Trigonometric Integrals

I. Integrating Powers of the Sine and Cosine Functions

A. Useful trigonometric identities
1. 1 cos sin
2 2
+ x x
2. x x x cos sin 2 2 sin
3. x x x x x
2 2 2 2
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos
4.
2
2 cos 1
sin
2
x
x

.
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
x
x
+

!.
"# sin$ " %sin$
2
1
cos sin y x y x y x + +
&.
"# cos$ " %cos$
2
1
sin sin y x y x y x +
'.
"# cos$ " %cos$
2
1
cos cos y x y x y x + +
(. )eduction formulas
1.
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n



+
2 1
sin
1
cos sin
1
sin
2.
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n



+
2 1
cos
1
sin cos
1
cos
C. *+am,les
1. Find

dx x
2
sin
.
-ethod 1$Integration ./ ,arts"0

" $sin sin sin
2
dx x x dx x
. 1et
x u sin and
dx x du dx x dv cos sin
and

dx x v sin
1
x cos
. Thus2

+ + x x dx x x x dx x cos sin cos " cos "$ $sin sin
2 2
+ +

x x x dx x dx x x dx x cos sin sin 1 cos sin " sin 1 $
2 2

dx x
2
sin +

x x x dx x cos sin sin 2

2

dx x
2
sin
C x x x + +
2
1
cos sin
2
1
.
-ethod 2$Trig identit/"0
C x x dx x dx x +

2 sin
4
1
2
1
" 2 cos 1 $
2
1
sin
2
.
-ethod 3$)eduction formula"0

+ dx x x dx x 1
2
1
cos sin
2
1
sin
2
C x x x + +
2
1
cos sin
2
1
.
2. Find
dx x

3
cos
.
Use the reduction formula0

+ dx x x x dx x cos
3
2
sin cos
3
1
cos
2 3
+ + + + C x x x C x x x sin
3
2
" sin 1 $ sin
3
1
sin
3
2
sin cos
3
1
2 2
C x x +
3
sin
3
1
sin
.
3. Find
dx x x
2 3
cos sin

.

xdx x x dx x x x dx x x sin cos " cos 1 $ cos sin sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 3
" "$sin cos $cos
4 2
dx x x x

. 1et
dx x du x u sin cos
. Thus2
1
+ +

C u u du u u dx x x x
3 4 2 4 2

1
3
1
" $ " "$sin cos $cos
C x x + +
3
cos

1
cos
3
1
.
2
4. Find
dx x x
2 2
cos sin

.

,
_

,
_

dx x dx
x x
dx x x " 2 cos 1 $
4
1
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
cos sin
2 2 2


,
_

dx x dx dx
x
dx x 4 cos
'
1
1
'
1
2
4 cos 1
4
1
2 sin
4
1
2
C x x + 4 sin
32
1
'
1
.
. Find

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
.
-ethod 1$Integration ./ ,arts"0 1et x u 4 sin and
dx x dv 3 cos
du =
dx x 4 cos 4
and
x v 3 sin
3
1

. Thus2

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin

,
_

x x dx x x x x 3 sin 4 sin
3
1
3 sin 4 cos
3
4
3 sin
3
1
" 4 $sin

dx x x 3 sin 4 cos
3
4
. Find

dx x x 3 sin 4 cos
. 1et x u 4 cos and
dv =
dx x du dx x 4 sin 4 3 sin
and
x v 3 cos
3
1

. Thus2

dx x x x x dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
3
4
3 cos 4 cos
3
1
3 sin 4 cos
.
)eturning to
the original integral2

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
3
x x 3 sin 4 sin
3
1
+

'

x x dx x x x x 3 sin 4 sin
3
1
3 cos 4 sin
3
4
3 cos 4 cos
3
1
3
4

+ dx x x dx x x x x 3 cos 4 sin
4
&
3 cos 4 sin
4
1!
3 cos 4 cos
4
4
+ x x x x 3 cos 4 cos
4
4
3 sin 4 sin
3
1

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
3
C x x x x + 3 cos 4 cos
&
4
3 sin 4 sin
&
3
.
-ethod 2$Trig identit/"0
( ) +

dx x x dx x x & sin sin
2
1
3 cos 4 sin
C x x + & cos
14
1
cos
2
1
.
3
II. Integrating Powers of the Tangent and Secant Functions
A. Useful trigonometric identit/0 x x
2 2
sec 1 tan +
(. Useful integrals
1.

+ C x dx x x sec tan sec

2.
C x dx x +

tan sec
2
3.
C x C x dx x + +

cos ln sec ln tan

4.
C x x dx x + +

tan sec ln sec

C. )eduction formulas
1. dx x
n
n
n
x x
dx x
n
n
n

2
2
sec
1
2
1
tan sec
sec
2. dx x
n
x
dx x
n
n
n

2
1
tan
1
tan
tan
5. *+am,les
1. Find

dx x
2
tan
.

