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BIOCHIMIE METABOLIQUE
Pyruvate
Actyl-CoA
Glutaryl-CoA
LYS, TRP
TYR PHE
LEU
PHE TYR
Fumarate
Isocitrate
Corps Ctoniques
Succinate
-Ctoglutarate
GLU
ACIDE AMINE Alanine Arginine Aspartate Cystine Glutamate Glycocolle Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Mthionine Ornithine Phnylalanine Proline Srine Thronine Tryptophane Tyrosine Valine ALA ARG ASP CYS GLU GLY HIS ILE LEU LYS MET ORN PHE PRO SER THR TRP TYR VAL
GLUCOFORMATEUR + + + + + + + +
CETOGENE
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
(+) + + + + +
+ +
+ + +
CO COOH
COOH R2 CH NH2
CO COOH
B-
CH3
CH NH2
CH3
CO
COOH
L-alanine
ALAT (TGP)
acide pyruvique
acide a-ctoglutarique
acide L-glutamique
acide L-aspartique
ASAT (TGO)
acide oxalo-actique
acide a-ctoglutarique
acide L-glutamique
acide a-ctonique
R H2O CO COOH
NH3
dshydrognation enzymatique
hydrolyse spontane
acide L-glutamique
H2O
acide a-ctoglutarique
NH3
B-
acide a-b-insatur
R CH CH COOH
Histidine
acide a-ctonique
R CH2 CO COOH
COOH
H2O
NH3
Dsamidation
H OH
Asparaginase
HOOC CH2
COOH CH NH2
H2N
CO
Asparagine
H2O NH3
acide aspartique
H OH
Glutaminase
HOOC CH2 CH2
COOH CH NH2
H2N
CO
Glutamine
H2O NH3
acide glutamique
CH2 NH2
B-
AMINE CORRESPONDANTE
CH2 CH2 NH2
NH
NH2
L-Histidine
CH2 CH COOH HO NH2 HO
Histamine
CH2 CH2 NH2
L-Tyrosine
CH2 CH COOH N H NH2
Tyramine
CH2 CH2 NH2 N H
L-Tryptophane
HO N H CH2 CH COOH NH2 HO
Tryptamine
CH2 CH2 NH2 N H
5-Hydroxy-Tryptophane
5-Hydroxy-Tryptamine (srotonine)
6
L-Srine
HOOC CH2 CH2 CH COOH NH2
Ethanolamine
HOOC CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
acide L-Glutamique
HOOC CH2 CH COOH NH2
acide L-aspartique
HS CH2 CH COOH NH2
b-alanine
HS CH2 CH2 NH2
L-Cystine
HO3S CH2 CH COOH NH2
Cystinamine
HO3S CH2 CH2 NH2
Acide Cystique
H2N (CH2)4 CH COOH NH2
Taurine
H2N (CH2)5 NH2
L-Lysine
H2N (CH2)3 CH COOH NH2
Cadavrine
H2N (CH2)4 NH2
L-Ornithine
NH2 HN C NH (CH2)3 CH COOH NH2 HN
Putrescine
C NH2 NH (CH2)4 NH2
L-Arginine
Agmatine
C-
CH2
NH2
CHO
O2
NH3
D-
Interrelations mtaboliques
NH2 HN C NH (CH2)3 CH COOH NH2 H2N (CH2)3 CH COOH NH2 HOOC CH2 CH2 CH COOH NH2
L-Arginine
Dcarboxylase
L-Ornithine
Dcarboxylase
acide L-Glutamique
Dcarboxylase
CO2 NH2
CO2
CO2
HN
C
HO H
NH (CH2)4 NH2
Agmatinase
Oxydase
Agmatine
H2O Ure
Putrescine
S-Adnosyl S-Adnosyl Dcarboxylase 3-mthyl mercapto mthionine propylamine CO2 Mthyl-thio ad nosine H2N (CH2)3 NH (CH2)4 NH2
Spermidine
