l*b qI WU
87

V!* sd X6u w* fO WIHA l* qIK UF d bOQ


UO d YO dI c s2 _ nBM w* v t!LK U/
UO rb mK UOMO d uuO s2 U vK
jI* t{U WIHA l*b qI vK rNM2 o* b6
b2u
WU!2 b?F? qzUI U& dF s2 UN - b6 uJ pc
s? U?N?F?* U?F eN VOMd s tUM2 s U?O?zU?M VOD
pc UF* U& wK ULO* `{ tzUH s2 uO* id*

UOzUM VOD WOu+


u?U?I sb ULK s2 bbF WUI* UFdA WOU d6
eN VOMd s tUM2 WU w* UOzUM

VOD WOu!2 WHH VD


t?M eN_ l*d U6 pcM u* UB c idLK UF
UNOUF w? Wd* s2 tOK U?6UH tzUH s2 tQO p UM u
c t{d2 s2
b?M?? w ZK bOMH vK bLF u U& c dF
WOuM tF r UOzUM

VOD WU!* UF* oU! U& UB UNO


WU( c w* VOD UNM Q! w W1d'

UNF, UF eN VO@d s UM+ w, VOD id* WOI b


i* w* id* WOI b v b c U& c UB bM
UF eN VOMd s UM2 w* VOD WOI b pcM F
t?BOK bN! UM tzUH s2 U?uO2 UM u id* s UNF*
88

UB UNO bM w Z( bMH pc r WOUI d* s2


w uM vK p oU! U&
F i, w, id* WOI b
V?OMd b VOD s2 VKD wuUI tK2 idLK u
VOD VK vK WI*u* t u ULM tM UNF* UF eN
U{d bF w wzUM' uUIK W2UF buI v UM p pc
i?F? w?* U?M??? qO vK w2d uK!K dLM tOK wM:
b? Vabres,1947,p.242 q??I? U?N?M?L?{ s?2 f?O? w?? r?zd?'
W?LB p U Ud*
t2b6 b! w* dB o hA pK1 r s2 U fHM
l?L: o( b s2 c tUM w* U* UF UEMK UHU

2 bF p vK
U?IKD2 f?O? b?! W2 w* UO( w* dH o XU sL* tOK
tI w* dB pK1 tS* r s2 lLLK o UC tOK d U/
VdG Hunry,1953,p.978 dH0 UO( w*
UN bF UM t S* F i* w* dH o UMK6 u v
lUD d* q2 UNOK d u2 bO UNuJ WOF2 UN_
WHOK bO

u* s2 Wd lLLK U*
v?K? VOD id% tQ s2 id* U{d b p dOG uI
VOD U WOA s C*

dA UO w* rJ q6_ vK qI


b WdA UC_U UH U2 w* wD bI l2 WwU o( cN
uA du' UO_ v{d*
89

tuI bB c w* tKL s2 id* U{ D vK b


p? q?F?H? s?2 U?L?O? r?J UM tK rJ!H uKI vUF
WOD aOA bMR U!M U
tOKB u!* ULK

Ub

v?K? d?? t?u?I? bB c w* WO2 WFdA n6u2 vK dIw


tK6 w* t u v tKI dO vK d t!H qI id*
d?( qK t? q??I?U? dOG vK b wU U _
t?K? p?K?2 d? U?N?O?K? w?CI dOG Q v t!H pK1 uN*
dIw u UN' s2 tK d ULO* UN wC
V u b t s2 qO$ w* U0 p vK b! ULM
Dieu nous a donne la vie, Dieu U?d?? lOD! c u UO(

uK2 qw_ w* t_ t!H pK1 U! seul puet la prendre


t?u _ uI pcM uJAM dB* u? tK tK
bSM WUNM v t D{ V U UO( bF WOO!* WUb
d??0 UO( c vK wCI U! o s2 fO d_ UOK
l{u2 w* uI t tOK t{d* c VuU UOI s2 qK t
u b_ vK_ UbO u tK s2 WM2 WdA UO( d
W?O?U?L?? W?ON `UB UNOK tDK We2 dAK uH
U?N?M?2 U?N?OK qB w l*UM* t2! WON cN U?Mb2 U! UM
v? U?F? `?U?B? w* UNzUC s2 tz2 l2 UFU UN sb2 uN*
! dB WOD W6dU UNFOD! b2 u tMJ2 w* U2 vB6
du' u* VK s2 b

90

VOD WOu!2 bF rdd w* UC oU! U& UB c b6


bIF c l6u VOD id* 5 u* dO!O bI v UOzUM

u V! q; U{d W UH d D p qU
uM vK id* VU s2 t bF U{dU* VOD id* q6 s2
WOU6 WO{d2 WU w* u tM2 bw s C* tUC oU!
f?H UNOF t W2 vK p dR c UHA s2 Q
tU( td id* u U2 qFH UL* VODK W!MU uI
dz s td) dA2 dO bIF q2 ULM UHA s2 tQ t2
U?M pK1 id*U* q2UFK ?2 X!O U! UO* q2UF
V?! d?O? t?Cd2 qI ZUF V?O??D UO( w* tI s
d?O? t?UO( WUN l{u u t2 s2 hK u id* b YUU*
qIK dLM WLd WIHA u VOD b YU pcM dA2
WHOK) d u dA2 dO

id* s UNF, UF eN VO@d s UM+ w, VOD WOI b


s? U?M??2 w?* V?O??D? W?OI b v U& c UB Vc
t?zUH s2 U?u??O2 UM u id* s UNF* UF eN VOMd
v?K 5F Wd* t?2 b l{ bN c VOD dB UM
U?N?O? W?U? w?* UM U*U idLK eN_ c VOMd dL VOD
c? t?*d?B? d?d?? V?O??D?K? f?O? id* U* s2 VOD bMQ r
UM pc td U( tU( v id* VK v UMU
c c t{d* WO U U2 wUF tQ tM2 R2
t{d2 v

WU( f2 w* rUH vd sc v{d* s2 dOG UH vd


91

i?d?L?K? d?O??M W?UB6 WHKJ eN_ c eN_ cN


td
e* b?LF

2 U?M?2R?2 qI s2 vUF tuI p vK b!

U?L?O?E?

U?c? t? b? t?M?F? t?O?K? t?K? V?C? U?N?O?* b?U? r?M?N?


t?K d w fHM uKI UC q e tuI U!M
ud uI UF uKIF rJKF t rMUw rJ o(U
s?2R2 q6 s2 tK vK u UOb e ! B tOK .dJ
tOK bM U2 t!H u cM* o dOG
UO( W2d U) tM2 lU! U w* WOD WMNLK w2 ub
l*b u UO( bN VOD vK d t vK h YO WwU)
WIHA
aOA WKOC* tO V U2 u Yb( w2 tIH p vK bM
c?N UFD6 d* s?2 q o( s2 fO WLd q6 tuI o( U
R2

U?UM tK S u9 fHM UM U2 UdO uBM


vK U_ vK t vBF d0 id* qIMdL
s2 t tK6 U YO WOU6 U2 t{d2 s2 wUF
b
tOK wM: UO( VK tu tK t2U6 U* b t_ l qI .d&
vK b! ULM o( U tK vK b
s?2 Q?O?K? i?d?* tK2U q6 `B * dIw WOD aOA uI p
t? W?K?O? qI 5F r YO Uw_ s dC lM* tzUH
W??K?2 W?U? d?{ UM X!OK* tOK uu2 WU* qzUuU*
dIw uE; U v
92

s?2R? W?O?M?b? W?OUM s2 uM UU uI p vK b! U?LM


w tDzd t2UJ b w* b tK b w* u* UO( Q UFOL

s2 rJ vK UM d U! UO wNM U! u * UNF{
q?I WLJ; XLJ S* qI qUI Q ?2 rJ tKU* t!H tK
dA w* WO2uLF WHw t tK UI!
2 ULJ cH b6 uJ t2b qUI
uJAM qUI cN W!MU WOwuB) WHw wMb
U? w?J?d?2_ U?_ WUI fK2 dI d?O? p? vK b!

s sKF U_ WUI fK2 bU VOD WOC6 uB


U0 WOU! vK UCIU Wb!' UN UNQ s2 WOKL qM UJM
Pelletier,Op.Cit.,p.230 UUU_ vb w WIdD p w*

uM vK poU! U& UNO bM w Z( wK ULO* bM*


w

t+ nOH$ fO id* VOD WLN+


WUMF c id*U tDd w Wb6UF W6F Vu0 eK2 VOD
t?OUF c? d?* s?2 t??F? w s* rK s2 tb U2 vB6 c
W?u?U? W?H?B? U?J2 bI t2 nOH WOU WHB p
e? wU_ bN oOI% s uU bN oOI% tIOF wGM
?F? W??O??M? oOI jd2 dO uU tM2 w!Ozd c VOD
c? u UM t2eU* q e tK bM s2 UHA _ nOH
b2u WUG oOI fO WUMF
93

s?2 w?U?F i?d?* U?M t? u?6 U?O?K?L? u?I? c? W?L?d??


5zd VKIUM dM WO!Ozd r!' eN b_ n6u UdD{
c w* eK2 VOD S* a* nzU iF wze n6u ULNOKM
V?O?Md tMN2 d Vu0 id* l2 Wb6UF t6 Vu0 WU(
p?c?M e?K?2
i??d?* U?O? U?I? W?U?; w?U?M?B? U?F? e?N?
r? s?2 t?U?* s?2 b?MQ? id* WU s! v UdLU
c? i?d?L?K? w?U?M?B? U?F? e?N? V?O?Md? s? U?M??2 u?
t v U?M?? t?U?* s?2 b?MQ? q6 tM UNF* t u ULM UNU
WOU_ tLN0 WUI*U WuU WLN* c _ tCd2 s2 pc nH
Malherbe,Med.,Op.Cit.,P.42) tCd2 UO vK UH( w* WKL*

U?O? U?N? v u sJL V?O??D? WLN2 Q uI sJL


5 u! _ s2 fO t ULM p d2 XUM ULN2 id*
uOKU VO tOK bM o uI c qI w bO ZUF w bO
bI* UJ w* uM s2 v{d* q6 uOKU tM2 VK U2bM Des Genette
U?U?N? f?O? U?O?( v?K? W?E*U; u w ?zU?6 p? i*
wU)
U? U!d* U_ wMu fK: fOz u6 l2 oH pcM
UN{dF oU! WIHA l*b qI ZO WOC6 vK tIOKF b
U? v? b?N? w?? q?zU?u? q?M b?A? i?*d? VD WO1UM
qM _ rUH vd sc v{d* 5U: 5u!L* 5uA*
5u6 UN v UD* t wNM UO( d wUL w Vc2
rNzUH s2 QO rNuA r d*Q tOC W1d' UJ lL:
94

U lU6 WOD _ uU6 WMb* UM w* WLU!* uFOD! b6


V?O??D? V? u? U?!? h? .dJ UO( d vK h 5
b2u UM qI b* cwU_
w?!?d?H WOD _ uU6 s2 U* h tOK bM U2 u
v t u id* nOH v vF! VOD vK V
u?B? i?d?* u?0 q??F? UNM2 uO2 UN b w U( w*
W?e?2 U?E? t?OK bM U2 pcM wU) bLF2
r?6 w?JK* ud*U UB uF! UM_ V dA VD WMN2
c? V?O??D? v?K V tM2 dUF U* w* U w*
WMJL* bU!* t bI dD WU w* Ud UCd2

rKF bNA
U* hM U?C? W?d?C WUMF vIK t s2 bMQ
uO2 id2 UO UN u_ s2 U Q u UEM fH s2
t?OK XB U2 u t VK tK vK UM UM u UO tzUH s2
d??M_ vK uM dA UIU V6UF
U?u UuI U*
VKDU tU( vK UM UH q2UF bB6

UU! q6 s2

W1d' vK YUU b b
.d??? U??2 w* WOKw WHB YuU bF wzUM' uUI
w?* U?M U?I?F? W? v?K? d?O?Q bF dOQ s2 UN U2 qM
qI c e w* U( u ULM W1d' vK UU bF WOzUM U
ULM dA qI W1d* eH c UeU UN!K U t
W?O?d?J? b?I( UI W1d' vK YU uJ uMF* UNMM
V?(UM U?2U?9 i?OIM vK U?C?O?G? YU uJ u!O* ?2