+ C x x dx dx x dx x dx x tan 1 sec " 1 $sec tan
2 2 2
.
2. Find
xdx

3
tan
.
C x x dx x
x
xdx +

sec ln tan
2
1
tan
2
tan
tan
2
2
3
.
4
3. Find
xdx

3
sec
.
C x x x x dx x
x x
dx x + + + +

tan sec ln
2
1
tan sec
2
1
sec
2
1
2
tan sec
sec
3
.
4. Find
dx x x

2
sec tan
.
1et xdx du x u
2
sec tan
+

C u udu dx x x
2 2
2
1
sec tan
C x +
2
tan
2
1
.
. Find
dx x x

4
sec tan
.

+ dx x x x dx x x x dx x x
2 2 2 2 4
sec " tan 1 $ tan sec sec tan sec tan
dx x dx x x

+
2 3 2
sec tan sec tan
. 1et dx x du x u
2
sec tan . Thus2
C x x C u u du u udu dx x x + + + + +

4 2 4 2 3 4
tan
4
1
tan
2
1
4
1
2
1
sec tan
.
!. Find
dx x x

3
sec tan
.

" tan $sec sec sec tan
2 3
dx x x x dx x x
. 1et
xdx x du x u tan sec sec .
Thus2
C x C u du u dx x x + +

3 3 2 3
sec
3
1
3
1
sec tan
.
&. Find
dx x x
3 2
sec tan

.

dx x dx x dx x x dx x x
3 3 2 3 2
sec sec sec " 1 $sec sec tan
. Using
the reduction formula2
dx x x dx x

+
3 3
sec
4
3
tan sec
4
1
sec
. Thus2

+ xdx x x dx x dx x dx x x
3 3 3 3 2
sec
4
3
tan sec
4
1
sec sec sec tan


x x x x dx x x x dx x tan sec
'
1
tan sec
4
1
sec
4
1
tan sec
4
1
sec
3 3 3 3
C x x + + tan sec ln
'
1
.
'. Find
dx x x
4
sec tan

.
xdx x x dx x x x dx x x
2 2 2 2 4
sec " tan 1 $ tan sec sec tan sec tan +

.
1et dx x du x u
2
sec tan
+

dx x x dx x x
2 4
sec tan sec tan
+ + +

C u u du u du u dx x x x
2
&
2
3
2

2
1
2 2
&
2
3
2
sec tan tan
C x x + +
2
&
2
3
" $tan
&
2
" $tan
3
2
.
4. Find
dx x x tan sec

.
1et xdx u xdx x udu x u x u tan tan sec 2 sec sec
2 2
du
u u
udu
dx x
2 2
tan
2
. Thus2


,
_

du du
u
u dx x x 1 2
2
tan sec
C x C u + + sec 2 2 .
!
Practice Sheet forTrigonometric Integrals
$1" Pro6e the reduction formula0



+ dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n 2 1
sin
1
cos sin
1
sin
$2" Pro6e the reduction formula0



+ dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n 2 1
cos
1
sin cos
1
cos
$3" Pro6e the reduction formula0

dx x
n
n
n
x x
dx x
n
n
n 2
2
sec
1
2
1
tan sec
sec
$4" Pro6e the reduction formula0

dx x
n
x
dx x
n
n
n 2
1
tan
1
tan
tan
$"

4
7
3
" 3 $ tan

x dx 3
$!"

4
7
2
" 2 $ cos

x dx 3
$&"

'
7
" 3 cos$ " sin$

x x dx 3
$'"

x x
3 3
sec tan
dx 3

$4"
x x
3
cos sin

dx 3
&
$17"
x x

2 3
sin cos
dx 3
$11"

2
7
3
cos
sin

x
x
dx 3
$12"

xdx x
2 2
cos sin
$13"

xdx xsec tan

Solution 8e/ for Trigonometric Integrals

$1"
dx x x dx x
n n
sin sin sin
1

. Use integration ./ ,arts with x u

n 1
sin

and
dx x x n du dx x dv
n
cos sin " 1 $ sin
2
and

x dx x v cos sin
dx x x dx x
n n
sin sin sin
1

3
+

dx x x n x x
n n 2 2 1
cos sin " 1 $ cos sin
( ) + +

x x dx x x n x x
n n n
cos sin sin 1 sin " 1 $ cos sin
1 2 2 1
+


x x dx x n dx x n dx x n
n n n n
cos sin sin sin " 1 $ sin " 1 $
1 2
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x dx x n
n n n n



+
2 1 2
sin
1
cos sin
1
sin sin " 1 $
.
$2"
dx x x dx x
n n
cos cos cos
1

. Use integration ./ ,arts with x u

n 1
cos

and
'
dx x x n du dx x dv
n
" sin $ cos " 1 $ cos
2


and

x dx x v sin cos
dx x x dx x
n n
cos cos cos
1

3
+

dx x x n x x
n n 2 2 1
sin cos " 1 $ sin cos
( ) + +

x x dx x x n x x
n n n
sin cos cos 1 cos " 1 $ sin cos
1 2 2 1
+


x x dx x n dx x n dx x n
n n n n
sin cos cos cos " 1 $ cos " 1 $
1 2
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x dx x n
n n n n