Dcarboxylase S-Adnosyl S-Adnosyl 3-mthyl mercapto mthionine propylamine CO2 Mthyl-thio ad nosine H2N (CH2)3 NH (CH2)4 NH (CH2)3 NH2
Spermine
BC-
NH3
+ ATP
ADP
+ Pi
Glutamine
synthtase
HOOC
COOH
H2N
OC
CH2
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
acide L-Glutamique
Glutamine
Transport plasmatique sous forme de glutamine Libration dans les reins et le foie
H OH
H2N
acide L-Glutamique
Glutaminase
Glutamine
NH3
H2O
Rsum
Glutamine
synth synthtase
Glutaminase
Glutaminase
NH3
H+
NH3
UREE
ORN
Carbamyl-Phosphate
CO2 H2 O ARG
5 2
Citrulline
ASP
Fumarate
Arginino-Succinate
10
B-
2 ATP + H2O
PO4H3
ATP
Citrulline
O P OH OH = PPi
Acide Pyrophosphorique
Acide Fumarique
C-
UREE
cycle de lure
CO 2 + NH 3
ARG ININ E
CITRU LLIN E
ASPARTATE
FUMARATE
ACIDE a -CETONIQUE
cycle de Krebs
ACIDE a-AMINE MALATE OXALO-ACETATE
11
D-
HN
C NH CH2 COOH
S-Adnosyl-Mthioninine Transmthylase S-Adnosyl-Homocystine NH ~ PO3H2 HN C N CH3 Phosphocratine CH2 COOH Cratine Phospho Kinase (CPK) HN ADP ATP NH2 C N CH3 Cratine (acide mthyl-guanido-actique) CH2 COOH
12
Cystine
GLY
TRP
CYS
SER
ALA
Pyruvate
1. METABOLISME DE LA L-ALANINE
ABIOSYNTHESE : PAR TRANSAMINATION
a-cto glutamate glutarate
CH3
CO
COOH
CH3
CH NH2
COOH
Acide Pyruvique
Alanine
2. METABOLISME DE LA L-SERINE
ABIOSYNTHESE : PAR TRANSAMINATION
3-Phospho-Glycrate dshydrognase COOH NAD+ NADH,H+ CO O P CH2 O Transaminase Glutamate COOH a-cto glutarate CH NH2 CH2 O P Phospho-Srine Phosphatase H2O PO4H3 COOH CH CH2 Srine NH2 OH
Phospho Srine
13
B-
COOH CH NH2
NH
H2O
NH3
COOH CO CH3
CH2OH L-Srine
CH3
Acide Pyruvique
14
Synthse de la sphingosine
CH3
(CH2)12
CH2
CH2
CO~SCoA
CoA-SH + CO2
Palmityl-CoA Synthtase (B6-PO4) COOH CH NH2 CH3 (CH2)12 CH2 CH2 H2N CO CH CH2OH Oxydo Rductase NADP+ CH3 (CH2)12 CH2 CH2 H2N CHOH CH CH2OH FAD Oxydo Rductase FADH2 CH3 (CH2)12 CH CH H2N CHOH CH CH2OH 3-Dshydro-Sphinganine NADPH,H+
CH2OH Srine
Sphinganine
Sphingosine
Synthse de la L-Cystine :
(Cf. mtabolisme de la Cystine : raction de transsulfuration)
Homocystine
Cystathionine synthtase Cystathionine
Homosrine
Cystathionase
Srine
Cystine
15
Glyoxylate oxydase
Formaldhyde "formiate"
Synthtase
FH4
CHO
SUCCINYL-CoA GLYCOCOLLE
16
CO
17
CO
NH CH
CO
NH
CH2
COOH
CH2 SH
4- conjugaison avec les acides biliaires et les strodes : donnant des glycoconjugus 5- conjugaison avec lacide benzoque : donnant lacide hippurique
CO NH CH2 COOH
Acide benzoque
Glycocolle
Acide Hippurique
4. METABOLISME DE LA CYSTEINE
SCHEMA GENERAL
S- Adnosyl- Homocystine
S- Adnosyl-Mthionine
L- MET
L- SER