95

wM! c UMU w* U( u ULM id*U WLd UH


b2u
Y?U??U b s2 oU! U& UB t U6 U0 UMLK u v
eN l* vK VOD b6 WIOI q UM U! wMS* W1d' vK
vK U6UH tO* Wb UNOMd s UM2 id* s wUMB UF
tIU s2 id* vK U6UH dM VOD q t2 s2 tBOK id*
t???w U? i?d?* U?N q e tK b6 w* fO q e
vu* bI2 w* fO b UN fO tK b6 tO* p U2 tO
q e vu* q UOK id* W6UH0 t2 WUN lC q e
U?6U?H? i?d* WUN lCO VOD uK< qb v WU w*
d?* p? t?IK) q e tK s2 d* fO tOK
q e vu* s2 d6 v Wu v uI idLK WF*U uJ b6
UUDU d bK t!H bF tKF tK dI id* uF ULM
i?d?*t? W??K?B?2 t?O?* p U2 c q e tK v dI
dHG*U rN tz sdUB U b vUF tU tK s C*

idLK UFH dM uJ bb r WU U0 d w* WM'U uHU


WHOK dOM U s2 d w*

dH@ tK WL s+ QO


s?L? q? e? v?u?*U?* tK WL s2 QO s UUN
t tK s2 u!O vUF tuI dHM tK WL s2 QO rO
d n?O?J?* n?u? d*UJ uI tK s2 fO
VOD Q WO tQ tCd2 q6 vK VOD b6 oU! U& UB
96

d?2 o?U?!? U?& UB VU s2 uI c l6u tzUH s2


l u s2 tOK
h?A b?I?* t?C?d?2 W?U? hOA w* VOD QD UL _
b6 L* p WIOI( cM d2 UN vK WU( VOD
a?* W?IOI( a* U u2 t vK id* WU hA
u? a?* s?2 e? dM_ vK jI* UdD{ iF wUF
ULz VOD q q2UJU t2 u2 s2 sIO n6u c
r?KF d* qJ W t q d* hOA s2 WI 5I vK
w?* V?O??D? T?D? U?F?6u??2 f?O? W?O?U?!? U?O?( o?zU6
p UM bMR WOKLF buA X!O UU! UU hOA
r? d?L?K? U?N?B?OA w* U UD s U?O?2u? lL!
h??O????A?? Q?D? d? U????O???? p?? b?F? V?O??D? n?A??J?
WHOK
U?M? S?* dLK U??O??w V?O??D hOA UM u v t wU
U?MU tzUH s2 U?u?O2 d* c U w* QDK U?L

U vK rzU6 VOD q6 s2 UHA s2 QO UOF2 p w*


s?2 p? c WOF WOD qzUu s2 U* v dEM
t?K? f?O d2_ cN s Y w* q2_ UG tQ
UHA vUF tK Ud! WKO VOD U2 w*UA u q e
WOKLF buA b UN fO q e tK b6 id*
UNM2 URO2 UM WO{d2 U s UMFL U2 dOJ* p UM bMR
WUL* UNUw U q2UJ UHAU UNOK tK rF b6 UOzUN

q? e tK s ?C* uJAM WOFOD rNUO


97

B tOK ud pc Ud ULM t oK oK r


t? l?{ l?C? r? t?K? S?* b? t?K U U !
u U2 fO tzUH s2 uO2 d* c uI nOJ*
w?* t?K? s?2 oO*u w*UA F t nAJ b?6 uO tM2 uO2
U?M bMQ U2 u WOFOD WUNM id* UO wNM q6 bG
U?( ?F bb' rKF nAJ u qJ* d{U( UdB w*
V?O??D? q?b?? U?L?K* WOBF!* U(U dF X?U?M w
V?O??D? v? d?C id* q tCd2 UO( WKU WUN lC
V?d?I? w?{U?* w?* dF VD sJ r tUO UN tzUHA
ULM qLF s Uz n6u qLF s tK6 n6u s2 b

id* c dA p bF rKF UMO b6 UO( U* b6


U?F? e?N od s tK S tUO UI sJ1 UO e
UN dF b Vd6 X6 v U_ sJ r wUMB
idLK U*u WE( bb oO6b UOI* u wzUdNJ a* U
t WLN* cN UN' c WUHM b p bF rKF nAM r
o?U?!? u??M? v?K? t??U? d eN vK UL s2 b
b2udIw tUC
u?J?A?M UDM bO uI p vK b
rN{d2 s2 u*Q rUH vd sc v{d* q6 d
UU tU6 U2 pcMWIHA l*b qI U_ tOK oKD U2 u
bFK tK V s dOF cN* d2 UM UM U2 uM
b?U?!?0 t?!?H qI UU tUO s2 hK t fOK*
u! dA* tOK h U0 pcM uJAM sd
98

U?F? WMN* VOD U UE s2 U* w*


UHAK qU6 dO hF!2 d0 UB2 id2 UO UN u
jO s2 vK U?? id* c `w s2 p o* ULN2
wU) t
v{d* s UF eN l* vK VOD b6 dd s2 vA YU
W?b?? s2 eN_ c VOMd s UM2 rNzUH s2 uO*
u?M?2 b?6 u?2 U?2 r?U?{d?0 U?L?? b? vK U_ lA
V?O?D dI Q??* r? e?Md2 WUMF id* lC b6 WOu!*
w?A tUO wNMO?
n?6u rKF u t s n6u
W?H?OK 2 UO( WIO l6
b?6 UM tCd2 _
o? V?O??D UD `B WuI w V_ tM d U2 u
_ o?( c? U?D? `?B ULM UHAK qUI dO id* q6
r?J? q6_ vK W1d' vK U?C?d% p w* _ U!
w?* w?LKF bI U2 WwU du' dA UO w*
e?N? l* w* VOD d! vA UC_ W U2
p U2 tzUH s2 tQO tOK UHU Uc tCd2 s UF
v?{d?2 b UNe id* c s2 WdA UC UH
bM' p d s2 WKzU U oOI% sd
id* tO* p ULL* VOD id* 5 WI bF vAld

pAU tOB c d2_ u* UHA U VOD v tu


v?H?? d?D tU bI WwU VOD s2 u)
tCd2 VOD 5 WIU* F U$ vK p d b vK
b2u F U$ W! w* dOM UN
99

UF eN ULF w, d vK id+ qOCH u b


WbI* uI( c v Uu uI( w* WOu UM
v{d2 uu uI u r s2 rNUO vK UH( w* lOL' o
fO WO{d* rNU WwU WOUF eN_ cN WU w* sd
s?2 U?!? UO WOC u tK0 e dCU* UNM2 U?uO2

wu) d UO UI q
UF eN VOD VMd q6 bw UN uJ WOKC*_ c
UF eN_ 5U2 v{d2 u WU w* tOK 5F idLK
W?U? d??M u s2 U{d2 5 s2 U tb d*u* eN_ s2 dM
c? w?* v?{d?* 5 qOCH WOu{u2 ULC qCH
e?N_ cN
d?B?M? UNO UC W?O? WM' qJA w??D? dI uD) d?E WU(
W?O?u?{u?2 d?O?U?F?2 v?K? W?O?zU?C?I? W?OD WMK c bLF wzUC6
b?2 l?L???L?K? h??A? l?H b2 vK uI WOUL U
U?* v?K uI WOB dOUF2 vK bLF tUO UI WOUJ2
WDK! V!M
u s* v{d* 5 UUOU WOzUCI WOD WMK qzU6 uI b6
UM 5 U!* b2 b b6 uJ WOUF eN dM WU w*
U?O dDC2 W?M?K ULN sU `Ow dO uI c
ULNOU w t U* bF s WOUF eN_ WKI v{d* 5
v?K? W?U?H??2 U?N?S?* d?H? u!* vK WU!2 XUM `UB*
5KB* vK qOB% WOD WMK vK Vu wUL u!*
!b s WU( c w*
100

VOD UNM Q w W1d' WOu


u?K?!? ??U? V?O??D? U?N?M? Q?!? w? W1d' WOu nK
U2 5MuK b UO_ v{dLK W!MU bF c tO u!M*
r idLK UF eN VOMd s tUM2 w* b! wK uK
e?N? l?*d? V?O??D? UO6 w* b! wU uK U2 dD) tU
W?U? w* e UO( bO6 vK e tuM r id* s UF
w uM vK p UNO

tzUH s+ uO* idLK UF eN VO@d s VOD UM+

c? t?Mu?K? U?M u VODK WOzUM' WOu!* uK! c Vd


tM2 U6UH t!H UIK s2 UM td id* U{d tK vK UM
U& c UB nK b6 tzUH s2 QOK t2 bA id* vK
d s2 UMN* WU( c w* VOD UNM Q! w W1d' WOu u
bU!* .bI s UM2 W1d w* qL WKI!2 W1d s VOD WU!2
s VOD WU!2 s2 UM dD WU w* bu r idLK
UM2 odD WU q6 W1d
dD w, h$A bU* .bI s UM+ W1d s VOD WU+ _ odH
U* h p w* rNU w!dH UCI tIH odH c q1
hM w UF bb' w!dH UuIF uU6 s2
s?2 W?2d?GU uM fL v dN W s2 f(U V6UF
t vK
.b?I s b?L? l?M??2 s?2 q?M ULbS pd* v
101

s?2 t?b?U?!2 VKD t!H UIK s2 u dD w* hA bU!*


dDK tCdF bU!* t1bI Q s2 uJ dA dOG
VOMd s tUM2 s VOD W6UF* w!dH UCI tIH dA
w* qL d b dD WU w* id* UF eN
e t wMF dD w* hA uJ dU* w U! u
tU* X b6 hA UM VOD vK WOu!2 wUU UO

wD qb v U r s2 UU! bF r WU( c w* t_


wu) f tUO UI ld!
UF eN VOMd s VOD UM2 d wM dA dD u
dH c d2_ UOIOI

U?U
U dD WU w* id* uJ
w???U???M??B?? U??F?? e??N?? V??O??Md???? l??d??!?? q??b???? t??O??K??
vA ULO! uJ c dD) w* dA Vitu,1982,p.1459
Cass Crim,1940-1949,p.347u
WOB id* WU U tM2
.b?I? V?O??D? U?J?2 w?* u?J? d?A bU!* .bI WOUJ2
t?U?J?2 w* sJ r ULMO dD WU w* u c tCd* bU!*
n?K?J? qO!0 nOKJ t_ U?O?zUM Q! U?2 vKF* p
bU* UNF U!H tK
UOzUM Q! wM Ub2 WU( c w* VOD qb uJ dA
tOHF t2eU VOD d0 W1d' lI c tUM2 s
uO2 WU( w* tKb b bF QD b6 tuM WOzUM' WU!* s2
WOu!* s2 p tOHF * UOw

dbI UM u v t_ tzUH s2
Nancy,1965 p dA* d bF WOzUM'
102

V?O?D qb Q s2 UM dOG VODK u dD) bF


d?D? W?U? w?* u? c? idLK wUMB UF eN VOMd
s UOzUM Q! tS* dO idF v dDK t!H idF
b s2 dM v{d2 UM uJ U2bM L p uB c tUM2
w?* V?O??D UM2 UM czbM UNO WU w* WOUF eN_
U* UI* id* c s2 WU dM u s2 u v UF WU( c
s2 VOD o w* W1d qJA c tUM2 S* tO{u o
wu) UOzUM Q! r
d?D?) l?zU?6u?U? VOD rKF dA U?b?L? UM2 uJ
t?UO UI WOUMw UF eN v tU id*U jO c
s lM1 t id* UI tKb dC oI; u* s2
Vitu,D.P.S.,1982.p.1459 WMb* WOu d( tS p

F id* i* v UF c tUM2 UM VOD Q!


t{d2 uD id* dB VOD uI dA p qJA cN
b?I?* W?U? w?* id2 UM lDU WU( c w* F WOLQ
c? w?* t??U?!2 b U tM u!* dB VOD uI wuK
X?UM F wIK vK id* U t u VOD WU(
U?M2 odD WIHA l*b bL q6 UM W1d' bF uJAM b
U2bM d*u W1d' cN* idLK bU!* .bI s UM2 d2 fO
u?J?AM id* vK tM2 U?6UH t!?H? U?IK s2 VOD UM2 uJ

