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w Qn h ,mQGr
n
l r Tn Oo Gn o rda : dq dG G CGbCG -1
.Ap Hn r ndG pdr k pe ,jv p W Ao p n a ,o q dG o nr jn rPn EGp
.Gh q dG SH q b UdG qCG MCGh
ShDhQ ,j ,cdG
q ,Oq dG , Q
q q dG :jq Qq dG OG e EG dq dG dG J -2
,ehG ,YdG ,RdG ,dG
q ,IhqdG ,ObG ,jQG ,dG ,Hq dG ,dG
q ,AGdG
q ,GeCG
...VGbG ,IdG
q ,HGdG
.jq dG jq ObG OG M q HdG LfEG dS H MCG

SQdGq ca
mq T o HG t fdG odG q bh .v p W ghDo e qaj mY e noJ jG
o MGh fc
gPCG k b SdG
q MGh q L Y QRJ e J e (1285-1221 )
pMe M Ap G e t YSCG o f JCjh qEG q L
n r pe a .jUG SG
.J Am e oIb n q K dh
e gh VQCG mIq mGb Y j pMGdG
t Qp UCa ,
o qdG q J a n dG eq CG
.G p t J nhO j

38

m `n r pe t oCG

10

: hCq G Q`G

jq dGh jG

p s co j S
o q dGh .mfL u co r pe l n r eo Ho Hh .l SGh pdG
q
o H 1
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s dP o jdG n H .pfr Nn h pfhDnGp r Ln
n p n r eo p Sp nr G
p r n dG p jnr J non r jn o Lq dGh ,Ao dG ens J m e u c n eCG .mq a m r f
.ps pdp dG
q n a pfh
r p rSn h
pZrZOn pp n eo gGj .pSt dG p nnd n eCG o Hq J m n r pe o Ln hr Rn js Qn fc 5
m n r pe t GoC
r L pHr o pHh ,mIeo H n n nr G aGoJ gYh ,pq gqdG ps G
pn pFdG
s
n rJ .lp`nZ Op nG pjr CG oIrc :p dG pTQr h Y n peGhCG o Ru on J
.p`r d lIs n eo ScC
l G g
r fc .pfhDG pLM r Yn OGRh .pdG Y o r G n as nJ
n pJsnZ Gn Mn h p G p dG n pe o Lu dG n n fG .pIGC G n Y u p dG
o n nd
n rpJ
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o 10

o p r oJ
r qX q dh .lIc pdG
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pjo
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o Q`o J gn j t o nJhn An Gh On Gq dG o p r p G EG H o n rnJ,p VQCG Qp NCG EG n n f

n rpJ .n jOG
q
n rN n HdG o n r nJh ,pKCG p r H r pe nn G qoJ ,VQC
n G
.Ap pcr Gh pMndpH go o rnJ l Yr GC 15
a pHYt dG EG
n n br CG `o fCJ jh ... pdH poTo : o ufD j r n r peHo ch
o FdG . j pdG n Y qGC o nr nJm n r pe t oCGh .pgq dG Y o ofr Yn h Op hCG t GC h Lo hR
,mr pa u c go p n r nJh VQCG EG o J gh .dEG VQC
n G q dh .lIc
mIq e n hCq G . mS n r Hn k Sn pIn r qdG p r S pJr Ln o co r nJ .Gk jYn Gk ndhn o p n r nJ `qfC ch
An dG p n nr J h ,pG EG Lo hR e .nBG jq Q n rpe ShY
k
r fc dEG
r Hn g 20

r p Vh .pdG EG On J CG e
n na oat J r jo h .H
r p a gn Mr h
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r qXh .n go oM ofe , mIe H
Qp tdc pSCp GQ n r a o u n jo pjG o nZh .ke k MV n KCG o n r N
.pIcGqdG mdY mL Qm U pY e lIMp Gh .p`jq OedG
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r fc q M pJM n G nW
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39

jJ
: dG
dG J
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n en s M n dM
r Ho Kr n n rn fGp r bh ,pr n dG pen n Yn n eGnC An on ar o dG l n dp L n gr h
d hr a pY pr W r pe o pbGoJ
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n Qr nCG
pnds nJ n r n rdG .pIq dG n SMhp aprfG nIQrH o p r jn pdG n pe kfd o Y 30
.per nCG pH o r nZp G Gg
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: en n Yn
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140 / 139 / 138 : U U jG dG QGO

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40

FbUCG e QhCG
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r
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o ``````fCG
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``````SC
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41

11

...q jo o o r p S

: hCq G Q`G

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r
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Pr GE ppdGdG
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n GPh p dG
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r e m Vr a S
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GPEG ,o qfGC
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t EG ppJGnH e o n r jn pdGh ch
p n r Tp o n Mr h n g nr jn h , pr rd k pdU VQC
rGC EG ,Sf
o G o poJ n ndMn h 25
p r ejr hCr Gm j s c ppaGof q co h .pq SGQq dG pdG
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42

: hdG
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S
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n GPh .u Qp hdG
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1 S : f Fe
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qdDG YCG
AHOCG RHCG e t jo h ,H pjn r n pH dh
q d jOCG (1988 / 1889) : f je
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43

o ``````fCG
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q ,QdG -2
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44

QTCG
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jq dGh jG

r q J rGC n H k UN
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r dq , Qp Gh pcGdG e J e t co a ,mc mH n rpe o n udG 5

n MdG qGE d
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s c o cq JCG
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t pe GPEG Y Up
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p
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45

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o b ...
.pIG H o MdG WJQG a q dH

30

e MdG Y
1992 HdG dG , hRe ZGh QTCG
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q K OGH G SQO.1933S OQCH q Y e MqdG Y dh
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q
ZGh QTCG : e jGhq dG e jdG c .2004 S eO qaJ
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46

``````````aCG
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-1
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u
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47

SQq dG ca
Op H EG H fG nS HCG o H o jhe LhJ
or en
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48

Ao TCG
r q J

13

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s p ran pd pjq jG n ce o rp j mar hn u co p SCGQ Y gh ..ps pfho n s dG pq Gh
..fCG n jCGh nBG
n fCG n jCG r orfGo : o a pjdG pndW n jq GC o cn Gn f kfMCG q co
d o bCGh .Fq dG pjn r dG g l Qp Geo fCGh peG Gk c sXn eo
n r Up
n fCG
pq G pIG o uKD oJ qfC ,fCG
n r dG
n fCG : x M mYEH
o rpeh pIG o hQ r g
n oder GC S
o q dG .o Nu D of h o u of sXn o a o r f eq CG .Op dG
fq dG : d
o b .npr n pH o n rj pjn r dG S
o q dG :
l
r b .pVQCG
...
r q J
Ap G
o n n nW ,Ao TCr G
r q J .o t onJ dG Qp r n dH r q `J r fq dG :
l b
o FShh
l GQq S ,pjq dG pjQG n n H mjM r pe l q dBG ojQ ,bGdG
q n n H
...ppn jn rdGh nbr p dG n H jq RdG pHhG pSG Y rn bCG ...mqJG

o ch eo p n r j c ,o sdG n Mp Q : a e p jU r Y o dC a
p hG
r pn r k e nY q dh ,per CG n hCq G k Kh n H o ndG
u oJ .eo p n Mr GC
.pHGp qdj c .phGp J k n u b kIYn eo fn Yn S r d .. n r H q b
p hGp HQCGp SH Y Qn TCG p sdG gh .Gk c rJOn aCG pIQq dG o oJn r Np
n dG S
o q dG UCGh kIc Hk JCG Y
r qah d .pbq d mfMW pen bEG
.
x hJ mqcO p r pH jC
k G Y Qn TCG dG gh .pdG pGWCG r pe nfj
meR ,o FdG fc .pUdG Qp SCG Y o jJ fn Y nB G Qo SCG

o p r mMp T n Y
r n dG
o p r o hG ...pdG
q Jq e hCG kIq e JCJ ,sdh
r pe n cCG oJr Ln Qh .pIdGh pjdG pG n pe kITe ,Nn BGh m j s co n FdG
49

: hCq G Q`G

10

j
: H
15 hj
T e
: bdG
GT
e q j
f
20
: jG
qdG f

25

fgjn Gfc Qo q q dGh oIn r o dG .e Qo n Lr CG qfGE j ,o

o ar j c q d h n SFdG qdj CG mIq e
p k q p r Y c ..pjdGp gr GC nY s a qfC kIjT k q pgGc
.kn SGh
- 102 : U U dG
q EG IdG Se - dU q dG
q H . fJ - q d G QGO - IUG Y S 105

qdDG YCG
TCG e jo .d eL e q J .1929 S dh
q GOS FGhQ dU qdG
Se , eM Oh ehO ,jq dG SY : JqdDe e .jG q HdG dG
q c
q
... dG
q EG IdG

SQdq SC
q G
p
.pjG Y
n N o co PCG n jq dG o u n oJ n UY

``````````aCG
.fGY IMh qd VCGh JGMh EG
q qdG d GQe qdG
q H pbdG o YCG - 1
: n pJBG nhG o u YCGh m h Op QdG
q qT e xc nee hCG IMdG oqJCG -2

OQdG
q

eG
SGQq dG
q YLG VdG
dG

.dP j
G ; dq a bW EG
q e pdYCG e SC
o
l
q -3
`k eo ,z p VQCG o rpeh pIG
o hQ g n odeCG S
o q dG{ `Hk
o Wp jo g h OQdG
q n b
r
o TCG -4
.G g a rOn Qh dG dH
q
p
m
Oo q MCGh jq dG
q JC bY e o fCG -5
o bdG gJ qdG dG
q
.Hn SCG
e SCG h n G Gg o LCG ;jq ObG OG `kfeo pjq dG IQU Y ojG AL -6
.pjq dG pIG Qp J
q n
Qm J
q s c j e Oq MCG ;jq dG Id jr QJ
q Y Q
q q dG h IdH e o bY o p oJ -7
.e
q d Oo QdG
q SG dG G n f o co PCG h pjdG n gCG e H OaCG dG n YCG o q JCG -8
.Y
50

FbUCG e QhCG
; zFGG pIAGbh HG pHc e o ujo e g p q dG n e n Qp GoG o n rjn e t c{ : OQdG
q b
.n dG u jq dG L HSG ieh p CGq dG Gg M FeR e bJCG

o ``````fCG
e H n dG fCG e Fed a

o TCG GjJ t Yp CG ;v Ma Se
k
o Lq Jh dG SGQO
o r fCG
.pjq dG pIG p jJ pj m YCG

``````SC
G
o
.kn ubn kIYe fYS r d .kIjT k sgGc fgj Gfc .ke ke mL tc rM
.mL uc nG nG Oo q MoCG -CG
: SG G H dGG G KoCG -
..................................................nrnf qdG fCG
............................. pqG pIG o uKD oJ nqfEG

SQdGq ca
: Le L YdG
q j
p
t dGh
ooMU oj a `r pe A``L rne pGqdG oMh

t Qn h l ``rSn oV
n r`p e d m QR p`n ````rf t``oc h m Sr nZ tco
? t ````pahn w`p N Qp tdG o dh kjZ ooG p Y rj c

51

X`````G
: hCq G dG
q
p St dGh p`sdH S
k M
r EG Do nr d pQGL EG t `r nJ dG n SGdG VQC
n G g sEG
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s
pIQn t dG Op GYr CG n rT

r nCGn H dG pdG
s
o p r jh .a mne
r s co h pJGb h L
r h
o p r j
p EG
dGh ,g op dG p VQr CG Qp GL
o p n nd nBG sfGE .m`n en Y p VQCG e o pn `r J
p VQCG g n `
q pb
o p r n nd qfGE .l r Wp gh Y
n dG
q SC
n dG n n M
n h ,HCG Y KpQh
e qfGE .. nS
r dG Yn r nd pp o Yo rpe peqdG gh ..pSed n nJdG to j c e `sc
.. ppr H e o ndh o Y on
r Sh .. GHn CG gn r j dh p VQr CG g n `
q pb o co r jn n GR
VQCG : hbdG Mq dG Y

: qdG dG
q
, Am `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````e nGPh{
!
r MU Y r oYCG ,pUCG
n Op Gf
o br n W
! rLG h ,oGdGh
q ,oGHCG pYt n nJ .. or Yo h
.. ```````````````````````````````````````jW Oo GpeG L
o p M
r n jo
p T l p r oe ljW
r``````````````````````````````````````````````````````M
p T m p r eo n N
,
r `````````````````````````````````````````````````````M
n B
, ```````````````````````````onj
r or p dG opFG ch
p`````````````````````````````
r n r jn
n W l GDSo pr Y h
`````````````````````````````````````````````````rMh qfGE : oo
r njh
...````````````````````````Mh l pgS n orpe !
o
r pe jh
RM G Y

52

X`````G
: dqdG dG
q
p gn n eo r ep h
a j
in r co

s
o JHn gh .oeq dG o dG o FGG jQH
n
...pgn n r oG p nYr CG r pe gh , pp G o n
r b pH dG ppdt dG o jM r p a ,t dGh UG
t

s q n oJ l jM r peh
u Qn CG r pe gh .pq G V
o jQ qHdH e ,zr jp pdp r dG{
qGC eh .ljn Rp Gn eo l aq n eo pQTCG o pFS h l Y lH gh ,gpr
n fGC h pgn n oG
n pfqdG nar W
n pH l Yn Ve qfE a meb
o rdCG p jW n W
n jr CGQ ,
n n f
n Or n e GnPEG n sfEGp or
gh .o o
r M
n o p r jo gnG n pe Al T `k pFGO pn dG pVhq dG g h .n Y n Gq bo
z.pMCG o j
r a p Sq dG p p`L
r G o nYr GC h .ppHcCGh pMCG o n
r en
. zjQH J jHEG J{ h qdG aGQ YaQ