Homocystine
1
Cystathionine synthtase
CYSTATHIONINE
2
Cystathionase
Homo-Srine
L- CYS
Thiothanolamine
Coenzyme A
Acide Cystique
Acide Pyruvique
Taurine
SO4 sulfate
18
A-
BIOSYNTHESE
Raction de transmthylation
Mthionine Adnosyl-Transfrase
PPi + Pi
ATP + H2O
CH2 O
CH3
OH OH
FH4
NH2
N
NH2 N N N
Adnosyl Homocystinase
CH CH2 CH2
NH2
CH2 O
H2O
Adnosine
SH Homocystine
-2H
Homocystine R S S R
OH OH
R SH
S-Adnosyl - Homocystine
Raction de transsulfuration
Homosrine COOH CH CH2
OH H
COOH CH Homocystine CH2 CH2 SH CH2OH Srine CH NH2 Cystathionine Synthtase NH2
COOH CH CH2 CH2 S CH2 H2O CH NH2 H2O Cystathionase (B6-PO4) NH2
NH2
COOH
COOH CYSTATHIONINE
COOH Cystine
B-
C-
HS
CH2
CH NH2
L- Cystine
COOH CH NH2 Acide Cystine sulfinique CO2 Transaminase HO2S CH2 CO COOH
Acide Cystique
Dcarboxylase SO2 CH2 NH2 CH3 CO COOH Hypotaurine Acide pyruvique Sulfite oxydase
Taurine
SO3 sulfite
--
SO4 sulfate
--
D-
20
PHE TYR
LEU
LYS
TRP
ALA
Fumarate
Actoactate
Glutaryl-CoA
Pyruvate
Acto-actyl-CoA
Corps Ctoniques
Actyl-CoA
Phnyl Ethylamine
L- PHE
PHE Hydroxylase
L- TYR
Hormones Thyrodiennes
TYR Transaminase
Hydroxylase
Oxydase
3
Homogentisate
6
Tyrosinase
Oxydase
Mlanines
Phnyl Lactate
Malyl-Actoactate
7
Isomrase
Catcholamines
Fumaryl-Actoactate
8
Fumaryl-Actoactase
Fumarate
Actoactate
21
A-
O2 H2O
CH2 CH NH2 HO
Ttrahydro-Bioptrine
NADP+
Dihydro Bioptrine Rductase
NADPH, H+
COOH
L-Tyrosine
OH N H2N
34 2 1
H N
5 87
bioptrine rductase
CHOH
CHOH
CH3
N H
N H
CH2
5,6,7,8-Ttrahydro Bioptrine
7,8-Dihydro Bioptrine
B-
CH2
COOH
Transaminase OH OH
OH
L-Tyrosine
Acide actoactique
CH3 CO CH2 COOH
CH2
COOH
Acide fumarique
fumaryl-acto actase
22
HO
L-DOPA
DOPA quinone
Cyclisation
CO2 N H Dcarboxylase
N H
COOH
Indole quinone
DOPA chrome
Polymrisation
MELANINES
C-
Enzyme 1 : Phnylctonurie (dficit en Phnylalanine hydroxylase ou Bioptrine rductase) Enzyme 3 : Albinisme (dficit en Tyrosinase) Enzyme 4 : Tyrosinmie congnitale type II (dficit en Transaminase, TAT) Enzyme 5 : Tyrosinmie congnitale type I (Tyrosinose) Enzyme 6 : Alcaptonurie
2. METABOLISME DE LA L-LEUCINE
Cf. mtabolisme des autres acides amins aliphatiques chane ramifie : valine et isoleucine
23
3. METABOLISME DU L-TRYPTOPHANE
A - LA VOIE CATABOLIQUE PRINCIPALE : VOIE DE LA CYNURENINE Vue densemble
L- TRP
1
Tryptophane Pyrrolase
Formyl-Cynurnine
2 4
Formylase
3
Acide Cynurnique
Cynurnine
Cynurnine transaminase Cynurninase Cynurnine hydroxylase
Acide Anthranilique
L- ALA
Acide Xanthurnique
Cynurnine transaminase
