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10

-1

3
f f ( x ) = x

-1 C f
-2
100

1010

12

1010

1010

100

10

10

-10

100

- 10

-1010

12

- 1010

100

-1010

)f ( x

) f ( x x x +

) f ( x x x
x
) f ( x +
x +
) f ( x + x +

lim f ( x ) = +

x +

x
) f ( x

x
) f ( x x

lim f ( x ) =


f [[ a; +

) f ( x + x + lim f ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = +
) f ( x + x +

x +

) f ( x x + lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =
) f ( x x +

x +

] ]; a

) f ( x + x lim f ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = +

) f ( x + x

) f ( x x lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =

) f ( x x

n

lim x n = +

x+

lim x n = + n
x

lim x n = n
x

x = +

lim

x+

lim x = +

lim x 2 = +

lim x =

x+
3

lim x = +

x+

x
3

lim x 2 = +

x+

lim x =

-2 +

1
x2

= )f ( x

-1 C f
-2
100

1010

12

1010

1010

100

10

10

-10

100

- 10

-1010

12

- 1010

100

1010

x
)f ( x


) f ( x x x +

) f ( x x x

) f ( x 0 lim f ( x ) = 0

x +

lim f ( x ) = 0

2x
f
x 1
-1 C f

= )f ( x

-2

x
)f ( x

) f ( x x x +

x
)f ( x
) f ( x x x

) f ( x 2 lim f ( x ) = 2

x +

lim f ( x ) = 2

+
f []a; +

) f ( x l x + lim f ( x ) = l

x +


f []; a

) f ( x l x lim f ( x ) = l

lim f ( x ) = l
+

lim f ( x ) = l


* lim f ( x ) = l

y = l x

* lim f ( x ) = l

x +

y = l x +

* - f ) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x

x+

* - f ) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x

x+

=0

lim

x+

1
; =0
x+ x n
lim

1
=0
x x n
lim

f l
f l + ) (

( f ( x) l ) = 0
lim f ( x ) = l lim ( f ( x ) l ) = 0
x
x
lim f ( x ) = l lim

x +

x+

3 x + 1

= )f ( x

x2
lim f ( x ) = 3

-----------------------

+ 3 = lim

=0
x2
lim f ( x ) = 3

3 x 2 + 1

lim f ( x ) ( 3) = lim

) ( k; n

:
f

) lim f ( x

) lim f ( x
*

x +


( D ) : y = 2 x + lim f ( x ) = 2

x lim f ( x ) = 0

x +

-3

1
f f ( x ) = x 2 g ( x ) = 2
x
-1 / C f
/
0,001
0,1
0,2

30

10

30

10

0, 001

0,1

-0,2

x
)f ( x

) lim f ( x
x0

-2
0,1
0,2

0,001

30

10

30

10

0, 001

0,1

-0,2

x
)g ( x

) lim g ( x
x 0

---------------------------- /1
) f ( x 0 x 0
) f ( x 0 0

lim f ( x ) = 0
x 0

/2
) f ( x +
x 0
) f ( x + 0

lim f ( x ) = +
x 0


a l f [ ]a ; a +
} ]a ; a + [ {a

*+

) f ( x l x a lim f ( x ) = l lim f = l
xa

a l

lim x = 0
x0

) f ( x l a

n

lim x n = 0
x0

lim x = 0

lim x = 0

x0

lim x = 0
x0

x0


a l f [ ]a ; a +
} ]a ; a + [ {a

*+

) f ( x + x a lim f ( x ) = + lim f = +
x a

xa

) f ( x x a lim f ( x ) = lim f =
-3 -

)x 1 ( x + 2
x 1

= )f ( x

D f
C f
) f ( x x 1
) f ( x x 1

} {1

= Df

------------------

1
) f ( x 3 ) f ( x
x 1 3
lim f ( x ) = 3
lim f ( x ) = 3
x1+

x1
x 1

1
) f ( x -3 ) f ( x
x 1 -3
lim f ( x ) = 3
lim f ( x ) = 3
x1

x1
x1

1
f
x
D f

= )f ( x

C f
) f ( x x 0
) f ( x x 0
------------------*

= Df

0
) f ( x +
) f ( x x 0

+ lim f ( x ) = +

x0+

lim f ( x ) = +

x0
x 0

0
) f ( x
) f ( x x 0

lim f ( x ) =

x0

lim f ( x ) =

x0
x 0

a l
) f ( x l x a lim f ( x ) = l

lim f ( x ) = l

x a +

) f ( x l x a lim f ( x ) = l
x a

x a
x a

lim f ( x ) = l

x a
x a

) f ( x + x a lim f ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = +
x a +