103

UM+ odD WU qN W1d s VOD WU+ wU odH


WU w* u s* bU!* .bI s UM2 dB* ldA d r
s?2 Q? p? w?* t?Q? t?O?K V6U U/ WKI!2 W1d UUU dD
ULUU UNO tU r id* s wUMB UF eN l*d uI
wK ULO* t{Q U2 u bL q6

id* s UF eN_ VOD UI UOU

v2 t UNOMd bF id* s UF eN l*d VOD U6


U?2 w?U?F t UNM2 R?O?2
W?O??B? tU VOD t dN

WOUMB tUO( b l{ p s2 U*bN!2

UNM2 tBK w* q2 U
W?2b?F?M?* W?E?U WUB6 WHKJ ne n6 Wd* t?2 UN
c?N? U?H s2 rUH l6u* v?{d?* s2 dO 5JL b'
uJ uB ULM UOzUM c tMuK s VOD Q! qN* eN_
b TU hOA WO tCd2 s UF eN_ VOD n6
wK ULO* t{Q U2 c c tKF* s UOzUM Q! qN* U*u
t+ b l{u tOK UNUH tzUH s+ RO* id* s UF eN UI
UF eN l* s UOzUM VOD WU!2 U& c UB d
t?2 s2 tBOK tCd2 vK tM2 U?6UH tzUH s2 RO* id* s
c w* UNM Q! w W1d' WOu u rNMO ULO* uHK Wd*
s VOD WU!2 d _ 5Od* 5U& 5 eOOL sJL
WU(
WHH2 WOu!2 tU!2 d d WU q6 W1d
104

WU WOu+ qN W1d s VOD WU+ _ odH


wuJ pcM w!dH dB* UCI tIH WOU U& c b
w_
dB* tIH
s tUM2 s U?O?zUM VOD WU!2 v? dB* tIH WOU V
pcM dD WU w* u c idLK wUMB UF eN VOMd
v bL q6 W1d s eN_ c qLF t*UI s UOzUM tU!2
s?2 t ue s2 t!H Xd6 s2 v p w* bM ULNMO W6dH
tOK UIF tUO UN w* V! s2 o! YO UO U2 W2d(
v?K? U?F eN VOMd b6UF wuUI t2e VOD cH
u?* UOF* U?I*

U?OIOI
U?u?2 t?u?2 s2 bMQ q6 t u * tCd2
d? t? U? w?* V?! eN_ c qBH b!'
sb
W?I?HA l*b UM c t*dB vK t2b6S VOD qzU6 uI b6
t? W?wU?? d?* t? UN! w?? W??O?d? s?2 id* hOK
U?& c? t?*d?B? v?K? t??U?!?2 b 5F UM U2 tzUH s2 R?O2

o?d?H? W?O?zU?M?' WOu!* nOH q6_ vK WOR!* boU!


dE wuUI U_ bIH uI c l6u U& c s2 wU
U?N?O?M?M U?LMU d*u qI W1d* W1d' vK YUU b bF
U?M UOU wU' uK w* U* sMd b! uMF* U*
s?Md? b?!??? 5? w?*i?d?* U w* V! c UOK
105

U?F? e?N qL dL v id* WU wU' rK w* uMF*


v?K bI U?N dD) tUO idF tQ s2 tM UNF* t
tKF* s rM w WO2d WOMK WMb* WOu d( tS c qF*
TUH2 qDF VOw b6 UN' UM u tOK id* U c
w?UF UN' w s2 wMH sJ9 q6 dO_ tUH id* kH
UOzUN qI vK YUU UH UdM ULM bF UOzUM VOD Q! *
u?J? i?d?* v?K? U?H?? p vK YU uJ u!O*
b? b?I( UI w* Wd p vK YU
wM!
w?U?M?B? U?F? e?N? V?O?Md? s VOD UM2U oKF ULO*
S* dM o UL CH* WU q6 W1d s UC Q!O* tCd*
t dH r WKI!2 W1d UU UM2 p d r dB* ldA
XLw w!dH dA* fJ vK p UuIF uU6 w* UB

v dB* tIH WOU V bI* uB c s dB* dA*


u c idLK wUMB UF eN VOMd s VOD UM2
wK! tMuK s WOzUM' WU!LK t{dF tUO UI WU( f2 w*
t??U?!2 U UM2 odD bLF qI W1d' U?Jd2 UU c
U?*U dD WU w* u s* F .bI VOD e u c tUM2 s
WOM oOI% bBI p s b?L tUM2 UO( bO6 vK e UM
vHDB2 id2 U uUI UNOK V6UF w
U?* h?M p vK b!
b?O
U2 qM c VOD vK VD WMN2 We2 WdB* Wz s2
U* XB ULM rN2 nOH vK qLF U{d2 u tF w*
106

W'UF2 s vM VOD vK V t vK Wz fH s2


dD WU w* wu b6U* id2
WU!* dI `dw h s2 b6 dB* wzUM' uUI UM
u?U?6 d?A?2 S?* U?M??2 o?d?D? U?N?U?J WU w* WUF WOzUM'
t? v?K? U?N?BM U* w* p sLC b6 dB* UuIF
UH uUI tOK V s2 UM2 odD WbLF W1d' XJ

dB* dA* bUtKFH XF6 UNQM UNOK V6u tM lM2 U2


f UF uMb t VU U2 u UuIF uU6 w* hM c d6
v?K? UIF sLC dB* UuIF uUI bb

UOuU6
UdI
U?B

2
qM bL

6 bF id* s UNH6 bU!* .bI s UM2 d2


b??2 h??A UF F UD bMtOK l*b UM U? UM2
b?B?I XUM U? W?O??F? q?zU?u dU2 s UM2 W n6
dB tI*u2 vK UM
p tOK wM: VK UO( UH

ftOK wM: WI*u2 b qUH


wdH tIH
WU w* UOzUM VOD WU!2 v w!dH UCI tIH WOU V
q??6 W??1d s u* UB c? i?d?* s? U?F eN_ t*UI
s? VOD UM2 s uB c v p w* bM bL
U?N?O?K? h? dD WU w* u c idLK UF eN VOMd
u?B? cN dF UuIF uU6 w* U hM dA*
Wdw UI dO_
107

UNOK V6UF w W1d' WOu bb% s w!dH dA* XLw


s U?O?zUM tKzU!2 w!dH tIH WOU bI* WU( c w* VOD
o?K?F ULO* WwU wzUM' uUIK W2UF buI v bM bL q6
w* tOK wM: U{d b b W1d' vK YUU b bF
qL* VOD uK WU b tUC oU! uM vK qI rzd
UB e c id* s WOUMB WOUF eN_ qLF t*UI w*
b?N UMtzUH s2 U?R?O?2 UM u UNO WU w* e u*
p? v?K? b!
Hunry,Op.,Cit.,p.978 W?d??* t2 b l{
v?K? Y?U??U? U?b?? b?F? U?uIF uU6 s2 U* hM
W??!?M?U? b? r U2 u p vK hM r U2 pW1d'
WO!dH WOD _ uU6 s2 U* tOK XB U0 pcM qIK
id* nOH v vF! VOD vK V t vK hM YO
u0 qF UNM2 UuO2 UN t b w U( w* v t o
bN2 bLF2 uB id*
w_ tIH
U?F? e?N?_ V?O??D? l?*d? o?K?F?? U?L?O* bOF! q2UM d
U! tuI dUE u* WKd2 w* id* s wUMB
wUU a* U n6u tQ s2 UF eN UI S* r s2UO

p?c? dd XUM U p ?U6 bF t?O?K?WOD U*u b


bOF!

108

wuJ ldA
YUU b b dI Udw

UB wuJ e' uU6 sLC


U?J? v?K? l?*b YUU d U* w* p W1d' vK
U2 u p  uUI vC6 wzUM' bBI d*u w* qFH
W?1d?' v?K YUU b b lDU qI W1d w* tOK hM r
U?N?UJ vK YU UM U? U?N?U?M d*u d0 oI W1d' wMF
WU( vK uI c oOD UMA
t?M? w?U?M?B? UF eN l* WO id* q6 S* Y q2
c tKF* vK VODK l*b d2_ s2 dOG bL q6 W1d qJA
URO2 d0 tUw WO t2 b? l{ id* vK UH u
tzUH s2
UOzUM Q! VOD UM bB c w* t!H dD U! WL
jO! bL q6 W1d s UM Q! qN* bL q6 W1d s WU( c w*
uI v iF V WU( c w* bwd dw o l2 q6
d?w o?? UH d?E? j?O?!? b?L q6 W1d s Q! V?O?D Q
W?*d?F?2 b? U??K?D bwd dw o _ WU( c w* bwd
du' WU( c w* wHM U2 u qUH WOM tOK wM:

w?* v?{d* uK6 sc U_ YO wU*_ UCI U?C U& c bR


WU% WLJ; rJ bwd dw o l2 bL q6 rzd s dK bN
o?? l2 ??6 W?I?H? q??I? U?U?_ d?? w* WOU*_
b2u UubdE bwd dw

109

W1d s WU( c w* VOD WOu!2 v d iF V ULMO


d?w d? d*u p U bwd dw o l2 bL q6
UJ qFH q6 tOK rLB* bBI tQ UuIF uU6 t*d c
bBI p UM u 5F2 h c UNM2 dG uJ WM WUM
d?u?' d? v?K? U?*u?6u?2 d?2 b? v?K U?I?K?F2

w?? W?U?( q?LAO l! dw o S* vMF* cN UI*


q6 s2 tOK wMLK U*dF2 wU' UNO* uJ
WHH2 WOu!2 qI W1d s VOD WU!2 wU odH
b?F? q?zU?I? U?& 5? j? n?6u?2 v odH c UB V
bL q6 W1d s UOzUM

tU!0 qzUI U& VODK WOzUM' WU!*


v tF* c YU qM dE t c tKF* s VOD WU!2 d
UFdAU p vK b WHH2 WuIF WU( c w* V6UF t1d
t bR* UI* tIHU tI rodH cN bR*

WUI* UFdA
UNM2WUI* UFdA s2 bbF U& c b
wUD ldA
UM
qI WU w* UIF nOH vK UuI U* XB
W??I??H??A?? l??*b?? q???I? V?J?d? r? r?t?O?K? w?M?: s?2 V?K? v?K?
nOH dA wUD uUI wMF c dHF
W1d' vK l*bU bF tOK wM: U{d - qI uJ UIF
UH bOL dO UM u
110

du ldA
U?N?S? u?I c VOD WU!2 v?K? U?uI U* XB
W?uI s WHH2 W?Ou!2 UOzUM `K* U?' t?K vK UM id* UO
w?M t?S?* h?M? c?N U?I?* u?J?A?M U?F? qI
qF* uJ dA VOD UNJ w qI W1d s UIF nH
id* s2 U( VK vK UM id* UO UN c VOD
t U U2

2
U!
2 id* uJ
tzUH s2 uO2 d0 UUB
bu ldA
d tUw UB

q6 s2 t vK UuI U* XB
UM t vK s!U V6UF tI*u2 vK UM
tB d{ WLO!
sJ1 t2 s2 Q WU w* c id* hOK bBI WIHA l*b
n?? d?? W??u??I??F?? r??J??( v??_ b??( v?? W?u?I?F? n?O?H??
q??I? c? V?O??D? S* hM cN U?I?* w?u)
W?1d?K dI* v_ b( v UIF tM nH WIHA l*b id*
W?1d?' W?u?I?F? v?_ b( s2 n d WuIF tOK rJ
f?J? v?K? p? t?O?K? w?M?: VK vK UM p uJ d
WIU! UFdA
wdM ldA
s?2 v?K? W?H?H2 WuI lO6u vK UuI U* XB
V! tM2 W*d l*b tK vK UM hA WGU Ud

b qI
U?M?A tM2 UHA vd d0 tUw
111

VOD qF* uJ d{ d b vK tIU l2 ldA c oH


s?2 tK vK U?M
uJ u! tOK wM: s2 VK vK UM
t!H UIK
u ldA
U?{ v?K U?M?
q??I? d???F? t vK UuI U* XB
vK VOD b6 S* hM cN UI* UIFK UHH2