53

````q dCdG ```fCG

p sG QG Uo
o u noJ mIQU Y n
C eCG h pjG pIH n
f CGbCG -1
o rMC n pddG nhG
n
: pjG p dG npge
gGTh GQ

UdG hCG dG
q

jG q dG ge
qjQqdG cG
eq dG GAdG
q dG FSh
IG or oj
q YLG bdG
jG Qe

p qoG QG Uf
oCGbCG -2
o u noJ mIQU Y nMC
C eCGh pjG pIH n
o n pdqdG nhG
n
.pjG jG n qpdG
q n pgG
gGT h GQ

Uq dG hCG dG
q

q dG
q gG
dG
q
q YLG bdG
q dG HU
qYLG aBG

q VdG AdG

p qoG QG Uf
oCGbCG -3
: dqdG H qJ ( ASCGh aCG ) npLe nHQCG onLCGh pjG pIH n
n
: qdG hG CeCGh ;dG HU , MG ,QhG cM , qQG G L -

q QG G L
QhG cM
MG
dG HU
54

jd q dG hG CeCGh (IG g QTCG ,cJ ,dG

q dG) dq dG Uq dG CGbCG -4
: a OdG
q ee
q
GMCG

OdG
q ```ee
q
WCG

q dG
q

Uq dG
dG
q dG
cJ
IG g QTCG

jd q dG hG CeCGh (q dG ,jG dG ShY ,GeCG QT) dq dG Uq dG CGbCG -5

(a UdG FN

UGdG be

UqdG
dG
UdG Gb
q

UdG
aUG
GeCG QT
jG dG ShY
q dG

Ro p rHoCGh jG jG IQU nYr CG q Y o uoJ nWp e hCG `k e QG Uf pe Qo NCG -6

..QNG
p s oG U
p ee p Sr n pd
q dG CGbCG - 7
o UdG Y b qdG n GMCGh n aCG
o SCGh pjq dH n
n
.pjq dG pa pIG
Uf qdG YCG qJ N rpe jq dG oInG oap r nJ dG pdG
H
o co PCG -8
q
n
.zjG { , zIG g QTCG{ , zATCG q J{ ,z q CG{
pjq dG pIQn U
o
n GbG o cu Dn oJ pbdGh pOoG p
n r pe n pgGT QG Uf p Np r pe o UQC
o G -9
.pjG pIQU r pe
gJ qN qdG Nq JCGh QG he Y ge FeR Y VYCG -10
.VdG FGOCG n pFr V
n Y q YCGh FbUCG Me q JCGh ,YG fCG jq dG

55

dd f

o ``````````o r nG
dG L

Qp GH VQC
n G GTaG ,pr tdG GPCG n b ,p dG Qp adG Ip T e u dG pGbG n r b
p g .pQr q dG
e o qpp dG
n nf .o r G CGr j q K ej hCG l j .pG p o
r f n r H e o L
OLG o Y c .
n
u p dc oh n N
r CG nqdG
t n r nJh
n GQhCr G uoJ dG pIhGdG
p
s j .pq dG p ha EG q K p dG
q dG pYh dG m HL jr ddG EG o j ,VGQ
.Qn q dG oSJ
dG pdG
q
q o MdG
o dG
q .. Op G
q dG
o dG
q br b .
l c Ol
f .b j dG p j qdG Y qbJ .n Yn r So o p r oJ Ao GOS qfEG ,mIQn q S
o U
Y j qfCc ndM
r GqJ .p pee n OLG o Y r p j l KK e
o Y b .psoG p dH m pHY
n Z odhCq G GH .pQn
n oG p hf n Y jn pjr GC Ghq e .eq Am T
pY p r Yo
w T odhCq G .n jdG GqV b q X .GN rn L
r G s o qdG : rp d OLG
.JcHh dG MQh dG
q Yh ,Y dG
q .IgdG e qfGC hj l jW .dG
p
p h o j .pMq dH Am e mrH
fCG g :CSh , pG
u co CG e L
o jdG n an U
p Ce qfEG OLG Y b ? VQCG UCG
.faCG HQCG dh .Yo Qr R o Qq dG ,hL
Y b ? N g g .hQor j CG gLQh p r dG e pIQn t dG n j qfEG b
WHh l Hh o Wp W g .po
n H o Qn r oJ Mq dG g VGQCG s c qEG OLG
TJ.l
q qpp H ..f .lqpp H ta g V
o Qr CG eq CG .o pcGdG L
n J p G
n r bh .PHh

q dG Ao qdG Gg .e o jj e Gg .Pm q H MdG dG

q c e
n dG
q aCG
Y b .a qdG
o N a e o n j `Ht Qh .e jo S Om e hHh mJJ hH

n p j rCG dG Y ppHG e W q K .dG PEH

o G EG An j dh ,
o G qfEG OLG
e AL e pr j OLG n Y q Y qCG hj , aCG p V .d
q pqpp dG H
p CG
o n S m r V mo a ..pIgdG jG OdG pMCH
l qXeo qfEG b .e pp L
e deh o je .mj s co m r T prdCG e n ncr C n cr CG o q o S .mjq CG S H Hn GHr CG
jOhG
r j eh
n dG
q ar j dP e p Zq dG Y q d ,fLCG
q pYCG r pe a
56

..GQhq dGh
q dG GP : Gda ,Ohd
q Sh p aCG Ghqa.ISdGh
q
jdG o Lq dGh IgL q dG HYh IOLe Oq dGh Ol Le Qq dG MU
J ,Y e
l N : SCn GQ OLG Y q g .dG hOLe ojh qS
jCG H n qpp dG n
n n pd n e ,
o dG
q dG Y Uh qdG g . HJh S
g o rpeh l e gh ,hCG LQq dG e pq G g qEG .. GJ
q : HL b .jq aCG
p q j qfEG GHCG pdG
p q dG Vp
d Am T t co h , ndUCGh n cr CG apr j r n pd go N
q o L
o r j
qfEG .IOG q nJ e Qp r H o dG
u q nj ndG qEG a aCG o MG po nJ .lK
k M p r jo go MCG ,jr n NBG r KG EG
n n n `rdG .OLG o Y
n U .w p ndY
l a
p e l jW l j d k Hq n eo An GOS
l pHL CS gh ....pgS dG q X M prG
q S qfEG aCG b .
o o dG o o rn S dG pq p dG Y AGdGh
u r dG njM pn r eo
OLG Y b .. m Sp e
r uco rd ,a nBG
n rd ,W p o
n G ..uc p G oAGT
p
sco n n UdG
qEG b .n G EG o Qn r nJ Mq dG g e tco VQC
o G : Y ueo
q G g n e Lh GPEG rp H rr ra , ndM
r sc n Qp GG qEG : HJh .g e o co CJ
nr j d qfEG b .nrn G pr eo aCG b .o NBG c j FY .pIMGdG pIqdG
p l qL nGh Gq L lSe
p
g n r dG
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qgCG .Gq L
.Y j e n L
n hn
n dG qEG d bh ,OLG Y q Y EG e b qCG dP e
dG Y AJ ,FdG
q EG eGLc pKK f
n H Gc c HL q b
dEG AS qfEG bh ,p `r eo jj aCG a dG GY Y Oq L mH
Qo YG .Gf aSh G d UN
ScCG e Sh m qjCG N
q
pdG EG o Nq dG .pn qdG p NC IgdG EG gqdG An Y nujo a .e qJG
p qCh ,hCq G mH me qfC
CG g Y e t c .FGO dM l Vhe n SGG
l r U
p J r dCG : aGe dDhJ h OLG Y b .SG jEGh JGdG Gubn jo
n
CG bh aCG e dG Y bG ...oAJ c PEG ,aCG CnehCG ? g EG OqdG
,BG jq dG qfEG aCG LCG ? ghj q M Op Gh p dG o ae o p jo
...mjq CG pKK Y n N
q Cj d q d
GH .
o dG
q AJh VQCH IQq dG
q
o Y qMG
o dG
q q SG q M q jQJ
Gg oSG e ? j CG M g CG f OLG Y CS qM jSh Le o eCG
IdG S Oq H
n dG
q dG Y q d .FGO l p r eo KG ..KG .. dG ?p dG
fCG dG Y : HCG b .jq aCG ADd q e Z qfEG b .Qq dG FGH n n G
MGq dG af g .VGh ech hdGh NCG e QGhdG
q .e q e
e e qJd gh g
n Gh m ScCG G p V
r hn seh nqdG o o rfh
57

NCa OqdGh IQJdH ,mf pHY QSG cQd hj eh hj

p
fe d LhCG dG Lq dGh ,GG eCG
o bGdG p r b eh q dG a e d
e IOd mjW Y oH CGj q K .NCj Ggh NCj Gg ..n G a Gd
r nd n pd .. aCG Gg j Je Z q d sco dP YCG fCG : dG Y b .pIgdG
On qdGh k eOb pHdG iQCG M EG nq UCG d ..? dG GY Y odCS M oj
...jjCG
d .. dG
q AT h dG
q Xh dG
q e jS qfCG OLG Y OOq Q p qdG
qfGE ..n G d dGh jdG e Vj
d .mQGe n rKEG GQGpe n r Yo
n
o dG
q cCG
.AdG o qbh o MGq dG jj e .OdG e jG oj
p CG n b ,q dG p dG
CG : Fe SCn GQ aQ QadG pIT EG p r dG
q t Xp n j
p Y pee bh GOq Q r j ? pYdG
opc .f
q g p rpe p eCG aCG pCj
dH bu
o G o n j
n eo j ,Qn n
n r
r .
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l n Y pe .b l Je `r o dG
.lpHe tc G ,njW GYVCG qHQ Qj e .dG
p
nUeh
p er CH dW n bdG
n qC p r q dG pjL r pe H SG GG p dG h
p r dG
q p oW r pe p VQCG Y H r jh SC
n dG a aj c dG o eq dG
n a .o pdDJ
Y nH g ? p nJr eo GS W g ..oJM OGORG p HdG
q p dG h ...pHhZ q M
m M EG qjaCG qJG n sHQo d nn dG XCG qfGE h rn rj qfEG dG o Y b ? on qdG
.pFdG
q pL
r h Y k
r V
n n n a .mjW m S An KCG on fCG j Gfc Hq Q , n N
n BG
s o jn CG jhG UhCGh QhG f EG p pcdG iq dG OLG Y e p
r dG H
pef r pe b p qdG e h .Cjh aCG qbj Hq Q ,G Y An GOdG
q HdG
f b ? OLG o Y nfCG : d b .AL ob e n j jZ qjaCG qGE bh Mpa

n qJG q d .pFHq dG Qp M o Y
o dGh
q N
q CJ dG qEG aCG b..u dG n q S j
EG j gh p dG
u e j dG Y Oc GhN
q CJ q pe
n cCG Y GhN
q Cj d .mQS
h dG
u nG L
q
n Y Ghj dh jd e t c o j FY .. p G Op ah
.dG J
p G n
r T
q j IgdG e o Op dG o FdG
q GQh p q dG o HY AL eY
...o FdG
q p V , mq To o KK o cn r j An GOS mHY Y dCSh e bG
n G hNCj ,dG o HY
r X Hq Q ,pqdG pL
r EG OLG Y qJ
qd .Y CSh aCG AL qHQ .o`nj
r mIq e p hCq ,rjdh rpaGoj .mr p NBG
AS On SCG b Jj Hq Tn Gqdj CG q dG p SH gLQh IdG gCG Y
p jn CG gLQh ...An GOS
p jo dG o M
p U eh An GOS
n j qdG d G
r k M
r mHn Y
58

p CG ,G EG
Y QGO .uco pMq dG mIT n n br CG ,RdG QadG nIT d Gj
Am n pf njW VYGh m LpQ neCG qbJ ,nAGOS
r mnHY Y Grp r oe pIdG
q ccq dG
p WCG OQWh
.Y dP or jo q dh
q aCG Ap apr j qfCG q X GQU
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o o r mIQq S u c Y Yp GR Uh
PEG ,Ao S qfEG b
q aCG ...dG n Yh GHL GOq eo dG aj UCGh p j qdG
? e np sd opHoSn rne ..qdG e nAL qHQ Qj e .oAS
WdG L
q H 1980 jL - 260 OY q HdG q

: ``````fCG
p G -1

q dG VYCGh q SSCG GMCG t gCG a qaJ J GS jY n UbCG

n
o C
.a gAn GQBG Gho r o pd FbUCG Y
.mbYh p b e Y oJ e pjd ndGbCGh OLG Y q T n YCG FeR e SQOC
o G -2
.dG
e M Y GOYG pjGh pjq dG H p ao Jh m eJ e GH e nM FeR e Qo hCG -3
u
Vp
o f m Te QGM EG e dMC
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. n u oGh n dG
q An GOCG a YGfh p dG
.pb
n o pd FeR Y Vp
o YCG pUbCG pGMC k jf
o cCG -5

59

: qdG Q`G
`````````` qdG