3-Hydroxy Cynurnine
Cynurninase
L- ALA
NAD + NADP +
Nicotinamide
Acide Nicotinique
Acide Quinolinique
Glutaryl-CoA
Actoactyl-CoA
Dgradation en actoactyl-CoA
O O
CH2
CH NH2
CO
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
CO
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
N H
NH
CHO
Cynurnine formylase
H2O H COOH
NH2
H OH
Tryptophane
Cynurnine
NADPH,H + + O2 NADP + + H2O CH NH2 COOH
COOH
CO
CH2
O O
NH2
NH2 OH
Cynurninase (B6-PO4)
ALA H2O OH
OH H
NH2
3-hydroxy Cynurnine
Pyruvate H2O
+
O Actyl-CoA
Actoactyl CoA
Acide a-ctoadipique
24
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
Cynurninase (B6-PO4)
ALA H2O
COOH
NH2
Cynurnine
Cynurnine Transaminase NH3 Pyruvate
NH2
Acide Cynurnique
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
Cynurninase (B6-PO4)
ALA H2O
COOH
NH2 OH OH
3-hydroxy Cynurnine
Cynurnine Transaminase NH3 CO CH2 CO COOH Pyruvate
NH2 OH
Acide Xanthurnique
La voie du nicotinamide
COOH CHO HOOC Cyclisation spontane H2O semi-aldhyde 2-amino 3-carboxy muconique acide quinolique COOH Quinolate Phosphoribosyl transfrase N 5 PRPP PPi Ribose COOH
NH2
COOH
COOH P
CO
NH2
N Ribose NAD
+
N Ribose P
PPi O
+
ATP AMP
N Ribose P
Dsamido - NAD
25
CH NH2
COOH
Tryptophane hydroxylase
NADP + H2O
Tryptophane
HO
CH2 N H
CH2
NH2
C-
Transaminase (B6-PO4)
Tryptophane
CH2 CO COOH
N H
N H
Dcarboxylase (B6-PO4)
CH3 N H
Scatole
D-
PRO
GLN
1. METABOLISME DE LA L- HISTIDINE
VUE DENSEMBLE
L-Histidine Dcarboxylase
Histidase
L- HIS
1
Histamine
Histaminase
Acide Urocanique
Urocanase
L-Histidine Transaminase
Imidazole Actaldhyde
Formimino- FH4
L- GLU
27
A-
CH2 N NH
CH NH
CH
COOH urocanase
O
OH H
CH2 NH
CH2
COOH
Histidine
Acide urocanique
H2O H2O
Imidazolone propionase glutamate formimino transfrase HOOC CH NH2 CH2 CH2 COOH Formamino FH4 FH4 HOOC HN CH CH CH2 NH CH2 COOH
Acide glutamique
B-
Histidine
Histamine
O2 Histaminase NH3 O2 CH2 oxydase N NH CHO
CH2 N NH
COOH
Imidazole actaldhyde
Transamination
a-cto glutarate glutamate CH2 N NH CH NH2 COOH N Transaminase NH CH2 CO COOH CO2 N NH CH2 COOH
Dcarboxylase
Histidine
28
CH NH2
COOH H3C N3 N
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
N CH3
1-Mthyl-Histidine
3-Mthyl-Histidine
Drivs iods
C-
2. METABOLISME DE LA L-ARGININE
ALA VOIE CATABOLIQUE PRINCIPALE : ROLE DE PRECURSEUR DE LORNITHINE, DE LACIDE GLUTAMIQUE ET DE LA PROLINE
Transamidination avec leau
NH2 HN C
OH H
L-Arginine
L-Ornithine
L-Arginine
L-Ornithine
Cratine
29
-Transamination
H2N CH2
CH2