U*d d dD
UIFK UHH2

U*d uJ id* U{ Vu0 WIHA l*b tCd2 q6


qI vK YU uJ nOHK dA r WHH2 WuIF V6UF
W??O??U??I? t?{d?2 s?2 t?B?O?K?? w?* W??i?d?* v?K? U?H?
wU)
wUMK ldA
uM dA UIU V6UF
vK UuI U* XB
UI* VKDU tU( vK UM UH bBI UU! q6 s2 dM_ vK
U?M
UM v2 p tOK U?6UH tCd2 qI VOD V6UF hM cN
v?K? b?e? W?HH2 WuIF tUO s2 tBK Q VKDU t tU( vK
dHF uM dA

UI* tIH
w?* U?I?F? nOH wF{u w2 tIH s2 ULK bbF b
U( c

112

w+ tIH
W?O?F?*U?A? W?O?J?U?* W?O?H?M?( W?F?_ WO2 Vc* XFL
`?O?? t?OK wM: U{d* tS u d qI s2 WU!2 vK WKUM(
d?A?* t?O?K? h? U?0 U? fHM WLB p U qI
r?N? u? U?N?M?2 f?O? qIU
v? u?L?!I wU' vK tFO6u dI* UIF u rNMO ULO* uHK
u? U?B?I?U? U?IF u v iF V YO W UU&
w?M?: U?{d? b?? b?F p tK vK UM tOK wM: q6 UM
W?O?F?*U?A? i?F? W?O?J?U?* i?F? WOHM( iF U& c q1 tOK
V? w?U?U?J? W?FOA WdUE
ezU dO UM t_ wU' s UBI UI v rNCF
c? q??1 W?b jI! UBI jI! W?N??A WN bu t
b? W?O?F?*U?A? b? p?U?2 V?c2 w* `d d U&
dO

wUUJ WKUM( bM `d WOHM(


d?e?F? UHM qUI s Wb UBI UI d iF d
w u6 WOJU* s2 uM WOF*UA w* U& c q1 wU'
dOA WKUM( bM bL2 nu
wM: vK YUU b u d u bL2 aOA d
W?d2 s2 tOUF U2 v U?F p UM S* tKI dOGK tOK
u?1 UH vd d0 U?C?d2 UNM2 WdK ?O b r
s?2 t?B?O?K bN! WU( c w* tK6 S* tKI VODK Q*
hI c ?2UM

U2d
U?2d?2 qUI bF WU( c w* Wd*
113

d?O? WU( c w* qI _ p U2 d?e?F V6u wU' s2


t?K? u?J? 5 dO s2 qOL' dB id* vK V U2
U?!? q?J? q?F? b? t oK b oK c vUF
du u*

wF{u tIH
v?K? Y?UU b u v tIH s2 U& c UB V
q?IF UIFK UHH2 UU U/ qFHK UO2 UU qI
V( l*b qI d WOdJ bI( UI qI qU6 5 u!
s2 uO* t{d2 s2 Wd2 U?2 wUF UHAK qU6 dO UCd2 WIHA
V6UF V td id* u U2 VOD nFC tzUH
v??_ W??U??( s?? W??H??H????2 W????u??I??F?? c?? t?K?F?* s? W?U?( c?? w?*
nOH c W s rNMO ULO* uHK Magnol,1947,p.358)
W?K?I?!2 W1d s U?O?zU?M? V?OD WU!2 d{ v iF V
Medeuille d?O?!?*d? R s2 WUF qI WuI s2 q6 UNuI
u??* v?? v??C??* d??{ W??1d?? s?? V??O????D? W?U?!?0 V?U? Y?O?
d?C? V?U? c? d?u?' o?zU?* p?cM du'
U?F? q??I? W?IHA l*b qUI 5 tOA d UIF nOH
UNuI WKI!2 W1d UUU WF6u c .d UUD2 U dO U*dD

vK U?M?
b?? c qI 5 d* b6 qIK WUF WuIF s2 q6
tOK wM: U{d b c qI tOK wM: s2 U( VK
ULNuI 5U( UKMv_ WU( w* UNM WOU WU( w* UIF b
f UF qI s2 q6
114

Y?U? U v U& c UB s2 d iF V ULMO


qM w* UIF dbI d qC*_ s2 tS* c WFw WQ!2 qI vK
WLd WIHA l* s2 bMQ S* qUIK b vK qI U s2 WU
c? Garroud,Op.Cit.,Part5,p.280:291 W?H?H??2 WuIF rJ

UHH2

UOzUC6

U*d
U6UH qI d odH
c? w* U?6U?H? q?U?I vK UIF nOH wM! VO$ qKF

w?* n?O?H??? WK tuI qI v wU' l* c YU qM WU(


U?2 U?H? q2UF tOK wM: q6 b6 rN*U* YU q _ UI*
w?* Q?A?U?M W?wU?) t??KB2 tOK wM: WKB2 wG UM t wMF
W?O?2d? u?D?) U?C? Y?U?? q? vK wMM qI uw dzU
u UNU{dH2 dzU d*u t1d dJ qL * qUIK
d? d?F? b?6 r?N??*U* p v W*U{U UL VU fO U2
t fLK r s2 t!HM u* VK w* tOK wM: U( bB2 u6
u?D? q?6 qI c S* WUNM w* cF cN UI b6 UM cF
t?U?O? s?2 fzU tOK wM: pcM uw dzU s2 lL: vK
t?K??I? w?* d?O? v?K ` tLOLB s2 mK u* vK rLB2
wM!

UIF nOH$ d
v?K? t?I?H? p?c?M U?& c?N? c? w? UFdA lL& UJ
U(S tOK wM: s2 VK vK UM b qI uJ d{
id* vK UH l*b uJ U( c vK UM qI r
d6 U2 u WIHA l*b qI dA r UFdA c iF UM
115

u* VKD wU' vK tOK wM: U(


dA tK6 wU' s2 VK c u tOK wM: uJ dA
t?O?K rOLB Wb'U r! v d?J

d?2 VKD c dJ
wM: v u!M2 u U2 d2 UM UFdA c w* nOH oDM
WO UNM2 wUF w Wd* s2 tBOK u1 Q U{d u tOK
d?O? p? V?O??D? t? u?w v?? t?zU?H? s?2 u??O?2 d?0 tUw
i?d?* t?O?K? wM: U( rJ cQ wM!
wu b6U* UM v2 VOD vK td U(
VKDU tOK wM: U( vK UM
qI b
c? U( WO tOK wM: q6 vK wU' b6 uJ dA
s?2 b?6 c? u? V?O?D UM dA c wHM tOK tOK dO_
t?O?K? w?M: tM2 VKD tOK U?6U?H? i?d?* q6 vK t!H UIK
s?2 t?U? b?F? p?c U{d v id* qw c u t p
w?M! tOK WIH u* qON! t s t UB* d* s2 UHA

tOK wM: vK UH l,b qI b


b?I?( U?I?? q??I? v?K? l?*b? U?M v2 UIF nH
s?2 uO* id* vK UH l*b uJ dA U/ WOdJ
w??M??!? c? t?{d?2 s?2 W?d??2 U??2 w??U?F? c? t?zU?H?

116

W??O id* s UF eN_ t,UI s U?OzUM VOD WU+


U,uU TU) hO$A
W?b UM2 id* s UF eN UIS VOD U6
UI U/ WIU! WU( w* U( u ULM tOK U6UH fO UNOMd s
UOzUM u!2 dF tO* p U2 tS* U2 b6 id* QD) odD tM2
d?O? q??6 W?1d? s? W?bL q6 W1d s Q! q sJ tU* s
WbL
d? w?*u? t?Q? i?d?L?K? V?OD hOA 5 W6dH 5F
UwuH d r TU) hOA 5p s2 bMQK Uwu*
W?b?L? q??6 W?1d? s VOD Q! v_ WU( wH* pc W2
i?d* WU hH VOD UO6 r b b6 QD) c UM ULMO
u?D?u? W?b?L? d?O? q??6 W?1d s Q! tS*
V?OD UL v U?F? d?O_ WU( c w* VOD WU!2 U
U?: c? w* WOLKF UOMI b_ U?I* UwuH d w*
w?zU?d?N?J? a?* r? o?d? s U*u b s2 bMQ tOK 5F UM
n6u s2 bMQ aLK WOuB u* WF_ wzUdNJ VKI r
W' vK WO2d U2F uN s2 bMQ UOzUN fHM

VOIF
s? t?U?M??2 W?U w* WOzUM' VOD WOu!0 qzUI U& l2 oH
U?M u?U?N?O? W?U w* dD WU w* id* UF eN VOMd
b? l{ tOK u* qON! w* Wd tzUH s2 QO u t l*b
r?N?? W?U?d? p? d?O?D) t{d2 WO id* UNOUF w x
117

p? s?2 v?M?! UF* U& Z bOMH w* rNUM


b? WK6 v U?F? W?O?U?F? e?N_ s VOD q6 s2 UM2 UM
u?J? d?A tM dOG Wu v U?F? c? tUM2 UM eN_
UOB UOu{u2 UNU UM Wu_
eN_ tF* WU w* WOzUM' VOD WOu!0 qzUI U& b ULM
l*b XUM U? t?U* s2 bMQ tzUH q6 id* s WOUF
U& Z bOMH w* rNUM rN WUd p pc dd
d
W6dH d{ VOD UNM Q! w W1d' WOuM oKF ULO*
W?U?( w* idLK UNKOGA bF eN_ UI WU UM2 WU 5
bU!* .bI s UM2 W1d w* qL WKI!2 W1d s Q! v_
r? i?d* U* q6 WF6u XHAM v2 p dD WU w* id*
W?D?d p lDU idLK UF eN VOMd d2_ b
S* id* U* UM2 p s r$ ULMO dB* dA* p dI
eN l*d oKF ULO* UM2 odD bL q6 W1d s Q! VOD
U?2 b?L? q??6 W1d s Q! VOD S* id* s UF
tzUHA U2 UN id* WU b s2 VOD bMQ q6 b c l*d
tu*
U?6U?H? qI 5 W6dH u UIF bI* W!MU dO

w* lLD WOdJ bI( UI l*b qI UM UMLN U2 u


s?2 q6 U?6UH qI WuI uJ V a id* d
WUF bLF qI WuI
118

V nH* UIF bI2 Q* U6UH qIK W!MU v


i?d?* V?K? v?K UM qI r bI* tU lOL w* b? uJ
U?{ v?K? U?M? r?? b?6 q??I?U d! wM VOD vK tU( td
VOD fH UIK s2 dO r b6 VOD VK vK td id*
uJ 5F U( c w* tM2 VK id* U{ vK tIOKF
WOU v_ WU( vK t6UF2 s2 b dM dO_ WU( w* UIF
w* UIF uJ WIHA l* UF qI s2 UUI q6 UM
WU WU( s2 UUI q6 v_ WU( s2 UUI dM WOU WU(
V?O??D? fH UIK s2 dO_ WU( w* t W6dH c U
UF qI v d6 wN* pc t qIU d r VKD r id*
UM qI WU w* ULMO qI vK YU u s2 ULNMO U2 qM
vK VODK tI*u2 u id* v V! U2 qM S* id* U{ vK
b?F? p tzUH s2 uO* t{d2 s2 tBOK tKI dO_ uI
v?K? d?; W?U??0 U?M VODU* tM2 RO2 t{d2 VOD `{
i?d?* U?( v?K? U?M? qI v_ WU( fJ vK p qI
U?2 U?N?O?K? dw c u VOD b dJH b c u id*U*
t?U?U?F?2 td id* u U2 tHFC qIK VOD cOHM
tzUH s2 RO* t{d2 WO WUB6 WO!HM
U?F eN b s VOD UM2 rJ u c UM
i?d?0 d2_ oKF rJ( nK qN* UO_ v{d* s UNH6
wK ULO* t{ U2 c U2 b6
119