Q```G h``````e
:QG jQe q JCG
: QG he RE MG fCG e P EG q JCG
FbUCG eCG DhbCGh ,hdG e M gQNCG qjT JHCG q VCG qUh f
q fCG -1
.d
.FeR e He H cQd Hq dG a hb EG eJ ek SQh mMd fCG -2
e fhj eh YfG e Hj e SdG e a e LCG -3
..bGG g FeR e bfCGh ,G hf Y SMCG
.d FbUCG eCG DhbCGh dG dL Y a q CG qjOS f
q fCG -4
FbUCG e VYCGh gjG gJ gh dG
q a H GQGM j
q q be fCG -5
.QG he V
Y VYCGh ,QKBG e qJ eh UGdG e ge
q QU Y ffCG HCG -6
. ae FbUCG
.FbUCG Y Ff VYCG h OH fGG jM W M LCG -7
he RE ,KqdG Y s j qCGh G gOY Rhj qCG Y Y OGaCG QNCG
.IQcG jQG e q Ya
.q dCdG G
QG p he p J n LBG dG FeR q c e Oo q MCG
q
.REd Hb k q FYCG e VCGh npFShh dG
n W idG
q Y e Oq MCG
: VY h REG qdS qdG p noG p G nT Oq f
.q b Uf fEG .q Uh Uf fEG .QU fEG . a fEG .qje fEG .SQh Md : q q a Y fEG .q bGe fEG .e Ub fEG . REG .VY AH -

61

...o js nCG n d
r n Hr nCG

: qdG Q`G

```````` qdG

:
r Hr J

`p`p `nbhn `g``pH

r `nHn r nn Jhn
n pH```o To n r Hn Ao n r s dG n pH
r n Hn hn
n `pp en s pYo
r `n nHn `en p`r Hn r pe
`n `pHobo hn ``n pfo o pH ``n nd
r `n``n `n a
`n `pH``o opH
r n ``s `n nJhn ``pF`no pH
n `p Ho Lo u Tn nh `n `pa `n per `nd r ``pe
`n ppHr nJ pap `r dG
s t `Mn On `Ln GnC hn
n `pprnJ r `Yn n `r n rdG Ao ncPo
r n `Hr GnC
``n pH`oo pH `gn Qo `gn Rr GnC
r `n`nf``n `nJhn
n ``pHoSr GoC pa phr `dG
s n``o ao p roJ
`n pjp rnJ Yn `r
l bQn ``n `oJncn ``n M

``n `pWp nIn ``gr Rn o `js nCG ``n nd

r n ``Hr GnC 1
`Yp o No n r Hn p VQr nCG
o rYp s n gr Ghn
```pHn Tn pG`n `o r Yo `pa
r ``n `s nnJhn
m `Mp GQn n ``n rbph
t n r nYn
r n bn hn
o rdG

r ``n Mn nn J
n r cn Qp gn Rr nC pd
o r p n an 5
``n ``ndjo Po t `o nJ k`n`Mo
r `n`Hn r `nn Jhn
gn Op `rfEGp ``pa or `o rdG On ``Ln nCG r ``nnan

l ```p cGnn cp p Sn n rdG Ap `n `Sn `nYn hn

``n ``pH``o o pH ``n gDho `Ln Qr nCG
r `Ln Qs nC``nJhn
`n `pfn ar GnC nYn
r `n`nNn r `nb o `r ` sdGhn 10
n `sfnCcn o``o
o rdG t `n ``r `n `na ho ``n
r J

s H H G HnCG
''nbnN H eqdG gCG Sh nrprdG pFb'' e
,qd fdG QGdG -QTY H gqdG q
550-548 U U 1990

62

.rqjJ
jL : np b
.
l Gq Hh
: VQCG
o rpY
. on nroe
: e qpoY
.gc IqT
.p rnd : er nd
: n pHo L
o u Tn
.HK j
dG : oroG
G
: HJ
J
dG
q : oAcoP
g : pH
o opH
Ff
ZCG :nranCG

qdDG YCG
OLCGh , jq T VGZCG c ,q He YT : q H H G HCG
.Wh Vb a c .UN
qdG Uh
q
LQOCG qH H G HCG Fb e GOY ,bN H dG jOCG QNG bh
.zeq dG gCG Sh dG Fb{ Hc

FdG c Z

SQdq SC
q G
.n NBG EG m a
r e fG n Y
l
q Y CGJ dG dG n UY o cPCG

``````````aCG
, JMh EG IdG d GQe dP o YCG .q dG EG LEG e dG
Y
q
o UdG b - 1
.fGY mIMh u d VCGh
; m
q Y k Fb pdG oIQU
r n Hn - 2
.dP Y n qdGq dG n q edG n FGdG Oq MoCG - CG
: LSG e SCG q K , mGY u c M
C enCG -
n n JBG n hG
q J CG H VQCG IQU

q J CG b VQCG IQU

: q dG Y p qdG pIQU p SQ
r o YdG
q YG -3
.zQgRCG{h zdG{
q J n ge o q HCG - CG
n L Vh
q oCGh ,mfK mn Lp r pe Qp gRCG p r pa Ou Qh , mn Lp r pe dG
q p r pa H n bdG eq CJCG -
.pbdG g e TdG IQdG
q
63

e QgRCG H bdG p J o YdG

q gYG dG n q dG n G p HdG
q pdG e o pSCG - 4
.iNCG mL e dGh
q Gh mL
,INCG HQCG HCG p SdG p gr pH
n r eo o YdG
q GH - 5
.pYEG dP Y q J dG n FGdG o q HCG - CG
.q dG G Gg p SdG n de VhC
q G-
.n aGW q HCGh , jr NCG dG N e zdG{h z qdG{ H n FdG n bdG
o n TCr G - 6
SM
JC
q q d q bCG Y GMGh aUe cPCGh ,pUdG nIn n oG SGG
s
q G-7

FbUCG e QhCG
... ( gDhLQCG / LQq CJ -( (FH...H - ( (n r Hn /..n r Hn ) e , dCG HCG H Qq J
jr Qhe H hCG MGh H mIQs eo iNCG mdCG Y oHCG - CG
q HCG q K ,IgdG J JAGb Ro HCGh pHCG n J H
m q e Am dEHh m e mH CGbCG -
n
.Qo Gs dG dP oKpjo dG n KCG Fed

``````fC
o G
pcM
n Uh
r a UGhCG k q Uh Ia o pfCGh In dG e jNCG dG OQh
o SCG
.q bCG Y J o p SCGh .pHq dG p a nJGUCGh adG

``````SC
G
o
z .odG t `n ```na Qo qdG h`J{
r
pe e YL ,G qU Y aj JCj q Ga qc coCGh , HdG
q GH MCG
: gH IOQGdG G S AdG n b JCJ mL u c
ojOdG J ................................ ````a
f `a
..................... p oj .....................................`a
oQq dG o
..................................... `a
...................... -

64

SQq dG ca
n pe Qp r s dG nYo n s fh ,in sdG ihQh
n ,iQn dG
n M
r CG dG pdH n `M
n r a j : Ap no dG o MCG b
.in ndG

65

p
````
L
r s dG
o

: qdG Q`G

```````` qdG

n GQhCr G
o Mr RCG ,
o r s nJ r b
o r co Qn GPBG p r Tn r pe p un o rdG Ap nn G dP
kWeo
o r oc ...mnLp Y mIn f An ndEG
o r n SGh .L r Y k b An GG
r
p
m
m
p
.lb l q uX l GQhCr Gh ,s r N
l Jf dM
r
t rnJ qdG rZnCG e Ic Yo r
Gk Mh r co CG .mpHS mMUh mGAe
r q J b Qm gRCG o pr H
r fch
QGLp EG
o jr CGQ r a ,mGr p pS pIY
r p r o H Qp r n G u Vp Qr CG pjdG
s n NGO
Qp gRCG r e n YG J o nf eq CG .meo mGdCH p orfn n dG Qp gRo r pe kjW vU
mu V mor a n Np GOp Vn dGp Uf
p x Qp sr pHm rcGE p pICg Y o q f s oa ,pLq dG
OLh Y
r n en qdG Qn dGh
t n jq C G o LCG pG
o ch .p VQr CG e
r Y kb AGG
r n GQhCG
o Mr RCG rGC n H kIC r a nB G dP
o cG r d .g
Gk er GC dP c a .p qdGh Ap G Y pr dG o croJ k HUo r Lp GC rh ,SCGQ
pIOdG o j Pr GE p ,GQk r e
pIq o phdG
n br h k Me Ap G ps p M pr pH e T
l
pHUCH nn dGh p qdG Y n Gh n ZG o f gn r Yh mYS pr pf
.pj qdG
u dG
q OGeGp Y t o qdG u HGt dGp Vnr G
Op GQhCGh pq p r G pJq dGh pbdG
q Y s n r Y
o r a rGC Op s o ,Ap G dP
Qp gRCG
u U r Y
o NCG Ao r H l Lr f qfGC dc
o r cG ,pLr q dG
qdG Ap GG pGQhCG u c n MGREGh m ec m rpH n t q dG
o Qr q b Gdh pfoq G
r .Gk H
o gP .e
o Qr OZ s K ,kjW k eR o Yo n M
r oadG jV
.kIn Wh mbGU
o r Y .pj qdG
u dG
q H
o rdq .kFN r co GC
pr T n r Hh p j qdG aOU .mIq e p hCs pr n r Y o rj k paj k r f
o r co
r b c s o o r H ,Ao Hh l js p per pbh Ao Gr M ,pIn dG
q pGgr q dG
o ep j qdG
u dG
q
, e k jb
o r bh M .pIdG pIOQdG H
o r qJ s p d ,m o eo n s J
a .mIpFa hO , dEG n UdGo o SCG mof n`Yr GC EG eb h SCGQ
o r aQ
,ndM Qo hOCG fCG h pIOdG
q jZ
o c sfGC sEG ,kIH n r H o aG fc
p r J gr h kfre Nn To
H bGQhCr G oHoJ h o
o bGQGoC r en b Yp Nr n SCr Gh
Qgo Ro r pe k aj k Y
o jr CGQ
n M ,pdG
n br h Y
o ar n fG .pNn BGh G
fc c m rap H nbGQhCG opHoJ gh dM
r QhJ Ap G p pHfRh p Lq dGh p orfn n dG
.ek e o J
66

1 T :QGPBG
.SQe

10

15

vHT : kpaj

20

: NT
25 .YJQpG


o r pf ,pr q dG EG mLH
o
r Mr GC ,n paGO Qn GPBG
o r T
r fc ,e EG
o r Yo
fCGh
o r SG .rMo r pcr SCG q d ,pIArZEp G
n J
o r oM Hq Qo h kb
r n er CG .pfeq t dG p rLp Y k n p s eo
r fc mrfn bn EG
o YSCG ,mjZ mjs p n pH o o TCG
Qn GPGnB Ao Ggh GQk r H n nr d o dG c .q f o r fh dc n r qdG p Hn h .k e o sc Qn q dG
rp r nf r h m jq GC pr H `n r pf Hq Qo . p VG
r paM Y `r rn Sa
r n G
o p jo
L pIOdH
r fo eo Cj gr h k Mren Ap G n q p M o o r j qdG p Lo q dG pU
r Y sGE
.
jZ l pFGR a ceCG EG
l
dG M

: pIArZpEG
q dG
30
.dG

1988 S 10OY bCG

41/40 U U

qdDG YCG
.q bGdG bCG q G e jdG f ; Ue q bGY jOCG dG M

SQdq SC
q G
.Qgq dH q J TfCGh jq T JHCG SCG

``````````aCG
.pLq dG IM QGWCG M JGMh EG
q q dG o bC
q G -1
qdG FN e SCGh dP Y n qdGq dG n FGdG LCG ;Lq dG IgR Oo QdG
q q T -2
.pq G
.SMC
Gh Ye e c Y dP YS e q JCG ; Lq dG q T d Y OdG
n
q AL -3
.mMCGh SMCG e gq eh d qdG e Lq dG IQU e
o SCG -4
.OQdG
q d Y OQh
q bfG e m f q H
o q YCGh QgRCG GfCG
u q dG e LCG -5
.QgqdH fEG bY Y q j e Ip NCG IMdG e SCG -6

FbUCG e QhCG
fEG bY Y J CG j e e OCG qK w M lFc qdG qCG c Fed TCG
.H
67

o ``````fCG
.pfEG IM Qgq dG b Y a q CG kIa fCG

o ``````SCG
: pGdCG pU r pe -1
.l pba o UCG -mb o MCG -l dM Oo SCG -l Uf HC
o G.GdCG g H qJ aUe q VCGh ,q W Md Y a q CG L cC
q G
.OQdG ,fq dG ,Lq dG ,fdG : e QgRCG e Y
q q dG pcPo -2
.iNCG QgRCG e aYCG YG g ZCG

SQdGq ca
```` sfh a t p Hr s dG n UQ
s eh
`dG
q tjGC pqdG QOr CG ra
`````````````a
q H
l
r Yo NGJ
```eO pu N Op QdG nr Z n rXCa

68

p q dG jdG
: t V
q YdG
q b
````n r n oG p Hq dG n Tr hn iJ
n dC
r G
``gQpH nAdG
q V
o Qr CG rnnM a
```f n r M
o iCGQ s m Lp r nf r p an
kh````J
u pnG OQdG Y iHr GC h
o


o ``````dG
p `````````rfCG h Ap GVCr Gh u p dGh
p G````````Yr CG hp jq CG `Yn mH
p ````````````pf p r pH k dp M o nJh
p ````cCG h pGQhCGp pHj r `pe
p ``````rfCGh p`rZCGh u udH
eSp Ap
r Yp
n o Rn Qr CG , pd
p ``````ghCGhp MCG n pe l p `g
p r pSG h mr U p udc
`````eeCG Ap `dG
q n `n Yn odNEp an
p ``````Mr CG pq `Ln
r n`jn nJh
``edG
q p Gh pdG o n `Mn
``eSp G `n rfOo
o p `dh
```eX An VCG `k n `b pd`Ln h
```eq dGp G p gn q dG pIQn `nc
`````peBG r peh Mo r pe s Ln CGh

: qdG Q`G