+
2 1 2
cos
1
sin cos
1
cos cos " 1 $
.
$3"
dx x x dx x
n n

2 2
sec sec sec
. Use integration ./ ,arts with x u
n 2
sec

and
" tan $sec sec " 2 $ sec
3 2
dx x x x n du dx x dv
n
and

x dx x v tan sec
2
dx x x dx x
n n

2 2
sec sec sec
3

dx x x n x x
n n 2 2 2
tan sec " 2 $ tan sec
( ) +


xdx n x x dx x x n x x
n n n n
sec " 2 $ tan sec 1 sec sec " 2 $ tan sec
2 2 2 2

+

dx x n x x dx x n dx x n
n n n n 2 2 2
sec " 2 $ tan sec sec " 1 $ sec " 2 $

dx x
n
n
n
x x
dx x
n
n
n 2
2
sec
1
2
1
tan sec
sec .
$4"
( )


xdx x dx x x dx x x dx x
n n n n 2 2 2 2 2 2
sec tan 1 sec tan tan tan tan
dx x
n
x
dx x
n
n
n

2
1
2
tan
1
tan
tan .
4
$" 1et

du u dx x dx x dx du x u
3 3 3
tan
3
1
3 " 3 $ tan
3
1
" 3 $ tan 3 3
. Use
reduction formula 94 a.o6e to get

,
_

du u
u
du u tan
3
1
2
tan
3
1
tan
3
1
2
3
u u sec ln
3
1
tan
!
1
2

4
7
3
" 3 $ tan

x dx 3

'

4
7
2
" 3 sec$ ln
3
1
" 3 $ tan
!
1

x x

'

,
_

,
_

4
3
sec ln
3
1
4
3
tan
!
1
2

( ) ( )

'

2 ln
3
1
" 1 $
!
1
7 sec ln
3
1
7 tan
!
1
2 2
( ) 2 ln
3
1
!
1
1 ln
3
1
" 7 $
!
1
2
+
.
$!" Use the trigonometric identit/
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
+

to get

dx x" 2 $ cos
2
( ) + +
+

x x dx x dx dx
x
4 sin
'
1
2
1
" 4 cos$
2
1
1
2
1
2
" 4 cos$ 1

4
7
2
" 2 $ cos

x
dx 3

'

'

+
,
_

'
" 7 sin$
'
1
" 7 $
2
1
sin
'
1
4 2
1

.
$&" Use the trigonometric identit/
"# sin$ " %sin$
2
1
cos sin y x y x y x + +
to get
+

" ' cos$
1!
1
" 2 cos$
4
1
" ' sin$
2
1
" 2 sin$
2
1
" 3 cos$ " sin$ x x dx x dx x dx x x
( )

'

'

,
_

7 cos
1!
1
7 cos
4
1
cos
1!
1
4
cos
4
1
" 3 cos$ " sin$
'
7

dx x x
'
2 3
1!
1
4
1
1!
1
2
2
4
1
+ + +

,
_

17
$'"

x x
3 3
sec tan
dx 3

" tan $sec sec tan

2 2
dx x x x x

" tan $sec sec " tan $sec sec " 1 $sec
4 2 2
dx x x x dx x x x x
C x x dx x x x +

3 2
sec
3
1
sec

1
" tan $sec sec
.
$4"
x x
3
cos sin

dx 3
( ) ( )

xdx x x dx x x x cos sin 1 " $sin " cos $ cos sin
2
2
1
2
C x x dx x x dx x x +

2
&
2
3
2

2
1
" $sin
&
2
" $sin
3
2
cos " $sin cos " $sin
.
$17"
x x

2 3
sin cos
dx 3
( ) ( )( )

dx x x x dx x x x cos sin sin 1 cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
C x x dx x x dx x x +

3 4 2
sin

1
sin
3
1
" $cos sin " $cos sin
.
$11" ( )


dx x x x dx x x x dx
x
x
sin cos 1 " $cos $sin sin " $cos
cos
sin
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
+


2

2
1
2
3
2
1
" $cos

2
" $cos 2 " $sin " $cos " $sin " $cos x x dx x x dx x x

2
7
3
cos
sin

x
x
dx 3
( )

'

'

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

7 cos

2
7 cos 2
2
cos

2
2
cos 2

'
.
$12" Use the trigonometric identities
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
+

and
2
2 cos 1
sin
2


.

xdx x
2 2
cos sin

( )
,
_

,
_

dx x dx
x x
2 cos 1
4
1
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
2
11


,
_

+
dx x dx
x
x dx x dx 1
'
1
4
1
2
4 cos 1
4
1
4
1
2 cos
4
1
1
4
1
2
C x x C x x x dx x + +

4 sin
32
1
'
1
4 sin
32
1
'
1
4
1
4 cos
'
1
.
$13"

xdx xsec tan

( )

dx x x x dx x x x sec tan tan sec tan tan
2
2 4
( ) ( ) +

dx x x x x dx x x x tan sec 1 sec 2 sec tan sec 1 sec
2 4
2
2
( ) ( )

+ dx x x dx x x x dx x x x tan sec tan sec sec 2 tan sec sec
2 4
C x x x + + sec sec
3
2
sec

1
3
.


12