WNu+ w, wUMB UF eN b$
VODK WOzUM' WOu* v{d* s+ vu*
e?N? b??? VOD v V!M u?B? w?? U*dB
UN2b s UM2 uw s d wUMB UF
U?M? `?C?? w?M q?L?F? w?* U?d?L UNF* UN2b UI
eN b VODK WOzUM' WOu!* vK U*u WE( UUJF
c s U?O?zU?M? V?O??D WU!2 b2 wK ULO* `{ wUMB UF
U2 u{ vK UOIOI

Uu2 tu2 X id0 d2_ oKF v2  uB


W?U?!?2 ?? b?2 v?K u6u U*uK UOFLM tO UN o
W?I?K?F??* p?K? w? W?I?U??! WU( w* UNM WU( c w* WOzUM' VOD
rNzUH s2 UuO2 UM u UO_U
uJO vu* WNu2 w* WOUF eN_ b rJ( wUM
eN_ VOMd s VOD UM2 rJ _ w* `{ 5KD2 s2
dL rJ `{ wU w* tU* t bMQ v2 tM UN*UI WOUF
id* U* s2 VOD bMQ bF WOUF eN_ qL

s tUM+ WU w, VODK WOzUM' WOu* b


vu* s UN,UI UF eN b$
VOMd s tUM2 WU w* UOzUM

VOD WOu!2 b u
t?U?* b?MQ? v??2 i?d?LK W!MU qLF s UN*UI UF eN
s?2 U?u??O?2 U?M u? U?O?_ v?{d?L?K? W!MU d2_ fJ vK p
q?zUI d `

? q??2 V?O?D WOu!2 XUM bI* rNzUH
bL q6 s UOzUM tOu!0
120

X?? s?L? U?F? eN l*d VOD UO6 WU w* rJ( fH


V?u? ?_ t?O?K?9 c? V?O?D qL tO* p ULL* tu2
s?2 U?NF*d r VOD s2 p VK v*u* d_ o ULM wMN*
sb d t!H UIK
b???U? 5?L?N* qM UL q2 w w WOM c `O{u
WOu!* b d wK ULO* b v{d* WNu2 w* UF eN
p? UNO bM w Z( vK u6uU UNF r VODK WOzUM'
5O 5dH s2

VODK WOzUM' WOu* b d


UOzUM

VOD WU!2 b d6 ULd*u s2 bMQ 5F Ud WL


tM UN*UI idLK UF eN VOMd s tUM2 s
id* U, s+ b@Q
q6 wUMB UF eN l*d t2UO6 q6 VOD vK 5F
U?0 id* U* s2 bMQ Wb s2 UF eN VOMd s tUM2
t?O? UMON o c U*u UOF* U?I* p pAK U?2 ub
b U/ tCd2 U*u ZUF* VOD d6 d0 UHM b 5F
u?C? U? W s2 uJ WOzUC6 WO WM' q6 s2 p uJ s2
wu) WOuUI WOD U*u s2 bMQK wzUC6
U,u
U?*u? b? s?2 bMQ u* UF eN l* VODK o
v ddI l* U*u b s2 bMQK XKJ w WMK vK 5F U/
121

q2 wzUCI dBMF WOD WMK sLC b WU w* p WOuU6 WN


X?? c id* s UF eN l*d `dBK p W2UF WUOM
sb d tU*
W?U?O?M? W?OuUI WN' Q! sb d bL d b6
X c id* s WOUF eN_ n6u `dBU WB< W2UF
e?N? l?* _ t? d??2 d?A? c? l?6u? v?*u?* d tU*
V?O??D? v?K? w?6? V? i?d* U* X WOUMB UF
v*u c UNCd2 s eN_ l* VKD d_ o s2 `Ow
t?U* U?M?O?I? X?? U?*U? t?M? e?N?_ l* i*d UNI s2 fO t
wK ULO* UNO dOQ w U p Riquet,Op.Cit.,p.405

VODK WOzUM' WOu* b d+


e?N VOMd s tUM2 s U?O?zUM VOD WU!2 b dd sJ1
WO d*U tu2 X sL UN*UI wUMB UF
qI W1d U@ d,u b
U2 uUU! UNK2 uJ q6 W1d s wU' Q! wJ dA
W `w U!SM tHw XN id* u0 c UMU w* wHM
W1d' q2 bFU U! UO( WOzUM' WUL( tOK oDM bF r
U?U?A? u?J? _ `?K?B c tUA UM u UNOK qUH WU!2 uB
wU) UU! W1d' q2 UM u qI W1d' UO2d

t?O?K? b?6 c? t?U?A? s?2 w?U?' b?B?I? qI w* dA ULM


U?2 u tOK wM: U WOUF eN_ l* UM2
122

bBI tM wHM U2 UC
U*u b r!' U d _ UM d*u
uA qI W1d' wzUM'
wUMB UF eN UIS VOD e
s? t?C?d?2 U* t X c idLK ZUF* V?O?D vK V
c qL n6u U*u s2 bMQK WKJA* WOzUCI WOD WMK od
V?O??D? _ p? U2 tI w* W1d p? q?JA e?N_
v?u?L?K? V?u? d?? u?* b?{ t?U?H?M w?* v?!?M Q VUD2
s?b d bL uMb p w* uI Riquet,Op.Cit.,p.405
UM wCI u2 w t VD W2d U6_ d u* d
sb d F* rzU6 u U2 U2
wUMB UF eN qL dL s+ bzUH bF
d d2 UO( tO bOF wUMB UF eN S* U! U2
qzUu UO( rN bO uU2 UwU UM Q UI U2 WIOI fO c
UO Q wCI w WbzUIF WIOI( l2 UF s2 uI c w* U* WO
Uq e tuI b UNO* vUF tU tK UA UF* w WU2
u U2 t!HM bF wb dJM* s2 s! vu* w s
UO U?u2 uJK1 vUF tuI p vUF tK UB s2
q??2 eF* qO vK pc tK t s2 U6dH uA
?!? ?B? q?C?* U?M?O?? v?K? U?LNOK v!O UbO rOd UbO
U?U???U? q? e? v?u?* U?d WLJ( WFOD u2U b{ p lDU
u YF vK q e vu* b6 vK UN b dAK eF2
wdI vUF tK q6 s2 W2UOI
123

bOF b bI2 w* fOK* t U! vC6 o U2 u{ w*


5?6U?w r?MM u* rJ!H s U* q6v?U?F? tuI UOK
t?M?2 bzU* WOUF eN_ dL U2 dL
v? q?JA VOD vK U?? dF eN_ c UI S*
qL UI b s rM w bbF d{_ s pOU tOK WOu!2
wK ULO* UN{uM w eN_
wUMB UF eN UI b vK Vd w d{_ VOM&
s?2 b?zUH bF pAK U??2 u?b? U0 `C o U2 u{ w*
d{ b w* UN! s C* tU* X s* WOUMB eN_ qL
UN sd v{d* U2d WUB6 WHKJ UdL s WLU
WwU bUH* vK qLF Vu c d2_ vu* W2d
s? e?N?_ c? n6 wCI c WKB* VK vK bI2 b!H*
q?L?F s eN_ c n6u `UB* oOI% d{_ VM qLF
?2 U?N?O WU( f2 w* r sd v{d* UNOMd UN UH sJ1
W?U?F? r?N?U?O? W?U?2 v? r?N?U w* vUF tK S rU! w*
W?UB6 WHKJ d_ VM UNH6u t ULM u* rbN UNb*
n6u d?O UN d2 v eN_ c qL s WLUM dOJ
ud WwU W' s* d U r qLF s eN_ c
W?O?U?J?2 s? p?O?U? X?O?* s?* w?* q?O??F vK Y b6 .d?J?
d_ d v{d* s2 dOG b WdA UC_U UH

124

wUMB UF eN VOMd s VOD UM2 S* o U2 qJ


WU!LK
VOD dF id* U* s2 sIO v2 qLF s UNH6
u r WOUMB eN_ UI b qN* cJ d2_ UM WOzUM'
WOzUM' WU!LK VOD dF id* U*

qL dL WU w, UOzUM VOD WU+ b+


id* u+ u r WOUF eN_
.d?& v?K? WOF{u UFdA pcM WO2 WFdA Xwd
lLLK WKB2 tQ s2 U2 qM WU lL: U!* tQ s2 U2 qM
S?* b? w?* `?UB2 bUH2 vK bu qFH uD WU w*
5???K?B?* vK qOB% w WU( c rJ% w WOMb bUI
5b!H* rE
q??6 s?2 d?? q??2 X?!?O? w? WOdA buI c u{ w*
WU w* VOD WOu!2 b WOu!0 uI sJL WOF{u UFdA
XUM S* id* U* u r WOUMB UF eN qL dL
cN qLF dL S* rN WKB2 oI dOGU d{ oK
UM U2 c tKF* s tU!2 V r s2 WOBF2 qJA eN_
b2 d6 S* d{ s2 tM rM U2 VU dOGK WKB2 bN!
d? s?2 W?U? dM ULN vK n6u WU( c w* VOD WKzU!2
V?K? v?K b!H* `d U?!?? U? w?* WKB* b!H*
wK ULO* t{ u U2 uWKB*

125

W?OUF eN_ qL dL WU w, UOzUM VOD WU+ b


UN UH W_ U) vK UHK
u?? b?F? i?d?* s? WOUMB eN_ qL VOD n6u r
UN UH sJL wM WO r!' W! U vK UH( bN tU*
oOI% p tQ s2 p S* UC_ UO_ s2 dOG b
U?C?_U? U?H??? W?U( f2 w* r sc UO_ v{dLK WKB2
X6u s2 dH p UNUw U* r WO UU e w WdA
qL UI WwU d uC s2 nK w dBI b6 uD b6
v?K? uH U?2 U??) W??!?_ c? u2 qF u? e?N?_ c
wK* UN UH v{d*
dL s rM w WUB6 WHKJ uH WKB* c lDU
W??' s?* d?Q? s? r??M? w d{_ uH ULM eN_ c qL
rd* eN_ cN v{d* s2 dOG WU uI v X6u iF
sc v{dLK dM WKB2 tO* U) W!_ vK UH( S* tw
eN_ c qL WwU rN vu* s2 WdA UC_ rO
u

U6 dL! s
U?B??? d d*u WU( c w* VOD WU!2 b?F dA

d??
U?O?_ s?2 d?O?G? b? U?N?e vu* s2 WdA UC_
b? d?2 b?F?M? W?U?( c? w?* t?_ eN_ qL dL s u?!2

VODK WOzUM' WU!*

126

v? v?u?* s?2 U?C?_ c? q?I? w?* d? p?c?M d??A U?L?M


s?2 v?{d?* s?2 d?O?G? s?J?L?? v? eN_ c qL UI UO_
dC s2 b6 q6Q WKB* s2 b6 dM oOI% sLC pcUN UH

b_ WOUF eN_ qL dL WU w, UOzUM VOD WU+


WdA+ dO
r tU* u bF id* s UF eN VOD l*d r
U? W! vK UH( eN_ qL dL p s2 bBI sJ
U?C?_ sd v{d2 b UN UH sJL v? WO r!'
v?u?* s2 UC_ UB d d*u b r p bBI UM
c tKF* s UOzUM

u!2 bF tS*
v?*u??* d? s?2 U?I?? tM2 bBI UM c tKF* s Q! U?LM
s WLUM WO!HM UN2 Ue UNOK WUB6 WHKJ Ue p
dOM qI wNM U2 UU w d* l2 tdw dL id* UUF2
tU*u UNLK d0
U?( c? t?K?F?* Q? s?2 WU( c w* VOD WOu!2 U
dB cc tKF* s WF6u2 WKB2 v dOGU d{_
u?J? t?M?2 V?K?D?? w? tUO6 VOD WU l2 UF p
oKF UN dC oK qL vK bI id* d l2 Udw

w W6F pK tCd2 VOD 5 jd w Wb6UF W6F WFOD


id* U* qOQ c tKF* Q s2 ULM tCd2 U*u wNM
tM* d U
127

lDU c tKF* s UOzUM VOD WU!2 Vu lzU6u c qM


deF UIF Vu! wwUF2 WO2 WFdA w* dF lzU6u c
tHwu c VOD qF* .d& dA* bU w?MS* WOF{u UFdA U2
u?H? p?c?M V?BM WuI uH WuIF UNOK V6UF W?KI!2 W1d
U?F?2 5?K?F?H? s?c vK uDM tuJ vu* W2d UN W1d WuI
U( `d oOI% WOG v*u* d s WIOI( UH tO* p ULL*
UN c tKF* Q s2 ULM VBMv uJ U2 d6 rN dC
W' s* dOQ vu* W2d