```````` qdG

Gn```s ``````dG n pe oIG n pd o r n `Hn

l r Hn
Ol u ```````````n n `eo l `FGQ l r Sp pdG
``````````dGp r n pH ho nJ l phGLh
``````````` nWpH oeq dG n nn f lpQn en h
``````````pJhn Ln ,o hq dG Y Mn h
mIq ```````````````e n hCq G
o `r e
n n `jr pspd

l `````````pcr en M h Mr hn o NOh
``````````````k u `n n eo pdXp
n r
o r eh
n
`````````````pJhn L p GhOr CG EG ofQCG

r ```````````bQn hCr a pIG o r Sp en b

qfGE h pG p```````dG ,pdG
``````````Yp ep nG Qp f
o r q nW
u ```````Mo h OLdG p rYn r pe
o r n bn h
kI`````````````nf pI`G nG`rdGC
o jCGa
Gk ```o r Yo n SCr G pdG
r n r Sp
o r Ln hh

HdG
q SdG HCG

241 - 239 : U U . IG ZCG

1997 : fdG dG / d hH ,qdGh Yd QOU QGO

69

: Q
: L
5
IQU
G
. jG
.qXCG : M
.lpW : g

: dNEG
10

qXCG

:
o b
.
o
r SG

15

p
: If
. lbeo

qdDG YCG
fH qaJh 1909 S QRJ q Hq H dho . q fJ YT q HdG
q SdG HCG
fqdG dG
q YCG e t n oj .G SQh fjq dG eH SQO .1934 S
dG Y dG
q G c d.dG
q jdG OGhQ
q eh q HdGh
.Gqceh FSQh IG ZCG GjOh

SQq d q SCG
.q fq dG OdG HdG Op Lh n ceCG On q M
o C q aGG Je
o SCG

``````````aCG
o p YCG .SMC
G e HfG e EG q K YdG
n
q EG o or J m aCG EG dG Uh e l
q IdG - 1
.mIMh u c u M pdh , GMh K EG p d GQe dP
hG dP o aC
u G ; IOq iNCGh S UY H hCG IMdG dG
o Uh n n L
n -2
: dG
IOq GUdG

SG UdG

FGQ S
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

hGL
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

dG L dP n SEG h a pq ffEG pdG

q Qn M n q JC
n dG p YdG
q pUh o ofCG -3
.q M Fc
.a o j
o e dP e n SC ,
n dG pdNO
n M YdG n dM fdG IMdG o q JCG -4
YdG
q dM e SCGh INCG HQCG HCG e H q c H po aoG qdG aCG fCG -5
.dG
70

FbUCG e QhCG
e IFdG M FeR IQh dG Gg YCG . zeS p G fO
o p dh{ : o YdG
q b
. qdG MCG H
q q dG

o ``````fCG

OQn h e ,pMqdG g go LCG dG p G p pge Y a oq CG k q Uh kIa o pfCG

p e gq e eh mq W n UY
p
.mU
e pIdG

``````SC
G
o
.EGG Y o G a q J q SG L 4 h 3 h 2 OY HCG OQh -1
.OSEG Y Y AHEG h q G H G g o NCG
,GQhCG ,cCG ,hq dG ,hGG ,q qdG ,GdG
q : e dG fe
q Y q j e
q q dG OQh -2
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. qdG L Uh dG g SG Y Qq JCG

SQq dG ca
QdG
q

3 5

4 2

3 4

5 4
T
71

2 1
G

3
h

2 1

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5 4

2
G ``g

3
G

G ``g

Wh e e mje IQjR EG lIYO ah , mT Yh QU e qc npco dG

q e lH eeCG
.fJ p G
,ec dG Y n
o M
r CG d JBG MjEG q WCG h , c q c H j ZGa qCG MCG
: U jH Heh
: JBG dG M bQCG VYC
q G.e EG hCG T EG gP e ,eCG U LCG q KK a hCG dG
.Me hCG WHe fc rEG YGQCG h ( ) H mIq e s c d`SCG : 3 bq dG
q c be M
n ( Dh / `F / EG / CG ) SQ n q c YGQCGh IdH mIq e s c dSCG : 4 bq dG
.c
.dG S Ge acG o hMCG : 5 bq dG

72

phodG n r Yp

: qdG Q`G

````````` qdG

q d .mn Lp u co r pe p`jr s dG p hoc Y t p oJ r Y

o pbGC dG o HGq dG nfc 1
Ro o r nJ , pn pcGq dG pbn Qr t dG n pe m r n pH , Qp TCH l Hr en p HQCG pG n pe VQC
n G
`qfCc l q UUQ l q f J ShD
l hQ a
fc .Ap G p pcS meo nSh
r l GrcGC

r QU ,G On n n Hr G .
r Ho Z r b
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q 5
ns Jh ,n pr eo ,lU
q N lIhGW o d
Ao dG
q p s fh ,k q cR k FGQ VQC
o G
oIq n r oG oIor G nn Hh k `q W k FGQ
.nu G GrMo k T p q dG ien Yn
h .ljq epb o FnZ o p n r J
o dG
q dEG
r nMn Q dG pG ,poaC G pn W h 10

n fCG .pn n n d fe un jo o Ln Gj dG Qo t dGh .l c lH pjq hdG

q podG
ho r nJh .o n r j q d ,Qn q dG o jjo n r qdG qGC
n c inJ CG , mr u CG ,o J
n pe `kr Sn ,pn pd s M kr S pn pHGq dG n pe dEG o r nJ
n fCGh pjq dG Qo TCG
Gjr hn Qo g
q n J o dGh.r nJ mU pIq n r oG pcGq dG pq UUq dGp ZOr CG
AoJh o n nJ l h ,VQC
n G obr j pddG Ap dG
q en Al Th ,Gjr hn Qo 15
.ndG o o J l FGQ l Sh .YCG ,Op HCG
n ft dGh x U Am e p qdG e mrbhn f
n n r j d ofEG Ot jn r nnd
pn pLr CG Y on r jh n sdG Ljo qfC c p NGO r pe
o dGh
q ,l HG pdM
r e
oJ
n M oj o `Mt n s dG Gg .o H
l c d r n r oJr mHGp KCG
hCG p nG
r hCG p dG oGrpa o sd : `en Am T r pe
l FN
n fCG .lfCW pIG 20
p t n nJ hCG p GdH Qo dG
t mWn pH o sdh ,oHdG hCG ,pdG p`jq g hCG pqdG hCG pn r tdG
.pnr G pr o pH hCG p r o dG
oc .mrdGE hm Mr hn ne
s EG pn r u dH o HGq dG QU ,pq dG psdG
n rpJ
h k T n e o jQCG , m`s p Hn ms paT Op LdGo n e Ur en ,pn r eo , Gk `Mu e
o jQCG ,pJG Gg Y ,gh .r gQr GC n jG qGC p er CG e t c .Am T o uan GC 25
pGhC G n r b pnpHGqdG pGQhCG s c np oJ CG ,n q oJ h L n No J CG jq d
73

: AGdG IhGW
: qdG AGdG
.G
rf : qf
: T
.FGQ
: jq epb
fb AGM
:
HGq dG
e l n nJr eo
p VQCG

Y
o bCG o dG c GPEa ,lInp f Ao GN lIjL l GQhCG p dG
q n M
r
n o nJ r cn
o ncBGh o neC
o G rGC o jQCG dEG YL Iq pd qfCc .mIjL mYh mjT m n H p dG
jq p n npH k n r eo rb s n pd JM o n gn CG CG jQCG .s n r Yn h s n Fn Qp h r Ln H nC er GC h

n M n cn n H n cr GC eh ,q Mn GC eh ,Sn n br CGh n dG g n n er GC en !o dG .pdGh 30

.en m r nf Y
n pJGPp pd pcr n G prb o J
q H 74 / 73 U ,1997 ddG qdG - hH GOBG QGO zpdG{ ,e q M

qdDG YCG
Y .1924 S qjQdG
q qbPdG j dh Ue
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... zIaq dG e

SQdq SC
q G
.p qdG EG Ap tdG EG nfEG oan r J dG nSCG o co PCG

``````````aCG
p pUGdG pbY Qp J
.oj
q M
n dG
s
onq bCG -1
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r
nqJ -2
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.mU e go u e h rjQWEG e xco pfe
q Oq MCG -
p q pUGdG
p
.oj
nbe e oqJCG h nqdG hCG pIMdG e oSCG -3
aCG FdG e dG
q Ad / k qW k FGQ J oAdG
q h VQCG / VQCG QTCG -4
p
Sj
oUGdG
o dG pMqdG pfnq oe pGQdG g e SCG ... qdG QfG h QqdG LGJ /
.a p G n ge SCG h , phdG pn r n pd
JOS Y dG qj h fEG ZGT Y ohCq G qj e fdG IMdG n
n nM -5
. e jb h qdG Y GH fEG dM n qeC G SCG ; dG e abh
p
.pn sdpH ppdqJG n H pUGdG
n Yp e ddG IMdG p Np rpe Ro p rHCG -6
Op t nnJ pdG n nKGC nqHC go UQC
p NBG rM -7
o G ; mIjL mIM pjGH Y o oFGb dG
q
.pfEG
74

FbUCG e QhCG
Oq j rcn : a , pndG
s G pqdG
q pnqdG J pHGq dG Y Oo QdG
q bh eY
q h pnfC tdH MC
.lfCW pIG J nM ... x U Am e pdG e mbhn f
n n rj d ofEG
.IGh dG OHE qdG EG AqdG IQhH FbUCG bE dG Gg e fCG

o ``````fCG
p pIHq dG Y
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79

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82

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o p rjn r bh
r pe o u n jo h , pq dhdG psoGh p dGh
q Ap GOdG
q pjq dH m nKnq eo mHn r oJ Yn
98

: HfJ
whf lYe
m q j
bd
jq hdG
, fGchCH
a bh
lQfG
e Hq a

l YTEG
nS , lIN
1986

r GC o a p r dG Ap ihn r oJ mJf r Y o o n Jr e pdG

q peo n oJ
n Yp hr Qn 25
p r L EG nfEG t pJdG o dG
q Gg n s fh .kgGR An GN
r n o r Jh n KJh J
n
.e u G hCG pdG
q po pd pen n r n or G p FSdG peq n eo u JdG Ap dG
Ap GdG pn p r nJ w p eo Ql hOn nNGOh po oG n M pIs oG p Wp nGh pHrna
peq dG GRdG n pe Gk c `k r pb
o JdGh Qo TCG
t n r nJ Pr GE ,pQodG n pe
p GfCG p r pd qGC
n n Kh .pbdG pq G pJFch pHr t dG EG pdUho nhO o o n a 30

o pcG o u n jo h .pG Gg k s p Yp nap rn dGh phr dGh

s p Hn d
q c Q TCG
.Qn hq dG Gg n Oq D oJ CG o J pe in NCG Yk GfCG qCH pJq dG id pehG pU
? Qm Nr GC r pe gOo q j e pen heo n q p eo gn Mr h pq nG pn qd o r `nf r a

q j
: n Yp hr Qn r pe
nY ojj
nG
r

dG
q qV qM QO e : qG SL OGY
q QcqdG
1994 e ,426 OdG qHdG q
q H / gn H eh 102 : U

SQdq SC
q G
p pHdG Qn hO n co PC pq aGG Je
.dG pRGJ Y pG
o SCG

``````````aCG
pGMh On u nMoC p Vr n dG onjW oqJCG ,pdG
uod oVCG qK ,dG
q
q pp p oe p Vr Yn opJdG nQs J -1
.`kfGY mIMh
.p qdG pIpgdG g Qn KBG oqJCGh ,pdG
q p no n fnu oG pGOG hCG pIMdG npe op SCG -2
.fEG IM gQn hO
r SCGh ,pn pdG n
n r eo hCG IMdG p N e Oo u M
n CG -3
.pdG
q oIgX ornnnH e pUh
r
u ddG p pQGoG Y pjG Qn hO ounHCG -4
CG e
n q JC m r pb u co On hM o co PCG .d m Jh x Y m `rM
o : r b Y o fdG oIMdG pHo -5
.pdG
q pn nLGo pd m Yr CG rpe ofEG
.kIT
n eo QdG pn nWeo EG pddG IMdG p e
n pJdG YO e o u Hn CG -6
mIQU uco npee Oo u nMCG .pHe JQU iNCG L e pqdGh mL e pHqdG oUh nq b -7
.
o pJdG M
o p n j dG u G p J pUdG Qn hO
r dP r pe o q JCGh
99

FbUCG e QhCG
IMdG
o pJdG r Y q e EG oVCG ,dG
q pIn pgX r pe q
n d iNCG M FeRo Y
o bCG
.fdG