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
OHC CH2
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
L-Ornithine
NAD + + H2O Pyrroline 5-carboxylate dshydrognase NADH, H +
ornithine Transaminase
g-semi-aldhyde glutamique
Cyclisation H2O 3 2 1 N 4 5 COOH
HOOC CH2
CH2
CH
COOH
HOOC CH2
CH2
CO
COOH COOH N H
acide a-ctoglutarique
Proline
B-
DECARBOXYLATION EN AGMATINE
Cf. chapitre Polyamines
30
CYCLE de KREBS
HOOC CH2 CH2 COOH HOOC CH2 CH2 CO COOH
ACIDE SUCCINIQUE
ACIDE a-CETOGLUTARIQUE
Oxydase
SUCCINYL-CoA
Transaminase
HOOC
CH2
CH2
CHO
HOOC
CH2
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
ACIDE GLUTAMIQUE
CO2 Dcarboxylase
HOOC
CH2
CH2
CH2
NH2
B-
ROLES DE LA GLUTAMINE transport sanguin de lammoniac biosynthse de novo des purines rle de dtoxification : la phnylactylglutamine
4. METABOLISME DE LA PROLINE
Cf. mtabolisme de larginine
31
FUMARATE
ASN
ASP
OXALO-ACETATE
1. METABOLISME DE LA L-ASPARAGINE
ABIOSYNTHESE
NH3 + ATP
ADP
+ Pi
Asparagine
synthtase
HOOC
CH2 CH NH2
COOH
H2N
OC
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
acide L-Aspartique
L-Asparagine
32
B-
DEGRADATION
H OH
H2N Glutaminase
OC
CH2
CH NH2
COOH
acide L-Aspartique
L-Asparagine
NH3
H2O
REACTION DE TRANSAMINATION
C - FOURNISSEUR DUN ATOME DAZOTE DE LUREE LORS DE LUREOGENESE DPRECURSEUR DES PURINES ET PYRIMIDINES Purines : atome N1 Pyrimidines : atomes N1 et C4, C5 et C6
ILE
Succinyl - CoA
33
1. METABOLISME DE LA L- METHIONINE
ABCOOH CH CH2 CH2OH Homosrine NH2 NH3
Succinyl - CoA
2. METABOLISME DES ACIDES AMINES ALIPHATIQUES A CHAINE RAMIFIEE : L-VALINE, L-ISOLEUCINE ET L-LEUCINE
AVUE DENSEMBLE
L- VAL
1
L- ILE
2
L- LEU
2
-cto-Isovalrate
3
-cto--mthyl-valrate
3
-cto-Isocaproate
3
Isobutyryl-CoA
-mthyl-butyryl-CoA
Isovalryl-CoA
4
-mthyl-crotonyl-CoA
5
Semi-aldhyde mthylmalonique
-mthyl-actoactyl-CoA
-Hydroxy-mthyl-glutaryl-CoA
Propionyl-CoA
6
Actyl-CoA
Actoactyl-CoA
Mthyl-malonyl-CoA
7
Corps ctoniques
Succinyl-CoA
CYCLE DE KREBS
34
B-
CH3 CH CH3 CH NH2 a-cto glutarate glutamate CH3 CH CH3 Acide a-cto Isovalrique a-cto-acide dshydrognase (dcarboxylase) CH3 CH CH3 Isobutyryl-CoA CO COOH
CH3
CH3 CH CH3 CH2 CH NH2 a-cto glutarate glutamate CH3 COOH CH3 Acide a-ctoIsocaproque a-cto-acide dshydrognase (dcarboxylase) CO2 CH3 CH CH3 isovalryl-CoA CH2 CO S CH CH2 CO COOH
Valine Transaminase
CO
CH3 COOH
CH2 CH CH3
CO
COOH
Acide a-cto-b-mthyl valrique a-cto-acide dshydrognase (dcarboxylase) CH3 CH2 CH3 a-mthyl-butyryl-CoA CH
CO2 S ~ CoA
CO2
CO
~ CoA
~ CoA
C-
35