U VOIF
U?F? e?N? V?O?Md?? V?O??D? UO6 u o U2 hK
a* 5zd VKI nzU w* UdD{ s2 wUF c idLK
v? eN_ c qL dL uu tUO UI WU; rNFOL
r s2 tU* s2 bMQ UN tU b tU s!% s2 VOD bMQ
v?K? U?H?( dG WU( c w* UdL s2 b UM bF
v{d* s2 dOG b UN UH sJL v U) W!_
s U??U WOzUM' WU!LK dF c tu VOD eK r
UF eN VOMd s UM2 UM2 odD u bL q6 W1d
W1d d2 s Q! UUO eN_ qL UI wU uK!
vK Vd r p dD WU w* id* bU!* .bI s UM2
hM UM2 p d w b w* p id* U* c tUM2
c? s?L?C?? r? w?? U?F?d?A bUw!dH ldA q2 U
UNOK hM uB
128

t? b?L? q6 W1d s VOD WU!2 s?2 rdU t ULM


bA w* UNb l2 bLF qI W1d s2 n WuIF V6UF wGM
id* s2 U( vK UM
c tKF* vK VOD b6 WU w* uJ YO
U?M?
V?O?D uK UM U2 WU w* U?O! bA r? U?uIF n
V?OD t!H UIK s2 UM dM bAO?
id* s2 U{ vK
p bLF qI WuI s2 n UIF uJ dO_ WU( c w* t
U6UH

U qI U2UI UdM qI 5 U!* WOIDM2 bF


UF eN VOMd s UM2 WU w* VOD WU!2 ULM
QD bI VOD tO* l6 hOA w* QD) WO UM v2 UN*UI
r? Q?D?)i?d?L?K? h?* QD) 5 W6dH l2 id* U*u
bL q6 W1d s Q! v_ WU( w* idLK UwuH d
bL dO q6 W1d s Q! WOU fJ vK
dL WU w* WKI!2 W1d s UOzUM VOD WU!2 dO

bN ptU* s2 VOD bMQ r id* vK UF eN qL


Q! ULMOrNM2 U2 V!M oOI% w* W id* d s2 UI
U?? W??!? UO vK UH( p s2 bN UM U?O?zUM VOD
v?2 v{d* s2 dOG b UN WO UNUB sJL v WO r!'
vu* s2 UC_ qI d d*u
U*u WE( bb% UUJF vK dF s2 XON b6 uM pc
U?F? e?N? b???U? o?K?F?? U?L?O?* V?O??DK WOzUM' WOu!* vK
W?O?zU?M' WOu!* vK U?C? U?N?U?UJF wK ULO* dF wUMB
UC_ qIM oKF ULO* VODK
129

YU qBH
WOu* WdA UC_ qI
VODK WOzUM'

131

VODK WOzUM' WOu* WdA UC_ qI


d h! s$ WdA UC_ qI w& dO_ W w& VD `$
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wu)
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U?C_ qI U S& wDFL?K?
W?MU& WHOK)
r??' W?O?$u?B?F?$ w& o( U uI( rQ U* tQ s$ WdA

tQ s$ UC_ qI WU S& bOHLK


WMU tUN$ b tUOa
bF U w& UO( WKau$ UF w UO( w& tb q$_
t?L UC b Ua UC d?0 t?Ua WO UNO& q$ q1 bIH U1
dD a 5OKJ bJ VKI WuO(
WU0 bF uKJ qAH id* vKJ W p w& qO/ b/
d_ idLK bb O$ UN WU1
b? t??e? U?N?M$ uCF vK uB( sJL w?? UB* uM
t??H? i?d* s$ UNOK uB( r bI& tUO( U?I id* h!A
c? dF t??K?I? Ud b W'UF* t?/U? b? l?DI Q1
UOKL s$ uM c dO Outogreffe) WOD WOUM s$ WOKLF
? U? uI WOMF* WOb U/UH UL u$ U1 o( c
U dA fM' U .d& WO/UH U U uI( w*UF
WO/UH U d( X/ 5b* U!_ WUL QA nOM WO/UH
WOUO WOb* uIK WOb WO/UH U U uI( WO_
U U uI( WO_ WO/UH U

133

W?O??D WOdA WOuUI WOUM s$ u q1UA$ W UC_ qI


uC d h! wDF d h! s$ UNOK uB( r b/
W?O?U?M? s?$ u? bbF q1UA* dO c? u? u?M c tL s$
c uO s$ UNOK uB( r b/ WOuUI WOdA WOD
b/ d?O? W?O?u?UI WOD WOdA WOUM s$ q1UA$ dO uM
uM c dO WOUMB UC_ WUMB odD UNOK uB( r
wu) WO q1UA$ U WOd WOuU/ q1UA$ W

w UC_ qIM WF_ UB* c s$ v_ WbU UMLN U$
c dOG h! s$ WdA UC_ wU bB* idLK UN r
s?$ b?b?F U c bB* tuJ U??b? v?u* UO_ qLAO l
b?u?I tdU$ s? e?? Y?O WOD WOdA WOuUI q1UA*
_ b?B?* f?J? v?K? p? W?b?O?KI WOD WOuUI WOdA
YU bB*U oKF ULO& WbOKI buI tdU bI& tH h!A
u?N? q?K?J q$Q U: c w& d?O??1 VD bI rK& ld
WOd WOuU/ q1UA* ULNU bF dE
UMU U: c w& U_
WO$ WFdA UJ_ UI&
U$ UU deM) UMU
WdA UC_ qIM qBH c w& Y u{u$ oKF dE

u qIMU uBI* uC qI s$ qJ uBI* vK uC wI


U&b UU WDd$ WOd UOKL sLC dA uCF qI
U?B?? WOKL tM$ uIM* s$ rOK uCF UB WOKL w
rOK uCF WOKL dO id* tO uIM* s$ nU uCF
134

w?& e? U?B qLA qIM p wMF nU uCF q$


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qJ oKF pc uid* h!A s$ nU uCF qB& pc1
r?? w?& bb uC U$ eU bBI U?LMO bOH* w?DF* s$
t? s$ WOuuOH tHzU tOUF U$ w& WLULK
w( U
wu) V& id*U oKF pc uhI
r?? q b?

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vK dBI uCF S& ndF cN UI& w$ tIH
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135

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136

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142

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145

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147

U??O?K?L?F? w?& W?O?$ U?C?_ b?!?? u?? r?K??$ q?zU?I? u??


dJ WOd'

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c S& dbI s$ q$ UN UM s$ dH iF dU!$ s$ tOK
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Coste-Floret,Op.Cit.,p.79

w?& U?C?_ q?I?M d9R$ UIF WUM0 _ u U UU sK UL1


U w& q V UC_ qIM oKF WKJA$ U U$
bOH* d* p w& u tU/ h!AK Vu d
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Jacquinate,1979,p.58 v&u* W' tuA t U r'
148

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151

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152

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155

UC_ qI WOdA* u{UF*


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U?F?& WBK U?E?H UO( UI


u?Q b `O UL1 UUM dzU UN$UE WO* d&U b
U?I s$ tO& U* U& U1 WK1P* bO lD/ `O pc1 UNM q
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d;U b FK d WKO t$U$ uJ id*
tH s dC l& d$ b pc bBI
b?M? w?$ r?? q?1 W?b?e WOF&UA UNIH iF U UL1
U? t?I?$ t? bO tL s$ e lDI dDCLK u dC
U vKe'U qJ kH dDCLK Q p uKKWBL<
W$b/ s sdC n UJ U s$ p
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w?e? bd* qIK U?I????$ U1 v$ dO t$U$ sJ r v$ U


5?U? u?' b? s$ NK U?F?& p? d?&UJ sB;
deM) r( b WO* rJOK d U/ vUF tuI p
r?O? u?H? t?K S& U U dO dD{ sL& t tK dOG q U$
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U$ d! p tU& bF U b o U b/
q?$U?( _ s?D? o? u?? pc1 tU& q/ U$ s$ tFK b/ uJ
w$ tIH w& p w& U1 UO U1 v$ UNMOM d
W?U?O?a p? U? W?( cN d U& bOH b t{dF
sD w& 5M' UI w& _ vu* W$d WUOa s$ v UO( W$d
s td bF 5M' UO ` p t tO& UNU& bF t$
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YO s$ bB c w& WO$ WFdA l$ WOFC UFdA oH
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UI dB$ UuI U* hM p vK b WOuLK
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t? sJ r dOG t u/u p vK fHM vK rO dD
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V?zU?M? c? d/ w& bM b/ uK1 qA& s$ wUF U1 c u


t?M? Q?A? w?$ j?G?{ X% U1 WOKLF d 5 VOD v UF
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t?_ U? r?O' dD) c wUL vK bI tb
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pc1 UE deM)U bK iF .d% s
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iF V p s$ d1_ uHa
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d?&u s$ b?1Q?? d?C uI v U& c UB hK!


rOK h! s$ uC UB vK VOD bI w1dC WU
dC w$ b*U bOI l$id$ h! b te v&u$ s$
sb d UbI bI
dC WU UH
qI UMU w& dC WU UH UC_ qI WOdA$ UB d
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v p w& bM uE;
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U?H?? p? id* b te rOK h! s$ uC UBU


V UdA$

uJ w1 UBU& WU( c w& wF dH


c? U?M??U? w?& d?&u?? U?$ u? t??H? U?M??* W??K?B?* uJ
WHOK Kornprobst,Op.Cit.,p.857
h?!?A?K? e?O?? c w$ tIH n/u0 p vK b
U?? v?K daU/ UM WU S& tI$ t bO tL s$ lDI
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sb d UNO WU( 5( UU
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W?d?A?? U?C?? q?b1 WOUMB UC_U UH sJ1 UL1


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d?A?* r?O?E?M? b?$ u? c? U??? v?K? W?U? WOL sLJ
p S& UU WU XU1 t w& WdA UC_ qI UOKLF
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UC_ qI WOKLF dA* rOEM_ U&
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tQ uI v U& c UB V
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W??MU v 5M b uC vK qIM dBI d UC_
205

j?I?& s?u?C b uC vK qIM WU dB/ w UFdAK


wuU/ UQ1 `KB UNOK UOI WOUJ$ v U& c UB V bI&
bOF UC_ WOI

W!U WHB UC_ qI dN w UFdA


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r??/ r??/ U??u??U?I? p? r?E?
VD UO/ uU/
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q?IM wdH dA* W?U uL UM* uUI c uB
b?I?& 5F$ u?C?F? b?% v?{d?* v? UO_ s$ WdA UC_
dA F bBI uJ UC_ qI vK v_ U* XB
b?I?& W?F?d? U?L?K? W??MU d$_ fH wDF* W?I?&u?$ vK uB(
WOUL ZzUMU daUIK wdA qL* wDF* dB d{ Xd
s? b u* cN& d id* tL s$ d1 uC qIM 
p wMF c id$ d v w U s$ UC_ qI ju{
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206

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U? W?K?L??; d?U?< W&UJ mU wDF* dB d{ vK v_
UC_ qI juC WOU U* oKF UL1 uCF UB vK Wd*
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bU/
vu* s! UC_ qIM WMU
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UC s$ d1 uC UB i&d tU& bF td sKF tU& q/
U? d?A?* Q uI v wdH tIH U iF V b/ tL
Malherbe,Op.Cit.,p.46 u?d* c vK UUO/ W' s$ UC_ qI