``````fC
o G
n FGa r pe H OJ e o u Hn CGh , pq dG
q pbdG p SG Y p bEG EG Wp GoG a YOCG kIa Qo x M
n CG
.pdGh pfEG Y

``````SC
G
o
pnp rnJ wp oe Ql hOn nNGO h po oG nM pIsoG p Wp nGh pHd{ : ppJdG nb
r CGbCG -1
pdUho nhO oona pqedG GRdG npe Gk c `k r pb oJdGh Qo TCG
t nr nJ Pr EG ,pQodG npe Ap GdG
zpbdG pqG pJFch pHr tdG EG
.nnS e nun opd rAL Pr EG qCG oMp CG
: z Pr EG { SH n ddG pbdG
q ou nJCG
....................... Pr EG , fEH pIQq dG
q p peGdG npe pdG oJ
q p pfEG Y oqj ....................... Pr EG , pHdG Y oG
................. Pr EG , mS H Y p nnaoG Y pfEd nZp ,NGG ,GRdG ,IHCG ,dG ,qjhdG Oq GG :JBG GQdG q qdG Y jG Yj -2
,GG,qdG
q ,q YdG
q q qdG ,AG ,HqdG ,QfCG ,GdG ,qedG
q jqdG ,AGdG ,fG
.hdG
100

SQq dG ca
: p VQCH `kunnoe GL N GL tqdG ojOCG b
e ! p d
q pYn N nnrfGC h Qp td pndpeG sCG e ! prHCG eh , VQC
o G oqjCG pnn rLCG e
nn gr CG e h pp ra ZCG nn Yr CG e ! nLq dH `k sn oe pn Lp h nnreCG e h up dpH k np soe pan n rXCG
! pSCr G e h VQC
o G oqjCG pnn cr CG e ! ppFne ndJ

101

X``````````````````G
: hCq G dG
q

IYdG
t ZCG pe
r `Hn n aCG
C r jn L o r dG
t n rbCG
p G oGreGC h o r sdGh ,o gr s dG sn na
r

n d q Zh ,t G o nddG
n aCG r b
p j aCa
r`Tp j q ogn h GN
Qr tdG pGSCG rH ,gTp j nrJGh
Qr o M
o h `M
k Gpeh ,Ak oK OGdG p ner Ghn
Qr gq dG n rYp rn fGh ,bGdG
q
n r g n SGh
r

r ``n `or G
o dG
s nq jo ,OGdG fGh
r jG gYr e h p VQCG
E p cn r pe orbG h
r qdG p r pH ,ho nr J HqT n SG
r h
Or hQdG
r jn l nnf
o p SfCc , rb rpe o `n
r dG
q OdG
q p `orodc Gk FW o r nj qoK
```Hq dG
q `dG `HCG

p dG
A
q p d l ZC
q G

r ju dG p nau dGh nIQGG TnCG

r p dG p p dG n M
r n r dG
t pnFGL qodh
r nd p jQnCG pr n n Tn
o t
n s dG Ggh
p G na
r
r pn dG p tdG pnW Y
r
n rdG pGb pH jPnCG
r joJ mIn gr R r Y ,pr o dG Y
r G
n Gpa
p Qn a n GRa

r d
s o o u oJ l M
FG Rf
102

: qdG dG
q

: dqdG dG
q
kIn p reo nfEG np nJ rCG o joJ o qda , HGp j r n
r nJ : d dbh HG t oCG
r s V
p n oJ n n nY
p Hs dG
r n HG
n qdG o n p sda
r n nJ .pp r V
n ppfpH nJos bh pp nU
pIOn Qp dG Yp oeOo rpeh ,nB G n p rnJ rGnC o joJ pjG rgn hCs Jh prdG
s rp Vh
n
An dG
s iJh op r nr J p dG p an ,ndhn j r nf .in sdG pWGnC
n
r nJ o pHGs dG oIG p n nr J
p s dG p rsdG An GOpQ k pn H n oGh k paU
.pU
n
GL N GL

103

````q dCdG ```fCG

m a u oH n UG
n Lp G o LCG .dG H N e QG Uf o dG M
q
n -1
.dG g dG p L n pge o u HCGh
pJQU p SQ
r dP Qn hO
r Ro HCGh m YCG e qd n pSr oCG e QG Uf H r pe o n L
r CG -2
.pG pJM
p Uof r pe
o p n rfCG .fQGh q dGh q dc m p eo
n dSCG Y p qdG
o Uh
r b -3
.pSG g r pe k eCG QG
p J n Lp e fCG h Qp G Uf
oCGbCG -4
: dq dG nG
o So
n
QgRCG QTCG dG AdG
q GG dG o co PCGh ,q dG g

o SCG ,pdG n pe n UY QG Uf pq dG H
o
r On Qn hn -5
.maCG r pe dEG
n op f e
p
ou UCGh meCG EG GOk SG bdG g Oq M
nfEG n nM
n CG ,np eo
l bY p qdG p UH
n -6
.o Qo NCG Qm r pe
n M
n
m.e r pe p qdG ofEG o n p jn rCG o p r jo q Y o u n oJ gGQCG n Wp e p Uq dG n pe Qo NCG -7
( S = ) jCG : g `dG
q e Ql T QG Uf H
r pcPo -8
.( SQe = ) QGPBG h ( a = ) q T h ( fL = ) dG fch
fc , Rq , GjM , Qjq CG , dG jJ , f , hCq G jJ , BG : `qJeo o Z QdG
q q H gh
.dG
p G
.fOp H o n n r oJ dG QdG
q n pe pHjo dG p r dH
s pe m T s c o UC
gJ qN q dG Nq JCGh QG he Y ge FeR Y VYCG -9
.VdG FGOCG FV Y q YCGh FbUCG Me q JCGh ,YG fCG jq dG

104

`````````````dG
! H
o dG
q g
n

: 1 O`Y f

Ao dG
q fn UM a .mq n n LCG
r fc h .pGG o MCG p eCG q M p r dG p r JH
p jW GQM pdG
S
o q dG UCG q M ,Op obdG
n e o sfN
r G e s c n n r SG Sb
q g
mH nCG:p nGh p
r dG Y dAjh ,pdGh p G p Y dAj bq dG n Y
GS ,pNq dGh p rdG nFGhQ oG np S ? o NCG CG rooM p
l Hj GC ? lM rco n Y

r sen h , p dGh pcG EG r o oJY

r b TG bh .G Qp q dG n jQZR q M
pUGdGh
p
p tdGh Qp eCH neo s n n j GJHh ,podGh
t pGQr G EG n tq dG r gQo HCG
oIZ hCG m b o H hCG m T o T pZ e
o ujo n n
r Z Am S e r p Y n
t r nJ
.mr
p pa e Y
,pQn oG p o dG nIOb pJGH sdd
n u U
o dG
q pqWCG GNCGh
.u TCG pn Yr CG Op
r dG pM p rqdG Qo hO
r ALh .gjV n hCq G Oo dG a .pHq dG p g
e Qo pr n a o o rb o p jn h ,o Qn r U
o GG o p roJh ,o ao U o q Jh ,o o Y Qo r J ggh
nJCj p rdG f
n pYp afGh YCG e pQp GfG h ,mqT oar nJ mqT YCG
pdo dG e Hr V
n
n dG t o jn pGG e
o QdG gh o qfCa, ZCG n e pn dH
.n M
o hQ o e pJr J h n ofPo oCG o tn e p jRgCG e n o p r o a
mYS rn pJ k YS pdM
p
p r J m
r e o G
o
r L n rKEGp k
r L
n p qdG p pa
n L
n p GfHh
op snJ ohoG pgh .kpJGQ d n rd lhN
o hrJ p pdG ppHL a .mj n H ejh
r
p
.lIn jSn hCG lN r pe r j a mIOn he Qm To p N
o HG q
n J rCG EG o q Jh
p Oo n L
e mnZn pH j
r CG o L
r h o N
o C jh An Gn n dG
t VQC
o G q
o J p rqdGh Op dG p GfHh
pdG
p n r nJ rCG orJ o s p G oIoG gh .p`s p `nG pIn o
q p Sb pGrdCG p pH
n
r G
p Y o pnrnJh p pH pe
p hodGh p G h ,bGdG
q pV
o gGRn CG nrnJ eY
n M
n jr CGQ rCG n d n n qJG eGnC .pQdG
q pTo q Mh ,po tdG ppfGL Yh ,pJdGh
? mIr U u `Tn e p Yp q dG ar H n r dEG fr J n jn r e
p Gh p
p H obq Yo Y o pr jo , AGn n dG
p ras dHh ,pan
t V
o Qr CG `q
o `J Pr EGh
r
np roj h .pVQr CG pY
q o rZ oop roj n pdH
q p dGh
r p n ndG e r V gh ,pGGh
p rpdG pGq dG o FGQ n r oJ p rpe mp Yn Y SCGQ
n Gq dG
o p r nJ pdG pYp GdG
q o r e
GQcoP S
n q dG iJh .gOp L
o h ps en h pG p VQr CG p SrfCpH k q
n eo o q dG op
r jn
Qn GpH JBG p Sp H
r o ndeBG o Yo Op o pd p rpdG pGq dG Y no j ,GQUh GQpc ,kKfEGh
r
105

p pIQn hrndGh WdGh Ap HqdG

.poGh p oodG pIY re gp Zh gprZh p s Gh
.pn adGh Ap q dG h Qp q dG n pe r an r p Y
o oJh ma r e r o co Qp oJ
n r dG
q iJh
o n p prJ qEG n dG
r a .o nfjo p jq CG pp g p rpe p G An Gpf qEG qM ...
o r nn SG
f
n br `T r M h bGQhCr G h o c p H r pe r `n `n `rfG mIoq b n jq CG
o jr Qn On h .o d n peGh
p
.nqU
p j qdG pfL Y mjs u H m UL
q EG pIn
n T n eCG npbGh oJr L
n h q M o FbO qEG g e
b Ou o eq dG pa eh .On t eo t dG o pr jo q Y t n nJ gQo K
r NCG r bh n n o
q G nfZCG o eq CJCG
p p gq dG p Yp GH e p
mr pa o jq GC .mIn qeo An r H m
n H r Y n s n nJ rCG o TJ
l H
l r M
o
r n H
nUh oj GP rpeh ! pqjp rdG
q gpQGNCG pe Zp hoH Yp p Hq dG oIN
o pg
ptn dGh pr dGh
p nds dGh Qp oG ; Yp GfC H Qp TCG pGQhCG h pYCG
q
pIdG pJq dG e gp Zh ,pqq dGh p G
? IdGh
q
r h Rp n ndGh p q dGh pan jr q dGh
r o nn Y pnfrZCG Gg
q n jqd o dG p p rn rdh ,njq dG p UL
q EG nIn T j pY o dG
q
h m nT Y nIN
o nqjCG p Hq dG nIQn pH pe qJC pH t oeCG m Y qc a .ro n rWh
.
o rdG d o q
n jo h
o hq dG H n r nJ oIQpdG J pe pM
r h . o `r H m n an Y nIgR
p p ne e pJ
pd p pHG pQp GL
r s r Y s d OGdG ppcn Y b
o bq JCGh
pIoH tco
r r
n cGp l n u V
o panaQn pa
r n H r b h p r n dG p Y p GbCG pe p p JoGh
nnN
n b h pn pgdG
q Qp dG
q EG p tqdG e pnnr J p rnn p qdG s Y sd h .pqj qdG
...Qo s o
n Jh
o Uo
n J p G h p G e k s L
o o Hq dG Y
p oCG dG o bdG
o pdo Sn qfCG ,n dG
r o p nJ h ,o r b e rJn Yn hn dG h Gc t M
q g g
pan jr s dG p rYp e d n e k n dh - Qn jq CG p FGhCG - p dG
q p r H h m T H
m b q Y Tp
o r nS dG o nLr nG nJ gg h . mr n pH hCG mYr H
n kIs e rnnf e h , p jr sdGh
q dh ,mZ
r fc d c n dG hJ qfGE .pr q dG p FT h pG
o br oCG e kWpH
p BG ,pYdG
lIn N
q g q M qfCGh ,mrZ
r d qfCG - o Hq dG g r bh - p rp dG s M o YCG
p
! pdG p VQr CG p e h
u dG
u p r dG
q p Gr pe Y p jdG Wp pH pcn M
pa rpe Ap dG pU Y p rjpdG
q rMH opdn rnJ l nfSo pa ! nMr ne nMr ne
p h l bn TQ pbpfG h .SCGQ
o re c d q CG o
r nJ lIn nr f h l bn pd h l s N
p pH hoCG gh u noJ gY

n GPe h !q noJ n a s ``nK r peh .r M

n L
r qJ dG p r L
p pIQn jpH
o u n o nd qfGE h ! o Hq dG n g r d :q oJ pcCH qfGE ?mQT h Qm o T o e pdL
pg oRp oJ dG pbG
r EG srnpd pG npe rdEG l eOp b p r qdG npe nqoG npaGb qCH
p HCGh Qp qs dG h pnt c ,An Tp
d dG pjq p r dG pjOp dG
q n J h , Ap q G
n U n G
p M
n n n
r nJ CG n b TGa n r p
n nd k Hn hYo h kIoq b p Op n dG n L
o oJ d lIn
o r M
o
106

a - p SG e
n N
n jh - o SG eq CG ,padG
n H p
r M pdBpd dP ,kIQY
! l jYr On pq G pnod
na - ngg - G
u pneho
u G oaQh o nMdG
t npa ! Me qoK nMr eh
,pYh p jq dG Y qEG pr dEG o UdG Qo q j q Yo pr jn CG pepn r jn oM pIOn Qp G pIdG
q
p
p
p
r d n HdG qCH d lIOT o eo hobh ! p Hq dG p g n qdG OL r e dc go h
.inr n dG On j rCG TMh
,pp M
n
r R
n bs j
p dG pJS e oHq dG jCG dG pbn G
r nrd Me qoK Me qoK nMr eh
pa o n SCG qfC n dG
p U kp f nfGrTo o to J
o Yp r jo q dh .Yp eo ,N
r MGa
eY pPo oCGh prdG EG k n s eo mFchrJ o Op dG
q q M .pHq dG pCG e r
.Ap dG
q p S e pp rfG n FH n p r dEG o p
r nJ
nQp r oJ qM onMr nJ p Hq dG npaL o rHoCa ,npbGdG N opnjh
r HQr O H ojh
p GhCG n b cn Qp oJ dh ,n s p dG
n hodGh n Gh
n odG
t n o rJ CG n r bh nGjr n M
o p N
,
u oJr o dGh u p rn n n dHh ,pHCGh p UCHh ,MCGh p NCH
n Gn M
r CGh
n JdGh
e o sfn n n a ,o jQZCGh Qo dG eq GC .nJr nJ h o r dG e o n r nJ dG pGdCG p pFSh
p GhQCH no j h ppHH nt j
o HQ oornj GqPEG .rp M
o jdG H p nrjh oAGdG qM
q M pQp nZ Y o jh ,pIOdG p Y d
q o Ra ,nIhn Qr q dG o pa qdG o o M
r Rn o ojh ,o s `To nCG
.kIjL kIQhO VQC
o G Qn hJ
p Hq dG p pcGHn e pjG EG l L p rq dG h LGQOCG Oo YCa .pdG e
o dG
q
o Jh
l s Th
n l rnf oe prnan ? p n
u pd d
n nHq dG qCG o H paY e nCG : d obCa ,pp pgneh
! pHs dG n
o q dG pd n j CG prj q K ,ipcr Pp h l q Vh
n
n gn r n nd :pSq d J rCGh S
/hH - af QGO - 2004 , SdG dG , jqdG qe : f Fe
98 : U EG 91 : U e .d