x a
x a

) f ( x + x a lim f ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = +
x a

x a
x a

) f ( x x a lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =
x a +

x a
x a

) f ( x x a lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =
x a

= +

xn

lim+

x 0

x a
x a

n
n

lim+

1
x

x0

1
= +
n
x 0 x
1
lim n =
x 0 x
lim

= +

lim

x 0 +

x =0

lim

x 0

1
= +
x4

lim

x 0

1
=
x3

lim+

x 0

1
= +
x3

lim+

x 0

1
= +
x2

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = l lim f ( x ) = l

x a +

x a

x a

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = +

x a +

xa

x a

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =

x a +

xa

x a

f ( x ) = x

3
f ( x ) = x

x0

lim f ( x )

x0

lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )

x0

x0+

--------------------------------------------------------

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 0

x0

x0

lim f ( x ) = lim x3 = 0

x0

x0

lim f ( x ) = lim

x 0 +

x 0 +

x =0

lim f ( x )

x 0

f ( x) =

x 4
f
x+2

lim x + 2 = 4 lim x 2 = 4 -1

x2

x2

lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) -2

x2+

x2

2 f -3
--------------------------

lim x 2 = 4 -1

x2

X 2 = x X = x + 2
0 X -2 x
lim x 2 = lim X 4
x2

lim x 2 = 4

x2

X 0

lim X 4 = 4 lim ( X 4 ) ( 4 ) = lim X = 0


X 0
X 0

X 0

lim x + 2 = 4

x2

lim x + 2 = lim X + 4

x2

X 0

lim X + 4 = 44 lim ( X + 4 ) 4 = lim X = 0


X 0
X 0

X 0

/2 ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x
x2

lim x 2 = 4

x2

x2+

) x 2 4 ( x 2 )( x + 2
=
= x 2
x+2
x+2

= )f ( x

lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 = 4

x2+

x2+

) x 2 4 ( x 2 )( x + 2
=
= x + 2
) ( x + 2
x+2

= )f ( x

x 2

lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 = 4

x2

x2

/3 ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x

x2

x2+

f 2

-4


f . g
x 0 x 0 x 0 + :
-

f + g

'l

'l +l

f g

'l

'l l

l 0

l 0

:
f

x f
-
g
f

' l l' 0

l
'l

l +

0+

l 0

0+

l +

l 0

l l 0

l l 0

-
) P ( x ) Q ( x
)P (a

) lim P ( x ) = P ( a

)Q (a

x a

)P ( x

)( x

Q (a) 0

lim

x a Q

ax n bx m ) P ( x ) Q ( x

lim P ( x ) = lim ax n
x+

ax n

x+

= lim

x+ bx m

)P ( x

)( x

lim

lim P ( x ) = lim ax n

x + Q

x
n

ax

= lim

x bx m

)P ( x

)( x

lim

x Q

lim x x + 3 x 1 = 2 2 + 6 1 = 9
x 2

3 ( 1) ( 1) + 1 1 1
3 x 2 x + 1
lim 3
=
=
=
2
3
2
x1 3 x + 2 x 3
3 ( 1) + 2 ( 1) 3 4 4
2

lim 4 x5 + 3x 2 5 x + 1 = lim 4 x5 =

x+

x+

lim 3 x + 7 x x + 31 = lim 3x 7 = +
x

4 x5 + 3 x 2 5 x + 1
4 x5
4 3
lim
x =
= lim
= lim
2
2
x+
x+ 3 x
x+ 3
3x x + 1
3 x 7 + 7 x3 x + 31
3 x 7
3
lim
= lim
= lim 2 = 0
9
2
9
x
x x
x x
x + 3x 4
5
2
5
7 x + 3x 5 x + 1
7x
7
lim
= lim
=
5
4
5
x+
x+ 3 x
3
3x x + 1

x+

lim+

lim (1 x ) 2 x 2 + 5
5

lim x x

x+

x 0

x
2x 5
lim+
x1 x 1

3
x + x

lim

x +x2

x1 2 x 2

lim

x1

lim 7 x5 + 3 +

+ x3
3x 2

x 2 3x + 2

x2 x

lim

x2 + x 6
1
lim
x 2 x 2

x3

x +1

lim

x1 x 2

2x 3
1
1
lim 2 3
x 0 + x
x

lim

x3

x2 x
2

x + x6

6
=1
6

lim 7 x5 + 3 +

x+

lim x 2 + x 6 = 9 + 3 6 = 6
x3

1
x

= +

lim

x+

1
x

lim x 2 x = 9 3 = 6

x3

lim 7 x5 + 3 = lim 7 x5 = + *

=0

x+

x+

lim (1 x ) 2 x 2 + 5 = lim (1 x ) = lim x5 = + lim 2x2 + 5 = lim 2x2 = *


5

lim

x 2

1
=
x2

lim x 2 = 0 x 2 0 x 2 *

x 2

lim+

x1

x
x 1

lim+

x1

lim x x = lim

x+

+
+

2x 5
= lim+ 2 x 5 = 3 lim+ x 1 = 0+
x 1
x1
x 1
lim x x *

( + )
x+

1
0

2x 5
*
x 1

x 1 = + lim

x+

x+

x = + lim x x = lim
x+

x+

x 1

0
x +1
x lim 2
*
x1 x 2 x 3
0
1
x +1
x +1
x {1;3}
=
=
2
x 2 x 3 ( x + 1)( x 3) x 3