W?d?A? UC_ UBU U{d d& dA* S& ud* cN UI&

bF td i&d tU& q/ Wda p i&d r U$ v&u* W s$


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207

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v?u?* s?$ p?c?1 U?O?_ s?$ U?C?_ q?I? u dA* U
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v?_ W?b? s$ rNU/ b WI&u$ bF UOHA* w& u*


b$u WOU

UC_ qI UOKLF dA* rOEM b wU U&


u b WU w& UC_ qI WOdA$ b U& c UB d
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UC_
u?J? w?1 U?d? `?C?? W?Q??* `C v Uba dQ U$ U
d?IU q! bF v U r s$ d vK UOM$ ldA
U?B? i?F? V? q?UI* w& Malherbe,Op.Cit.,p.36 w?U?L
u b WU w& UC_ qI WOdA$ b v UC_ qI WOdA$
c rOEM qb dC dA* uU WQ* cN wFdA rOEM
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w UC_ vK daU/ uJ UC_ qI WOdA$ S& jI& UO
214

r?O?E?M? U?NQA bB r w pK jI& wFdA rOEM UNQA ba


wFdA
U?B? U? Y?O? UNu b' b w w dO_ WU( c
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uI Wa b pc1 b dE( u qa_


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uUI sb U WOUG daUF* U& q1 UC_ qI `O _


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d?O??1 p? s?$ u{u* c nMJ U$ u c UM U UC_ qI


s?$ v UNO& tA* u$_ d U?d dF* s$ UNOdA$ u
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b?B?I? c?N? t?1d vK d bI& ? U?1 t??F?? s$ tH Xzd
q?I?M? r?N?C& w& iF W bR dJ
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v h! UNU WMOJ q$ uCF q$ d dO s$ ULNM$ q1 tKLF
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220

U?C?_ b? q?I? bOQ v U?u?&b?$ w??H? b b WU WL


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w?& U?& U?N?M? r??M? v?A! pc b v d UN


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WU U$ uJ U$bM Monburger, Geansier et Dormont u/Q


nOJ& id* tM r w& UNe tM$ WOK1 UB w& `K
bd
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uOI Ud$ l$ sbuK UM_ q/ s$ d WU U_ WMU


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t?K?I? i&Q& VOCIU oKF U$ U$W$UF UEM l$ t{UF


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s?$ U{ id* U{ vK uB( UE wD qb VODK


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j?u?{ l?{ w?& W?K?F? s?L?J w d wuU/ UNCF uO/ bF


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231

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wu)
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234

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U??& b?F? p? v?K? d?? w?& d?_ o? U?B? q?( c?
241

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c? u?B? b?F? W?O??F? WOLKF Wd UM wMLN U S wD


UO_ vK Ud uBO v_ fJ vK vuLK WMU dO_
u? b? q?? X??O? W?O??F? W?d?? s ?C? u?_
WOLKF Wd fJ vK UNOdA
wK U s uJ WOLKF WOD UK w{dF
UO_ vK WOLKF WOD UK

u_ vK WOLKF WOD UK tBB UOU

d?_ U? W `dA d vL0 dO_ c Xd bc


UdI

uc UO_ vK WOLKF WOD U UdI

d u WOLK
U W `dA `KDB qC XM% rNMO U uu
s vu* vK U c d uB bF WOLK d_
u?B?  UO_ vK WOLKF WOD U vK W' `dA
WKOu cN r
290

UO_ vK WOLKF WOD U


W?OD U d WOdA b u UNIH 5 b' b
b?I? W?O??F WOD U fJ vK p U vK WOLKF
d?_ s? v?{d?* h?O?K~ UNd{ UNOdA vK tIH dI
bN rNUO bN rN pH w dOD)
WKJA s WQ* c dO U v ld b' c U lcu
U? w?L?K?F? Y? Wd WN s UMN 5HK~ sU 5 `Q
U?? vK WOLKF U d w VOD Wd s tL%
W d u s tOCI U WdH Wd( d WN s UM
WdK l{U) wF dG dO w UN U* b U WOb
Hemard.J.1939,p.307tH
U WOdA b u 5U& 5 eOOL sJ1 o U u{ w
W?O?zU?M?' W?U??* b? W?OFU t jd U UO_ vK WOLKF WOD
WOdA* U?O?zUM VOD WU b d _ c tKF s VODK
U?N? t?zd? w? b?O?I? U? U?O?_ vK WOLKF WOD U d
c tKF s U?O?zU?M? V?OD WU d wU UN bOI* juCU
s?c s ?% w?K? ULO dF U c d WOdA bF
qI VKD w 5U&

WOLKF WOD U d WOdA*


v?K? W?OLKF WOD U d WOdA U& c UB d
s ?C? Z??( s? b?b?F? v? c? rNU& w bM UO_
291

U c vK bc WU w ju{ bF bOI d{ rNd


bF juC cN te b WU w VODK WOzUM' WU* u
UN te WU w WOzUM' tOu
UI s U& c dF o U u{ w
WOLKF WOD U WOdA U

WOdA* ju{UOU

WOzUM' WU* WO UU

WOLKF WOD U WOdA* U


w rdU wuJuK$_ tIH U& c UB vK VK
dB* wU*_ wUD wdH tIH U iF p
wuJuK$_ tIH
UL_ vK WOLKF WOD U WU dC* b VU
(Jack p? s? l?L??: v?K? u?F? w?? d?J bzUHU p uKK
vK bU rNOK uJ; lOA pc% VU Kevor,Op.Cit.,p.50)
u?d??c U?L UN dOHJK WKOu% prNOK U c d qI
r??N??M?? U??I??F?? n?O?H?~? w? U??F??L?? l??L????: o? w? r?zd? s?
W?O?L?K?F? U dS rNM iF VU UL% Richard,1962,p.69
s? uM% U?C? p??L? 5?K?U?I dO s d UF vK
du' lL: o w rNLzd s dOHJ
u?U?I? w? bzU b s c tHcu wuJuK$_ tIH bL
Principe w??c?? d??d??I???? w?? h??~??????A? o? w?u???J?u?K?$_
b??* c? V?u?0 VdG dautodetermination
292

l?L U* WOLK WO U& dS VODK h~A o s `B


p? u?J? d?A tO dB tL ULF w oKD o s t
UKD Ud l WKOu cN UNIOI% v qO WU WFHM oOI
Mulders,Klein et Maingain,p.232WUF UEM
WOD U WU v V bI wU*_ tIH U& c b UL%
w? q??L?? W?U WKB oOI% bN XU% U*U U vK WOLKF
d?_ v?K? U?N? V?K?G??K? b?b? W?O?? q?? U?A??% w? Wd
UI Xd U*U UM UNHU UNOdA s dOG WOBF*
(Adel W???O??????D??? U???L??_ c?? q???? w?? d??I??* W??O????D?? u??L??
l{U) U{d Wd d& wU*_ tIH d Ebrahim,1987,p.47)
U?* t?M? d?? U? u s
U??K?D?? U?d d{ l UN
U?{d? U?% U?*U? U?? r? vK b U UuI
VdG UF UEMK UHU~ sJ r tOK wM:
v? p? w? s?bM wdH tIH s WKc U?C U& c bR
o?O?I?% W?O?L?K?F WOD U s bN U% U*UD V WOdA
XU% UF UEM l UF uUI UdI lLLK UOK WKB
v?K? U?N?M? W?F?cu??* l?U?M?* U?d WdK l{U) U{d WuB
U? WU iF dB Fahmy,p.424UN WKL; d{_
WbF tuI rdO bU rNOK uJ; vK WOLKF WOD
d U vK U c q0 U U UOUM WOU
b?U? t?O?K? u?J?? d?? v?K? p? d?? U?OQ ULNMJ
du'
293

p? w? s?b?M?? wUD tIH U s WKc pc% bR


W?L?O?? d{ U( UNOK Vd dA WdK l{U) U{ v
uA d*U
dc v p w sbM dB* tIH s WKc U& c b bc
d u t vK U* XB YO pc dB* ub
W?O?d?A? U?Q? d?( t?zU?{ dOG U vK WOLK WO Wd&
t??d???? U?? u?? W??d??????K?? l?C?~? s? U?{ u? W?O?L?K?F? U???
t?O? i?F?? U?{ V?d?G?u??b?
UNKA W uH Wd U$ W s VOD b%Q d{
d?u?' V?D? U?? w? w?L?K? b?I? o?O?I?% p? s? b?N???

v?K? W?O?LKF U d WOdA* bR* tIH ncu UO s


w w c rNU& dd UNO bM w Z( bb% sJ1 U

WOLKF WOD UK wFdA d5


U d WUI* UFdA dc v U& c UB bM
U UOcUH wK ULO dF U vK WOLKF WOD
WOMu UFdA WOb

WOb UO5UH U
W?L?J?? U?N? U vK WOD U QA du buc
dS uUc UO
rb U* U_ UNL%U bM WdJF du
dAU bOI d WU s d vK d d vK WO U&
294

b sU d iF vK bU rNCF vK rJ WOuUI


bu UU sdA u dA 5 d
UNu0 w du buc WLJ; X oU rJ( u{ w
d{ w qL uOc bF UNbOc UN WOLKF WOD U XU
d WKO UM uJ UdU~ s dOJ d% Ubzu uJ
Wd c d od dO s WOU WOU ZzUM c oOI
vK uB( d{ w qL d b du p WOdA XeK
s? b?F? o? t??M? l? WdK l{U) QA VUL U{
VM u l Wd d qc WE( w c tIu
W?d???K l{U)U oK d dO rO d{ r q% VOD
v?K? q?U?F?* w? W?I?U U ZzU vK c td& w bM
U??H?% U?? U??? c?N? u?I? V?? d?O? U?u?O?(
u? l? b?b? ? s? t? u??? c d* w uBB~
`d wD qLF WU2 uL Ud

WO*UF WOD WOFL' U


uO<u wJMK S UNM* b
v wLK dG Wd U U UB wJMK
UNM WFcu* bzuH XU%WLU) UO( WUL( Ud{ dG c U%
W?U?F? U?EM l UF UNM vA~ w? dU< uH
wuF
295

U UB uO%u Udc w UNH w buI c


U?N? r?zUI VOD bOI v WOLK d_ WOD U U YO
dLUc U% pc WdK l{U) U{ d{ WO dAU
s U?F?U? c? U?{ u?J wuUI tK2 U{ Vu qcU dO
UNUOU WOD Wd s WFcu* ZzUMU tdB bF WO d
nc c U{ s bF tI s rKF u{ qJ UNUOK
c td& s VOD bN u l UA Xc w Wd
W?O??F? d?D? e??F? w d_ F bb d v uLu
fH oOI d WKO VOD U uJ UN s WbOKI
p? o??? 5?F?? U/ U vK dU U?N? u?I WUG
W?O?U?? U?N??zU?? u?J? U?uO( vK qLF* w U& d
d?U?< v?K? d?OJ Wd s WbN* W??K?B* uL WFA
U?? W?D?u? W?O?L?K?F? U? d u d?O? U?N? W?K?L?*
d& c U: w hB~ d X% qc_ vK 5BB~
qCH Wd tQA
UF WOUO WOb* uI(U WIU) WOb WO5UH
VcF d UC u t vK UNM WFU U* XB
tS uB) t vK WMON WOU dO WOUc WKUF* WuIF
W?O?L?K?F? W?O??D? U???K? d( tzU{ d UC u
WOLKF WOD U S hM cN UI VdG
d c U{ U% pc v U vK Ud ezU

296

WUI* UFdA
WOdF UFdA
wcdF ldA dB* ldA UNM
uUc w u h dB* ldA sLC r dB* ldA
W?O?L?KF U d dE WLU) UFdA w UuIF
d?B* ub w U?B? S? p s fJF vK U vK
W??d?????K? l?{U?) p?c? v?? p? `?O?? U?F?
dJ
W?U?I? s? U?B? w?MN* uK ULOKF dcw?cd?F? ldA
U vK WOLKF WOD U d U bG U_
WOLK d_ Xd UOzUM

id* vK U bF
WOLOKF WOLK bUF wLK Y e%d w W
U?O? v?K? d?D? U?L?? U?N?O? W?d?& W? d? s? U?M?? V?
qCH h~A

WOdG UFdA
WOJd_ uU W ldAwU*_ ldA UNM
b
WOLKF WOD U wU*_ ldA U wU*_ ldA
b vK hM w UuI U* hM p vK
UHU~ sJ r U UdA uJ tOK wM: U{d U r vK
V?d?G? W?L?O?? t?M? W?L?U?M? d?{_ X?U% u UF UEMK