: ``fCG

: JBG o UdG a nJ J GS jY dG
qoCG -1
s
KCG/ aUG / qdG EG hG / Hq dG hb / SqdG AdG
q KCG
.dG jf /UGdG aUG
Y VYCG SQ LC
q Gh
o UGdG VY dG gG e Ge fCG - 2
.OHCGh fe d TCGh ,FeR
.Hq dG a qdG nge pUGdG n M
r FeR e bfCG - 3
,Iq e IAGb FeR Y DhbCGh , qdG L Y q jo e dG
e QNCG - 4
q
.o oJNG GP d Qq HCG q K
.dG Y q J eh Uf q j Vpe FeR e bCG - 5
107

dd f
dG oIT
1

p rpe mq pb Y
r `````````````nHr dG
q gc p dG
s p nL
r `````````````````````````````````````n r n eo `Lh
w w p n r eo l `oaCG qZh
Ar ``````````````nG rn pd gGQoP n r Yp
o TGdG So r nJh
Ar ````````````````````````````dG
s o of t p `n nr J p Hj n rYp h
r `````````````````````````````nG o Hn l oZ j
c n pdg
o
p nnr d h p t dG An V
r ```````````````````G
r o co Cj n L GPEG
p G p SdG h p Hn r dG
r ``````````````````n
s n rYp
o n r jn h
oC rh
r`````````````````````````p n roG p nrfs dG inT rpe oQn raGC
r``````````````jn cr u dG
n peZ ihnD t dG njZ `keoZ ch

r ``````````````````ZCG in Uh
n `Hn t dG n rYp Oo Qp jo ch
p jn rCG ppeM
r `````````````````````````n dG n
r CG o U
n N
o
r nfch
r ````````````````````````````gn Rn h ikTh
n ik nf r pe `n
k b o Yn Op jo h
r ``````````````````o
r jn h
n dG
u
o
o jn An nG n
u jo ch
r ``````````````````````````````p r `neo m r `nf n r `Y Ol Qp H
l `
o Yo o o Su n jo
r ````````````````````````n dG n L
r hn hn Ap G OGh o eo r j o n r jn h
r `````````````````````````````````````p Yn Om hnH m jZ ope ornn Yn r bh
r `````````````````````````jqdG oAdG
u s o nj r GPEG ornj c eh
r `````````````````````````````f p SCc An rZEG p jh
r r n T Y
108

: 2 O`Y

GPEG EG Ap ``````````````````````````````````G p nre rpe on j

r c eh
in`````````````````````````````````dG
q in rSn npFZ rY opdG nGQCG
2

rA``````````````````````````````e oodG Gg nqJ mrU pGP h

rA```````````````eu dG no ne , ren n dG
n Qp Y , noG nN
````````````````````````````````````````npgT mq pb EG Gk Fh Gk Fh Qn Sh
p mnMhr On n M
p onnrg CqNh
`n ````````````````````````````````````SH
to ```````````````````````````````````````````j to j mrH GqdG t o nj nGQh
o`````````````````````````````r nW oGnr f oqdGh nr dG n n dG o p njh
r ````````````````````````````````n n r oG o Qn SCr G
o r dG
q n an Q m n
r nd h
r ````````````````````````````````n p roG o n r p dGh t pr
n tdG
o pnG h
p
```````````````````````````````````n SdG
nfOn q U n jn rh k jb ch
```````````````````````n pdM L
n t dG n ar GC o Qn r j
n rfa u s dG Y
p
r`````````````````````````````````npL
s neh t p n`nG oTdG
obn Wh
q ...
r ````````````````````````````````````````n fo odh ikT ppFGqdG o Hn Ggr CG n q bn h
r `````````````````````````````en o t dG p SCpH ,Ap dG
u Qm ppH : p pH On Yh
r ```````````````````````````````
n b jn DhQ s co
r nnT qdG pndG
u n rr pH
p c o N
r `n ``````````````````````````````````````s dG dEG t n jn pN
r CGh
? r `n ```````````````````````ndG On U
n .. On U
n r bhn
n r cn h ? l rM
o n pdPn CG
p ```````````````````````````````````````````````fhr s dG pjq pYn Om pe o n bn QCGh
p ```n ````````````````````````````````````````rfs dH ,r p r n pH ,pfZCpH o nsch
3

r ```````````````````````````````````n dG
s pnnM
n ,ps p n nG pjn r dG h
z ? r `n ```````````````ndG n jr nCG{ : nhOo oG iOn J m rM u co pah
109

p r ne a o sp n r oG oos TCp G nrjnCGh{

z? `n ````````````````````````````````````L
n
z? `n `````````````````````````````````````p r M o q p
o dG
t o opFnZ n jr GC h{
p p nG
p njnU
z r `n ```````````````````ndG o jpof{ : k L
n rOn nfh
z r ````````````````````````````````n n dG o jof{ :
o pedG
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z````````````````````````````fpgr Rn in U bSh t pgn q dG fo peeo {
z```````````````````````````nfp r Tn Op Qr dGh
n p pHdG
q p rYp
o pcSh{
pnTp bSh p Gn G
p u co o u n eo
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o
zOr h`n ````````````````````````````H Am en p o r o pd p TGndG pT
r o pbfh{
zQr G`n ```````````````````````````dG pp Hn m rM
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z ? r `n `````````````````````````ndG nfr n an rEGp n Ho Gn gr CG Oo o r nJ n jr CG r peh{
z? r `n `````````````````````dG
s unoj rne ? nnfrdCG obu n oj GnP rneh{
````````````````````````````````````npoe mn rMph On Oq nJ pIYt dG orndh
```````````````````````````````jn Op hCGh FG
o n dG pq dG p L
r n pH
r
s a
n
r ``````````````````````````odG
n GP o oj
r oM EG GhQSh GhQKh
r G```````````````````````p VGh
r knd h mIQn K
r pdG Y GtbOh
r ````````````````````````````nnM bGG na
r nrj rh `kfoL GtoLh
z r ```````````````````````n dG o jf { :
n GdG
t Gn jo r kIn U h
p n M
Qr ```````````````````````Wh p G
r r M
n pH in dG
s
n Wh
Qr `````````````````````````````````q dG o j o`Mh p t dG pHn Yn EG
u `````````````````````````````````````oa pIn gr n d m SCc sc pQp f rpe nn TCr Gh
u ````````````````````````````````````````````W pIn rbh mjZ m Y s c jr GC h
110

r``````````````````````````pMG nU
r pdG pGnSn rpe nq Lh

r `````````````````````````````````````dG
u An GQh p odG p jY n Y OOq J
? r ````````````````````````n dG
n br Sn GP :
n U h ndG
t s gh
? r `````````````````````````n dG
n Cq N n jCGh : iOn fh Ao nG s
o an
4

r````````````````````dG
q
n SCG t
o nj oodG c p dG h
ho```````````````````````````````NCj r nd :
o o
r jn h p eq dH o o p r jo h
````````````````````````````````o`dG
t r dEG t `j
o pIYt dG
o go ch
p hQ rpe oo r nan
r```````````````````oLhn Sk nCG rpe i`n go pM
````````````````````````````````````p rfGh in L
n pp p ro pd q jo
n GQh
p Gh p er q dH op j
r ```````````````````````````````````
n d o n fr nJ p r
Qn `````````````````````````````n
Kh `kfL
r
o On GR p gG
n U
r q p ndh
r n `r ``````````````````````````````````T u M
n Y p odG n rM
o
o un jo On Yh
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Qr `````````````````````````````````````o
o b r pe o oJN o rJn s `Tn e o pr jn h
?
r ```````````````````````````````nG Gg o u `n jo jCG ?
o o r n S n jr GC h
? ``````````````jFdG
q p o `Yr CG pdG
q pIQn r Sn r pe
r jn h
Ar ```````````````````````````````````````Sn j o n `s TCp G
t o`jn Am T
u GC h
? Ar ``````````````````````````````jpr pc n pHG is nn nJ o Dho GVCGh
`o ``````````````````````````````````dG
o r`nbh
l p n eo o pFbO
r q en h
r ````````````````````````````````````Xh mIr `M
n u dG o jn r `eo o bo u n oJ
111

r ``````````````````````````````
n V in qdG t j GQh m SCpH An Lh
? r ````````````````````````````````G jCGh , n G
n SCG Gg n par pd
p
mpNG Yo Ou jo
r nf````````````````````````````````````n
d o jh
r
n GQh
n `r nd
n ```````````````````````````````````dCG u`M
n Y
t
o jn h pp eo Or CH
5

p n r g n
Qr G`````````````````````````G
t p oG oIYt dG n n SG
r Mh
Qr ````````````````````````````````pfGh mn nJ p dG pHGH
q n `
r h
r ```````````````````````````````````n r pfh mY m `pg r gQo q J n aq J
!r r `````````````````````````````en r U n jq GC h m Y m SCj
s CG ? Ghr nCGQ GPa
r ```````````````````````n tdG n r Zh pdG
q n r Z p dG An T a
r ```````````````````````````````o`M
o `kbp rr eo n f r `a o odG eq CGh
p```````````````````````````````````````r n `pcn Y
l pn r en o r `dG
t o opFGL
n
p`````````````````````````````````````r n T o o`
r jn Csn`nJ m pHr G
o r Wh
r A``````````````````````````````````````Vdp
n H o Hn q T nodHo CG qC`c l L
r hh
n
r AG```````````````````````````````n dG eh Ap dG
q t Sp g lIArZEGh
? r ``````````````````````````````n dG Ao dG Gg
o p r jn CG oIYt dG Qn Mh
? r ````````````````````````n n dG n jCG .. q oK ? in oJ n qJG Gp jo r CG
p GrcC iQn M
r ````````````````````````````dG ndCj
r N
n GhOo Yh
? r ```````````````````````````````````ndG An GQh n J CG
u p n r dG p n n dG p Y
r ``````````````````````````odG
n rN o r n `N
r CGh nddG
s o r nNG CG
``````````````````````````````````````q dG An V qo d o nu oJ
r MGQh
112

? ````````````````````````````````q rfq dG n dG
q n n r L o
r n dG n nn HG p CG
? `````````````````````````````````q p nf m H n pdB r pe mn rb o N
r CGh
``````````````````````````````````uN
o r pe p tn q dG o W p r jo r o jq dG p CG
```````````````````````````````````p r c o r n N
r Ca mp `N
n mn pe in Sp
p r pe p r s N
u `````````````````````````````````````````pn qdG p q qdG pprL
o n n
r n pd
u ````````````````````````````````````````p n rfs dG n p nr d o n Sn r pe k nWpTCr Gh
q
6
Or h``````````````````````````````o dG
s p n b noG n H
o dG
q An Lh
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n
o `u n jo
r ```````````````````````````L
n r pe
l Qn hO
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o
o j
p
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n a
r An dG
q h nIOh
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t o jn
r ``````````````````````````````````````odG p `H r en b
r n nW Y s `en h
r `````````````````````````````dGh
s in q dG n rbh An dG
u r Y TQh
s

r `````````````````````````````````````dG
t o ndYr CG n p r o pd
o j
n GQh

r ``````````````````````````````````VdGh
o V
n q dG o jo h o nfGrdCG o Ru n jo
Ar ```````````````````````````pfG `k p n r eo p r q dG n pe o odG
s gn h
! Ar ``````````Sn j ! ihDn Qo j ! inT j ! in f j ? inCGQ GPa

r ```````````````````````dG
s or M
n , pq po
r odG pM
n dG
q n pdgo

r ````````````````````````````````````ju dG r `Yn Qn mr Yo n r Z in j CG On J
q
Qr `p `````````````````````````````S nu G t `n r nJh o onJ
r nfc n pdgo
p kI
s `n `````````````````````````````K pqdG n n
r N
r N
o
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113

r `n ````````````````````````````ndG o Tp gGnTn
r s `nZ h Ao nG gYQn
r ````````````````````````p n dG pGt dG p n oG o hDo V
r n V
n Qr CGh
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n n TCr Gh
p Yo k
r `````````````````````````````Sn r pe
s Uh
n
r
q pa pfdr Y
Qr ``````````````````````````````````pHG
t GC h mjZ mdr
t CG ? gQo rKGC h
p a Qn M r d
Qr ``````````````````````````````q dG Qn Zh p q dG Ao V
n ````````````````````````````````````eG oIuoG
o GdG
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r s `L
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p Gh r n nJ gQo KCGh Qm Yo o r o a
n ``````````````````````````````````````M
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t GC ?
r n VQ
n msdN m VQr CG
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t GC ?
n n
s oG n nG r n Sn
p jn mIn p r eo o `jq GC h
r ````````````````````````````````````
n `dG
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n r
r `````````````````````````````n bn `sdn nJ
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7