1
1
=
x1 x 3
4

= lim

x +1
2x 3

lim

x1 x 2

0
x2 + x 2
lim 2 x
*
x1 2 x + x 3
0
x 2 + x 2 2 x 2 + x 3 x 1
) ( x 1)( x + 2
x2 + x 2
x+2 3
= lim
= lim
=
lim 2
x1 2 x + x 3
) x1 ( x 1)( 2 x + 3
x1 2 x + 3
5
1
1
* lim 2 3
+
x 0 x
x
1
1
lim+ 2 = + ; lim+ 3 = + ) ( +
x 0 x
x 0 x
1
1
1 1
1
1
; lim 2 = +
lim 2 3 = lim 2 1 lim 1 =
x
x
x 0 + x
x 0 +
x 0 + x
x x 0 + x
1
1
lim 2 3 =
x 0 + x
x
3x 2
lim 2
*

x1 x 3 x + 2
lim 3x 2 = 1
lim x 2 3x + 2 = 0
x1

+
+

2
0

x1

1
0

x
2

x 3x + 2

lim x 2 3x + 2 = 0

x1

3x 2
2

x 3x + 2

lim

x1

f [[ a; +

f ( x) = l

lim f ( x ) = l l 0
x a

lim

x a

f ( x ) = +

lim f ( x ) = + l 0
x a

lim

x a

:
x + a a
:
lim 1 4 x
x2

lim 1 4 x = 9 1 4 x = 9 = 3
x2

3 x 2 5 x + 4

lim

x2

lim

lim 3x 2 5 x + 4 = lim 3x 2 = + = 3 x 2 5 x + 4
x

x
1
= +
x

lim

x 0

lim 1

x 0

1
= +
x

lim

x 0

lim

-7
f g h

} I = ] x0 ; x0 + [ { x0

* x f ( x ) l u ( x ) , I lim u ( x ) = 0 lim f ( x ) = l
x x 0

x x 0

* lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = l f h g I lim h ( x ) = l


x x 0

x x 0

x x 0

* x f ( x ) u ( x ) , I lim u ( x ) = + lim f ( x ) = +
x x 0

x x 0

x x 0

x x 0

* x f ( x ) u ( x ) , I lim u ( x ) = lim f ( x ) =

+ x 0 x 0
I

* lim x + sin x
x+

x sin 2 x
x x 1 x + sin x x + 1
1 sin x 1
lim x 1 = + lim x + sin x = +

* = 2

x+
2

2 x + sin x

x2 + 1

sin x 2

x2 + 1

= 2

sin 2 sin x + 2

3
2

x +1

sin x 2
2

x +1
3

= 0
x2 + 1
-8
/
a
lim sin x = sin a

lim

x+

xa

x+

lim

x+

2 x 2 + sin x
2

x +1
sin x 1 sin 2 3

3
2

x +1

= 2

2 x 2 + sin x
2

x +1

2 x 2 + sin x
x2 + 1

lim

x+

lim cos x = cos a

a + k

lim tan x = tan a

xa

xa

2

lim sin x = sin =

2
4
x
lim tan x = tan = 0

lim cos x = cos 0 = 1

/ sin x x tan x


x
;
2 2

x 0

sin x

x 0 x

lim
1
1
1


;
x
x sin x
tan x
2 2

x 0

cos x

sin x
1
x

sin x
tan x

sin x x tan x

sin x

sin x
sin x

sin x
= 1 0 sin x x lim cos x = 1
x 0 x
x 0
1 cos x
*
lim
x 0
x2
2
x

2 x
2sin
sin
1 cos x
1
2
2
= lim
= lim
lim

2
2
x 0
x 0
2 x
x
x
x 0
2
x
2
2sin 2
1 cos x
1 sin X
1
x
2
lim
lim
lim

=
=

X
=

x 0
x 0
2
2 X
2
x2
x2

lim

X 0

tan x
*
x 0 x
tan x
sin x
1
1
= lim

= 1 = 1
lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
cos x
1
lim

1 cos x 1
=
x 0
2
x2

lim

tan x
=1
x 0 x

lim

sin x
=1
x 0 x

lim

tan ax
=1
x0 ax

lim

sin ax
=1
x0 ax

lim

lim
x 0

sin x
sin 3x

lim

x 0

sin x
3x

sin 3 x
sin 3 x
;
lim
x 0 3 x
x 0 4 x

lim

lim
x

cos 2 x

1 + sin x

1 cos 2 x
lim
x 0
x

tan 3x
x 0 sin 2 x

lim

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