297

rNOK uJ; vK WOLKF WOD U UuU W ldA


WuIF b WU( c w pc tOK uJ; v bU
Decocq,p.67 WdK WU WuIF

U vK WOLKF WOD U WOL


b?u?U?d? b? Ud q bb' d_ uN eK
d? p? w? r?NKOUN `U U s Y U_ s
vK r d< w UNzd bF p U vK WOD U
`$ w dOD) d_ w UM bu UuO(
U??? c? WU u vK qO dO UN U w U_
wH dOJ bI c VD bI U* VD w qz_ d d uK
W?O?d??O?* U?U?LB lOu WOKL Xc U* qO vK Wd' U
fH dO% UM UNU1 Bailly vb VO UD v UF A

WOD Wd u UNU$ w _ bNL* U% bI UC_ U w d_


W?O?? U?? c XM% WHOK)
WOLK XO
s b? U?U?A% dB gOF UM U c WOL b%R U2
V?K?I? U?O?KLF U?N??
U?C?H UOU d? u?M? U?DA

Q? u?I p vK lOA u bUc


p? UtOK d s? WL bN dU~ UN jO U c
UD w W'UF* UD w dU~ tO uJ wD qLF WFO s _
W?c b? X?? r?K?F s ?C? b?u? Y?
U?u?O?( v?K? W?OLKF U d WO UNOK qB w? ZzUM
298

U uO( 5 dO% tUA W XU% ULN p U WMU


d?O??% u?O?( s? nK~ U WOuuO _ d?E? dI q
UNUI U vK WOD dOcUIF UUJF WdF sJL r s
dOQ UN uJ U U Wb( W_ WLU~ d* U quF
v?K b
q?C?H? uO( U vK b
bI0 U% v UuO( vK dOQ t fOK Lysergamide q UIF p
gammas iF wHJ 5 w dI vK qO{ d t uJ dOK
Manzein,1971,p.895 U b WuK b

l?* U?F? U0 dB Wd dHK `O r?' W* wN o(


lL: WKB*
w dHK U o UI tOK d U r WOuBF b
XKD v t U* w lLLK U o c s b UB
WKB* U& c UB_ UI tO p U2 p WUF WKB*
n?A?% bN UL_ vK WOLKF WOD U d wCI WUF
U od s p WOBF* d_ F Wb( q
? s UuO( vK d
o? c b* FK dU*
u?D?M? id* U t uM WOA rOK U vK td&
U?{ s? d?? v?? b?? W?U?O?L w dH o vK b vK p
t???H?O? s? t?I?O?F? r?O?? b?? t?O?K? V?d?? U?*U? p?c?
U?b? o?OI% tQ s U c q WU WLU~ WOUL
d?* b?{ U?/ V??? W?1d?' b?{ f?O? dUE d w wUL
uA pc%

299

lL: o wN XJ w rzd' s dOHJ


UF pc% bU rNOK uJ; vK WOD U WU
5?J?9 U& c UB_ U?I? t?Q s rNL vd s?2 d
p?c? l?L??: o? w UuJ w rNLzd s dOHJ s R
Q?D? s? d?O?H?J?? W?N? s? w?L?KF bI UOCI 5 oOu sJ1
qCH d WN s lL: U& rNOK uJ;

WOdA* ju{
WOD UK rNU `C oU U& dF UO s
b ju{ Ud dC bOI

U/ UIKD

fO U vK WOLKF
w juC c qL

WdK l{U) h^A U{ d{


Q?A? V?U?L U?{ W?O??D? U d U w% d??A
b W w tI s UM bc uJ c tIu0 WdK l{U)
du' wUL l UF U0 p
UC_U d* U{ UM b d% o U U{dU b dA
u~ WO d t uJ cU

UGU uJ d{ s
U?{ w? d??A UL% UA Xc w c U{ s bF w o(
WUF UEM l U{UF uJ qUI uJ UC

300

uO( vK r UOKLF* Wd d o d{


o?? b?c U?? v?K? Ud d* Wd uJ U?O?U? dA
uJ U s UMuJ VdI uO( vK r UOKLF UU
b( dA c bN U vK UNzd WFA WOU UNzU
ULL WdK l{U) h~A UN dF sJ1 w d{_ s
UduD tQ s UOKLF UU bF uO( vK Ud tO p
XB U u tOK UNd& b UuO( vK dN w UC* VM&
Manzein,p.876 du buc s WOU U* tOK

wLK V< oOI% Wd s* VOD bN d{


U vK WOLKF Wd d s VOD bBI UU dA
WOBF* d_ F bb q nA% U w wLK V% oOI%
uA WbOKI dDU UN w XKA w

wLKF VJ oOI bOu WKOu WOLKF Wd uJ d{


d?_ ?F? d? WKO VOD U uJ U?F? dA
d( q% d UN d UA% WOLK U& d w
WLO d{ UNOK Vd qL; s U% v UNzd w wQ vK
wUD wb* uUI s WU) U* tOK XB U u UN lC~ s0
U?I?? tOK Vd v r' W U* tK UH D s
VdG Wb' WU .b
Z?zU??M uJ 5F c WOD WdK WFcu d{_ _ dE

dU< d{_ s dOJ d% UN s UNO uLu lcu* WOU


c WOLKF Wd V UNb lcu*
301

UBB^* WdU rzUI VOD uJ d{


u?J? W?O?L?K?F? W?d???U? uI c VOD w U??U? d?A
`?U? u?K? n?A?J? Wd d c d* WOu w U?B?B~

VOD dUG V c tUH% b Wd U tF


d??u? u?U?c s? W?O?U U* tK XB U u tUOUJ s bF v
bu Malherbe,p.16

pc WKR* UOHA* wN WOLKF Wd d d{


e%d WOFU' UOHA* w WOLKF U d UU

dA
p? W??b?( W?O?M?H? e?N?_U? e* WbK WFU WOLKF U_
WKL; d{_ qcQ WOLKF WdK UM s bc d% oOI% ULC
UN
WOQ d Wdu UDK c~ dA c l UOA9

w? b? d?0 oKF WOzuA uB U& dS uUc U b{


Malherbe,p.16 pc hOd WOKIF d vHA

Wd ZzU dA
U?N?zdS uuI w WOLKF U ZzU dA U_ vK 5F
U?L?K?F? UH s dAM p s rM U* WKU XU% u WU qJ
od w bI sLC pc UNO Xb w UD_ uM UNM
U?Nzd s WUG w w WOBF* d_ F bb q nA%
bu
302

VODK WOzUM' WU* WO


U vK WOLK U& dS uI c VOD S U& cN UI

X?L?$ w?? W?OK ZzUM s c tUF s U?OzUM

u? uJ
W?O?b? U?? U?O?cU?H? UNMLC w juCU e v UNM
UN{dF oU U& c UB UNOK b% WUI* UFdA
L

WOdA* ju{ VOD d r UOzUM

Q fJF vK
UNd qc U vK W?OLKF Wd d UOzUM Q
UuO( vK UNzU uJ p VI UuO( vK r UOKLF

W?Od WOM U WU( c w tOu nK~ WOU dO


l?{U?) U? U?N?M? r$ bL qc s QO?
W?d?? s XL$ w
W?d s r$ W1b W?U? b W1d s Q U?LMO WdK
c d s tOu dBI bc W1b WUF WdK l{U) WUL
UOUL tzc d vK WOM dBc v WdK l{U~K wb
Q r U vK WOLKF Wd VOD d UOzUM Q UL%
UNd U c d w UBB~ VOD sJ r pc
w?? W?O?d? Z?zUM s Q UL% pc WKR* WOD e%d* U
UHO WOK% U{ Wd Xd v WdK l{U) VOB
d?% X?% qcU dO dLUc h~ s bB Q% tL d
o??U??? U?{ s? t?b? r? W?d??? d?U?~?0 d?O?B? d?O? s?
du'
W?d?? c d d UM sJ r U?O?zU?M VOD Q UL%
X?$ U d F bb UI v uLu bN d& Q% WOLKF
303

W?LO d{ U( t w WdF* WOD VOU_ UIF


t?d WFcu* dU< r td& vK VOD bI v{d*U
b??U?c r?O?? Q? b?N? U?N? l?{U?) U?O? b?N? W?L?O?? u?J?

WOLKF WOD U d WOdA* b


b? o?U?? U?& f?J? v?K UI* tIH U WOU d
p w bM U vK WOLKF WOD U d WOdA
s? W?OzUM' VOD WOu v p s uN Z( s bbF v
U?2 t?? bN fO id rOK h~ vK WOLK U& tzd
r?K?F? u?N? U?? w?LK V% oOI% bN U/ d s tOUF
VOIF ULNF r qI d w q% 5DIM 5U v wK ULO dO

5U& sc vK

WOdA* b U
w??d?H? t?I?H? U? W?OU uK1 sc U& c UB bM
bF rNuc bOQ Z( s bbF v U*_ iF dB* wUD
v?H?D?B? W?O?LKF WOD U d WOdA
UNM

WOLKF UK wzUCI wNIH wFdA bOQ bF


q?L U  UF o( lL: o s dF wFdA hM
o( pc u U Wb' WU U* tQ s w
304

h?~?A? U{ S c UF o( U?C? p?c lL: U)


U/ wD qLF c WU t b w wHJ tOK WO Wd& dS
W?O??D? U??? w? U( u UL% U?C? t? d?A?* d?c p u b
U?N?d?c w?? b?K? W?MU WOLKF WOD U w pc% WOF
uUc UJ d UuI U* hM UIOD p UNUFdA
WFdA vCI0 dI o L WLOK WOM VJ qF q% vK UuIF
WO1d buI oOD tQ s wuUI hM bFU
UuIF uUc w UB b$ UMS dB* ldA v UdE
u tLK U q% WOLKF WOD U WU dI WLU) UFdA
U c WOdA UB tO bM c ub hM
UNOuM WOD U tuLA wu tUOL l ub hM c
u? t?u?L? b? d? t?I?H U WOU WOLKF WOF
U?F?? W?O?L?K?F U dE dL l jI WOF U
?F? b?B?c w??D? q?L?F? W?U?L?* W?U?F? uL_ l dOH c
dF bI U c WOdA bR U wK
u??U?D? ub s tO bM c wuUI U_ nFC
VdG UNcUD U c rOEM qbU dA*
U `O UB sLC rK wdH ldAK WMU d_ fH
buc uUc sLC fJF vK Garroud,1985 WOLKF WOD
tBM WdL U s uM c dE UB UB WOD WMN*
U? b?F? i?d? v?K? b?b? U?L?F?? u?? t? vK
U?b?M? p? u?J? o?Oc d Wcd X% WLz WOuuO
305

(Garcon, Op. Cit. WdK l{U~K dU WKB v b c R


Art 309 : 311,No.48)

de uFH Wd ULNUOI UOzUM

5O wdH UCI bc
t?LOFD d* cN UB `?Oc cQ p dI s ZUF qH vK
W?d???K? l?{U?) q?HD WUL Wd c s r$ bc qHD cN
dNA bBI XU% Wd Q c UNLJ WLJ; d bc deU
W?U? W?HB u t bF W?d??K l{U) U{ s ?C?WOLKF

tuJ WLU WHB b' WOuBF b l UF UEM l t{UF


UIF d vK dF W1d' vK YUK d bF dO dLUc

d?_ ?F? b?b? U?I? n?A?% v? u?Lu?K? U? vK wD


Trib Paris1974 WOu* vK dQ WOBF*

oKF WU V% h~A U{d wUD ldA bF pc%


w?b?* uUI `{ bc tO dB WUB u o
t?O?K? V?d?? r? tL w dB pK1 h~A wUD
W?UF UEMK U?HU~

 s?J? r b' tUO% w rz hI


v?K? W?O?L?K U& d S wb* wzUM' wUD ldAK U?I

c? d?S WDO* W?L?O' dU~LK p WdA dO bF h?~A


U??* o? h?~?A?K? u?J? r? s? WOLKF U s WOuM
W?OdA* U? dF t? bF c? U?{ S tOK WOb t
Fahmy,p.396U c
t U s WOuM c U tS wU*_ ldA v
p? WOLKF U d dE% w WUF bUIK U? p d
306

W?U?J? d?B s ?cU?

U?G?U? U?% W?d???K? l{U) pc v


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s? u? U?C?_ q?I? W?U? W?O?K?LF buA v WU{U


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367

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