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r q eh
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p q Mh
o `````````````````````````````N
o
r Sn
n J h o q Sp
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r `n ```````````````````````````````ndG
n p pdGdG in o dG p gr C On YCG
n r ch
r ```````````````````````````````````nen nhOo nc `nc Ap dG
s o n n rWCGh
r On h``````````````````````````o dGh in q dG a o o`r `jn h An ndG
o
o jn
p
r n ```````````````````````````````H mp er oCG r pe Qn s `
n `nJ m`V nr Th

114

p```````````````````````````r cn p r Yo Qn s nnJ m rnf Ap GUC

r c `k r gn h
p``````````````````````````````````````r U o r`M
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FG Rf
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1979 fdG dG
439 : U EG 421 : U e

: dH IYdG
q aG bh ,1952 S IdG poc
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q

: ```fCG
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q EG nIdG o u M
n CG -1
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p q oG n Lp G pIdG n pe
o co PCGh ,SMCGh GUCGh Qq dGh Qgq dGh Jq dH n
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115

: dqdG Q`G
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Me
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4 dG
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5 dG
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6 dG
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fOH q aq dGh q aqdG GMCG q gCH qJ ee Y ffEGh qG HCG -3

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: dG
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k
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f q
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UG
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q
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118

p
o SGdG
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s n Ho r CG 1
p r n d o rf t p jo GCG EG
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s EG
n n cn r d
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n
l p en o s V qfGE : o j ,pSdG
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n u n n oG
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r p r jn rhp q nG n n Yo r Yp p r nG
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S
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n
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.
n oder CGh
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n p r Yn o jn p rnJ
n r Y
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n nY
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n Speo o p nJ e Gk c
n qfEGh .peq dG paqdGh peq dG peG
p pan e e ,r gn r nf25
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n op jo c ojMn
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119

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n
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120

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121

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n r `p Yn
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134

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136

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138

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140

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8

141

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n n n dG Oo Qp noJ kIQn nJh ,pQo dGh rdGh p gr s dG n pe ms Ln pa o nJr nJ p hs nCG

t Mo h o n nG pHGgCG Ao r e k Mn p an k nr Wp T
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177-176 U .RZ ja q

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142

SQq d q SCG
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143

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144

: dqdG QG

l peGO l
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p ... 1
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n udDn oG s co ...oKsdG o f op rfGC n eCG ...? r en eCG p of ... k s pdpJQr Gp

m Ln eo Y n H pa pqJp H oCGf ... mMGh mbr h Qn oGh n uoGh
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145

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pjH dG
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p Sq dG Qp fG h Am T u co p r nJ m ncn pH o Qp ofh ,pbp dG AYr GC r pe 10
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n eo hCG ppn s bo p r n pH s n r jn rGC nhO h .n pFbOn n Y
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l c l r Tn `SCn GQ qnjo h
nc .zu S , nf{ :zL{ b .z o Lu dG H oco eo Cj `n pH o p dG qEG or Y
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20

25

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150

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152

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. pH
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k n Np U op n r J S
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153

Ap pHh u peSr Ep Gp r dG Y t o j e dP n r H p pgG pe

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n n f... ms Vjp
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o S aa , t dG
n n U q M o p j eo c h or j eo c
pr dG pBG GfCH m pge t c e a ,
n q oG Qp MEH eCa .r n nf : b ?n n nr J CG
p J hn CG : dhq dG o`S d a , nG HGQdG C qa
qK .rnf : b ? jCG n dG
q g oo
q K .pp rG r en t c n p a H
n p nd q K `scQ h kfG`Yp e
n n Nr CGh o
n n a `c
k
n n Nr CG
t c n a ncq Mh n cJ n q Zh sa q K , p p
r nG r en t c `nn a n Nn BG `k cJ qcQh s`a
.
n Nh ek n pf ncn n a .
o GdG
q M p p
r nG r en

158

X`````````G
...! n nr G ! n G
r

: hCq G dG
q

o r nG pYn n SCr Gh , gn r nn er na p G EG o rWCG n n SCr a z! n r nG n r nG { : Yp Gs dG Yn On

m LpQ rpe Qo np dG nbn hh
p G pYn n SCr Gh , p rWnCG Ap noDpH rQn Gn a
n ,n nfnrdnCG ro nd ran n n an nSo
p p a no p r jn h nho or jn Am n pfh
.Ap pn dG p r sdG Gg r pe r go Dho n Hr nCG ppH o pr n r jn n pH
n p p n r eo
n M
``````M W

: qdG dG
q
l `M H qfCd h pdG p r pH gGQC qfGE h m j h mK Y odbCG l n p c qfEG
, p nG ad
o cCG oGG g zdG
q { qEG .mH hCG p qjCG e mjb l n`p Ke
! ...pdG pIQ `Yr CG o n rnG gh
GNEGh p Vr n dGh p q dG o q J h oJBG QJ
c n dG `dG
q
q EG
n jCGQCG
Y p q dG Gk H GhCk T
r H
n r c
n jCGQ CG ? n bGYh mnY r pe Vp
o n jn e k n`udn eo
? pdG pGdCG p
p
r dGh p rp dG p ` adG phV
n jJ o phoJ C`n `r`nJ go nJ
n d
r CG
? p GNGh
QJ O````

: dqdG `dG
q
o pefCG g .pWp GdG Qn JhCG t o J l d
l r on f oCGh ,pSq dG o nod g SG
.nIn pcGdG o u n oJ h p Yp G
n H
o o nJ l bQ
p
Gh SCn G pYS ircP , ps `n oG pnU Y o
r n nr J l bQ
l nnf g
.kM
r fc GPEG p GaCG h Ap dG
q pjr hCn G in cr Pp hCr G , k fp
r eo
r fc GPEG
n p r eo
An dG
q n d o un oJh k Yn dr n n oVCG Crh n o pbr n r n a o n nr J mnfp
r eo mGUCG o g
n p oVC
r G
n H o
o bo n a n prb p pen pH o N
o Ca `p nJ , mM
n p r eo p fCG
o dCJ g .pTCc
.`k pJhn M
k n an
GL N GL
159

: HGdG dG
q
p M n L
go k n r nd
n VCGh ,mpe On n Sr nCG mpH pr n n Tn n n U
n ,u pfL
n r nG p n MCH pr n L
s Rn {
p G Y nrdCG e GPEG q M .
An GdG
nIc
n go iN
r oCGh
s ppSdG
r
n n rKGC h nI
n NCG o nJn rnf pIBGr
! pIn pn dG p pQnn G p cCH Gk jL kLu n oe GH ... pp fCG na
Ap r dG ppJn o r nbn r e udn n oG p dG
s p
o roG
o fQn o o pr jn u n nG o phr jo n n rfG
.pL
n Rp n dG pI
n dG
q r p u co nCG o jGE p h p rWCG o p r J o opr n r jn h pnj qdG
LH jq dG U

160

````q dCdG ```fCG

: `H UdG qJG Y k eCG QG Uf e SCG - 1
. eCG . q dG . ATCG : Y UdG b Y eCG QG Uf e SCG - 2
.VG , q dG , q dG .QNEG h q dGh Kq dG UdG QhO Y q J eCG QNCG h QG Uf EG OYCG -3
fC z q dG
q q dG { f
q ofdG dBG Y J qdG IdG e SCG - 4
.CG SQ dP LC
q G q K IdG J a UCG Ia
C eCGh aq dH qdG q jh aqdH hCq G q j e jd QG Uf EG OYCG - 5

: q dG hG
aqdG e

aqdG e

.YGh OdG IM aq dG q gCG q J qdG fCG e P cPCG - 6

AZEG Qp OG g neJ qJCG h gcPCG :aG QOe Oq J qcDJ eCG QG Uf - 7
.SJh OdG aK
SC zdG H MQ { h zAGdGh
dG qZCG{ zfdG{ : dqdG UqdG e fCG - 8
q
.dG
q H UGq dG AH aqdG h aq dG QhO
gJ qN qdG Nq JCGh QG he Y ge FeR Y VYCG - 9
.VdG FGOCG FV q YCGh FbUCG Me q JCGh YG fCG jq dG

161

````dd ``````f
q
jQdG
q dgO
,l q eo l L o qfEG ,n
r nd
n r H s pbr T mGr pec pn `p
r H n an n en Y zjN{ o L
n o n jn
p oaoCG pSn hn p
l HGQ o qfC ch hr jn n pH r pe gh
n , pIrn dG me u co r pe in jo Oo jn
Y nnan ,nYr CG oo
r pf np bo x p rn nnH mho r n pH pnTr nCG pp rpn H , p VodH ne , ken nJ
qfCc fM
r CG pbho To n r Yp
o dG
q ho r n an ,dG pHo qdG phnCG , Qp t `s dc p dG
q pr o dG dP
. u pgs dG pZq dc ppar L
n r e o n n
r J
dEG ogn j rne o p nrnj qM Sk hr On r pa ooqn nJCG pnn nL q ,zrjOn r o dG{ :o NBG lSG d nchn
pM
n CG o tnn J o o r jn , mpeN
n mncr Ho Oo s
n eo o qfEG mWn pH n b z r na { n uoG qCG n r nZ ,a nCn r n d
Qp dG
q n r H o L
n on J or M
n , pWp p Hn EG e oo o dG q K , pj
n n dG pps pb p oo pd pppfGn L
n

n q oW n N
o rCj rCG o uoG
n n n br G h , mSn r n rdnCG n r bn en EG Oo o j m b m n
r b jnH ps pfncr o dG
o Vo
n Z k e
n p n r n pd , pdGon G pn o oG p j
r n r U
o zjN{ ndEG mIn r Sn pa p pHGq dG
u dG
n
! w Sp od nc rEG , os Sp np nrnfh
kbor en
k r Hn hn kZp Qn eu CG
r nCs g h , m c m SpH poG n
r a p TGp dG n e
o
r n nf

o r n rdnCG dG pSQG p c L n o r Vhn ..pHdG

q pnsdG Ap Yn r e k r T o e
r n an Qr CG
Gk ndhn npKnK rGM
n Gfch - pqdG ot nnJ s orM pSQG EG oYr n SCGh ,p oYo na
r pH
NCG q K , Qn M
o Sn pr Hn p
n uJpH khCs G pH Qn n
n rfG dG p j qdG EG p qG pIOn p pH `L
r Nh n
o p n r nJ dG p
n p dG Qp KBG iSp a
n o oW mjs p r U
n mn nr pe EG a T o n
r jn
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r
u nCG r pe m j npd l KnCG
n g r ojn r q K .
t Ghq dG
hCr G Ql Yo e o p nr j r b , l nn r eo , lIn peV
n , lIn Yp n eo Ql TCG p er CG n hCq G
n g
r fc
p rH rpe
o p nrnJ p N
n BGh p G nrHh .n rdEG pGOo j qK nu G puoj , pGQY
n nf rh ,pr s pd m nKnCG t c n nnrfG n dP n Hh .gAn SCr G
o p r nf l npFT
l Gr
n To Qp dG
t
p n r H
p Gh GQk
or nJ
o dG
q pn N
n GC bh , pGTCr Gh pIn Yr dG
n pIQn G
o nf n r pHh . Gk M
r Yo
p hoD Qo na qK , npgLho
oqG a o
o poj m n ne rdRp e fh , mnjnZ mIn nr pH , Sh
r
n qJG sco ,On YG
r S
n hO
r r p dG , zjN { n L qCG n r Z . pQp Op Gnn fh ppJnr n pH z a {
...! `
o nn dG nCGn H s K . o o nr f n rn L
n Gn`n`gn hCr G ! s Y n n n Hr G , o n
r f
162

, e GHo p T , Op n udpH mIs ro en ,mIU n jpQGnpH Gnr JnCG r b l HQCG hCr G Om hCG o KK nnc

n MCG r d qfCG , nYn n rZQn ,

o Qr s a
n ,fCG eq CG . gn hDo e n p n an . r p pHoHp c r en
n p Th
n
p f n njr Qn Ap G EG
.prqdc Ol Qp H gDho e Gk r pH p G Yn
n g qCG d n cs CG o qG ch ..o n
! r p nfnCran
mIn T r pe w Xp pIQn G
p
n H d
n h , pn n dG o ``n
r f On GRh , r H o dG s b q K ,
o n nG s b
ppJn N
s Dn eo hn uG pen s n eo n r H
o phGjo gh
n , p r dp
s H p GSr Ep G Y `t
o jn o qGh .mIn U
n hCr G
.mQGr pSH
u eo ,
r M
k Rp e , k
. pn ar p pH
o j z q dG Op Y { p jU c
p pc dG e { : kICa dCS
z ? n
z... h l r N
o h
l r H { :
o ob
z ? l oJr Ho
n n Yp
n r d CG { : n b
z ? nfCG h . { : orbo
p Gh l doJH r Yp { : n b
z?
n r p Yn . lIn M
p {z. Gv L
z !
k jr CG fCGh { p rpe k ngu n noe kIc k doJoH nNCGh
: oj n gr h on rnf nn SCr a oBGQ nqG s`dh , pc
p n S k jb... o r Hn l jW l an pe en en GnC ... o OY j r p rfG{
n pndoJo pH rp n M
r G . mIQn en EG o
p f rCG EG
z?
n go s `s dG n dP in nJ nCG . pIQn nnG EG n n
... OY p Y h Y r pe GOn GRn n dP n H gDho pN
r G h , pdJdG inCGr en
lOY nNCGh .Op Qp dG uXp EG frCnh , oqG H fn Yn hn dG nIQn nG rnnH ,
r rC n r nH
o ndr M
n n s
n nJh ,n pJn r pb r pe p pj nn oG Ou nG zpRdG { o
n FGQ pr n n rfCan ,gn ns bh ,nndJdG
p o bs n n jn w c , pn r dG
ndnfh , r p r Y Yn Rs hh z Rm ho M
o { EG n n nn a. n pa o nd k
s M
u
o r H
p Gh z w M
p Yr CG
,pfSCG
n , l M
n { n go o ndf c ,r pe
n H m n en Y o o
o M
r Qo h , p an o o Vh
u nG dP pIq ncn mn pca kIq d JM rp YCG r ! gn s ndGnC e ... kIb kIn rnb onJQn
n Yo onrHnCGh
! m OY pdJHo r pe p dG
q
u p dG
s
p
p
p
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sCG
q n
n eG nIhG
n
o r Lh q M n r dG
s
o frCf
r fr c e r dh
p .pdG n pe n jnG nBG a
Oo GOr jn
o nnGh , Qp dG
q
n H o sf fr Sh
r nn H ,rM
n
p h kIQn GM Oo GOn r nJ
Ap dG n rYh ,kIs M
o dG
q h , pndG
u h , pqdG Y h , p rnG
p hQo
.fAn GQh
r Tnn nJh
r n n nJQr G q K , ShD
n a
r
r s Sn nCG ,An GOS
r mHr Zp o KK
r n sM
n p gs dG

163

: o
u `
n jo o qG h , pndG pp g p re n p r jo rCG l M
n CG o n j
r e Qp r n pH o p or f frNCGh
j n o s pg n jCG ,Gk r U rTo j
n fCGh ! Sr
o dEG j ek Y , Sr
o dEG !
o T j Hr o bn ! Hr o bn {
n n U
n r en ...
o n T j Gho s
n ... t j ? iNCG l dJH n jr d r g, o OY ... Hr o bn ?! o L
o Qn
,o N
n BGh ,o N
n BG l `dh n`nHh z ! o rY{ : oj gh rj T ojCGQ gY z... n p nX
,s n r Y e pnbQp M pn eOn
r Qn n
n rfGh , r o nrpe Ap dG m
n peL
n mn rZH
o r n M
r CGh
...
o r p Th
n
jr CGQ q M a opr f fr pc e , g
x
v p r U Qm n
n r eo r Y en eCG t dG
n n n rfG kIC
r ah ...
p rpe m r H n gn nr a spe man pe Y
Al Z p Sh
n Y h ,
x FGO m rpH rnuJQo mnp N
n mIQn M
nr V
n o phjo o qG h , o an Gn n f o f h An p dG r an Q h , p dG EG n
r cQ ,
l pU
n
w n jn M
g r oj z! m rS r Y GoHr G ! o Yn L
n j l rS { : p dG fo M
n CG n`or jn sn pd Yp aprfG
. Ep n sdG e
o Oo f fh , s bn nCG hCr G p jr n r pe p Yo Y Ao G h , l S
p dG zSWdG
p nc nuG qdh
,p sdG e pc
q { nn `aCG oqfC , pnG nSGh
p
z ! o s
o n `ran ek GM
o n rjn r en t co { :
n Uh , p jr An Yph r e
o sdnCj ch
p Gh m r M k e naG rWCG nHn Q h , men p M
pM
r CG n n p
r H n n L
n
n CG r nJhn r Yo o n jn pf n nKhCG mM
... pGn dG pYS n nWp ppH fo p jn c dG An G n n UC
r Gh ,pdG o Or CGh ,pjr An YpdG
p Gh Gk M
p Gh rHp Th
spe wch , Gk M
s
nrZQn HrY oAG c r d , sc n dG on r nSn oqfCG Qo j
!! p rsdc GOk Qp Hh , pIn pg sdG pppFGTn
p p Xp EG frCn .pn pdn dc pnH ooJ l dY Ql U
nr Lh ,H
n g
r nfc
p e L
if rL ,o co Cf o fh ,a m pFr Yp h ,mW e ppH r L
r n NCGh ,pVQr CG Y
p Qn to nj nsdG o p r nnr fh ,`ndMh eeCG dG n n nr G
.pgoLho Y k Yp f vN
v pnddr br j
n dG
q ppe n r Y o GbCG o rJn s Y dG p j qdG o KCG c s e m b mr Ho Y
p hQ
n r a , d Ak GrZEG t p nJ
r fc ShD
n a n gdG
s n n rdG s dh . z jN { ps pb EG
, ms aGn N
n nf dG gpQU
o m TMho pr Tp ( o uG d
n n Tn c ) pjn p s dG o peGYn r n
p Ge rfc
Op d
t fYo r nJh H oJ qfCch , pIn Zp ndG pGn TCr c k nMe Qp phnnG oN
. pbYCG p Nq dGh r dEG
, p jr Qpheo p r HH pQp U `nfr L
n hn , Op Qn dG p sdG pr dG n r Yo pdNO n Y ...
, go n M
n CG n
n n br G , r o pe fCG h , r H sCG
n Z , p Nq dG p Y s e o jdG n o L
n , p r S
s eo
EG e wc Ou Doj , pGHCG e pjG EG os nnj mH tc GPEG h ,n N
n BG nnnbr G
n r dGh
q d h , oap r nf mn jZ mr opd kC`s `n eo oG nc . mGHCG pGhP
n jph
n nJ hCG mG
o M
o
.n n rnf rCG o jf
164

.fn M
r hn , m OY e GNCG f
o Lh h , m r H Y
o r H n HG h , t n J
r o n n n dG pL
pjs p
n nG pHdG g Qm n pH njW
o s f k e n p H h , H Gr S Yo apfG n h
s
fr Yo e h , p qdG
r a n n fGh . pn p roG
n peGO , pHn Wt dG n jpT Gn nZ nG sCG EG kIC
r d ...Ap GOr dG
s pYr CG ne pJrCJ sfCch rn nH k jZ k nen reOn sCG n rZ pbapQ nGUCG on nr f
. pgn n nG vM rNO
puJG kr pa p jr FY s `oc qfGC ho r jn h ... pIn jdG p r gn r pe Am r pn H Hn Qr On r s J ...
l np r eo Al V
r pr o dG
n , e rNO dG p Z mGHCG p N e t o nf q dh , p dG
q
H iCrJ r b dG pGHCG EG
n Gp rfG snf rCG toG nch , p rdG
q n n rLph d On s nM
c ... pn Wp dG
s p dG
q EG L
r N ... G
k NCGh , pbapQ
n GUCG r p Sh
n , pjn Z Y
pYCG r
p jn r Gk M
n pbGh
o s tdG
n CG qCG n `scCn n pd mIs e n r H kIs e r go t o jn o uG ch ...
p BG l OYh fCG
n Yp GO dG pICGr oG g Y o qG Yn s bh !
n N r e n N
o ch .pgn nG
z ! pYr q dG e roe pdGh !? lICGr oL { : oa .. d
,mgQ m Sp r e rpYr oCG qfCch o Hfh o jf f h mYr po H fQr n
n rfG dP H
.pdEG Op d
t z jOdG { puJG n
r cQh
p pcGQ rdnfh ,Ap dG

r dGR e dG p Wp dG EG
n
q Y k M
n re o js FGq dG o o q b fc
p oe o qfcodG oQo U
p rqJ b h , ppFLQr CG kIn
Y to J l r V lIQn `o`rne lIQn M
r b oehq dG c ... p dG S
n Op h
o pg pp G n n
r b nc o qfEG o uG b , m b m b
r ppFGN
n p S n j
r h , k n S
n KK h mH p G pIOn ph n b
n r p pa Y p en SOhg Go f
q
kfe
r n n fG pb
r fc An GQrdG n jn e sC pr Y r njo h , n
r nd
n H p G Op
p
dG o udG ndP nroj rCG keCG pIrdG Op o oG pdGG uc p rH n eCG , peb
r e vb
... p p reo h ppJM Y Gk nN oS n pcn h TY GPEG qfC H SOhg n prfoCG
...z! m jQJ e o nd j r dh ,pjQs dG Y n dG r n sWG pd { :
n FGG Qo Op of o fh ob
! k r Sn , pIn p r o rd jh ,IOdG fch ...
n cGQ rn gh
dGh d jq dG VjQ , hCG dG : GL gGHEG GL
151 : U e jGH / 1987 d -

165

: ````fCG
: a YGQCG GS njY dG
qCG -1
q
.q KK H GP fCG dG dG
j CG -CG
q
. GMCG qgCG Y n p `rHCG CG -
.GMCG H Hq dG n `p M
o CG CG -
.e QGM EG TG Qn GG nMC
q G CG -O
.nq UdG WG n NCG CG -
: MQ prU h OQdG
q Qn e qJCG -2
.pH Ght e dG ceCG Oq MC gpr `Sn sN o SQC
o G - CG
.me s`oc qe e cPCG -
.GMCG e me q H JQG e SCG -
.z NBG bG dGh ... rjQhe rHH QU fLh{ OQdG
q nb CGbCG -3
eCG
q Ge FbUCG e
q q K , FbUCGh OQdG
q H QGO dG Qn GG a Qf
q
o o cCG
H qT qc J CGh HQCG G qT OY j CG : YGof h dG IeJ
. nWeo
.GMCGh aCG `e qdH `qJ eh n Mq dG qJ q Y n un oG nnr oG dG
q
npe oLCG -4
.t aq dG oq dG Gg qM dG n FGdG dG
e SCG -5
q

166

: HGq dG Q`G
geh YCG
: T
GdCS GPEG
q
? fC
n G e
AY
oo c
r S qfE a
n
fah
q Hch
q
ndLQh Seh
q
S
dG
q
q

Q```G h``````e
H q n oJ mee Y f h d EG J q T FbUCG e QNCG -1
Y p H e w c a J q dG H QGM Ad eG J e nf h ,
.qffEG
pdYCGh pQKBG Y jd pJU NC
q G , IQe q T hCG m nYn M k u `oc o fCG - 2
.pVr n dG kIs n eo k jW d QNCG h , pSG peG h Qp dH

q
n u n odG KCG h , pdNh
e
n q d mq ffEG mq H
o u n oJ dG n FKdG h Qn n dG
t q j `Vp
k r en FeR e bCG - 3
.GREG e Qo dG n rYn fEG qM e EG pdN
n dG
q q VCGh , ffCG T Y m be p SG d `k J
r FbUCG e t Yp oCG - 4
Gg Y qWG Y FeR
q TCG h .JGeh jQJ h JQU : gG n em nYn Y mee
.bG
`kUhh GOk S ou V
n oCG m
q p pd kIGf oLCGh , pqdG in MEG pIS Jq T mKOM e fCG - 5
.GQk GM h
q J jq e q YCGh zQdG
q e{ YH q oJ ee Y qGh dG HCG -6
:JBG
.G hOJj Gfc jqdG qG qgCG .gQNCGh fCG q gCG :dG jW
he RE , KqdG Y s j sCGh G gOY Rhj sCG Y Y OGaCG QNCG
. IQcG jQG e q Ya
pUG
q dCdG G
)QG p he p J n LBG dG FeR q c e Oo q MCG
s
q
.(QH
.REd Hb k q FYCG e VCG h npFShh dG
n W idG
q Y e Oq MCG
. VYh REG qdS qdG p noG p G nT Oq f

168

o `np G

geh YCG

nc qfGE h ,mS
u n e mISCG r pe r oj r H ,mIRn r eo mISCr G r pe oGrSo r ojn
et GC fch GQk qM HCG c :in Nr C G pn sdG EG o r pe
n n br CG n ft dG pn n qdG EG
n af pdG s cP nc o q p ndh ,pn r sdG o L h pn rGp o n Mn n go .knpHb

n nSn qfGE h ,pp r Yn q KCG n pe Yk r pH r ojn h .pn rp dG n jT pIn dG

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s V jnq oJhp hq dH o nr J l eS l b n jq dG n eGndG qGC h .pI qdG
n qdG
e o jQCG - q jh H GpeD jo CG Op o o d jQCG e Ggh - Qp fGh u q dG 35
.r p pJGQo bo h r p pJos pH Qn dG
q
gGHEG MGdG Y
JM b
q hj fZ
46-42 U/U. 2005 . dG Y

qdDG YCG

qHe{ : H e jGhq dGh dG e jdG c , Ue q fJ Jc : gGHEG MGdG Y

.zG MCG jJ{ , zAbQR AS Og H{ , zSH

SQdq SC
q G
.pJGeh pJdh pfqS Op n n pH q J mee o LCGh jG Y dG n be Oq MCG

``````````aCG
.G
q q dG M GMh HQCG EG
q q dG bC
q G -1
nIFdG SCGh ,H Y q j OQdG
q qCG Y dGq dG n FGdG hCG IMdG n pe LCG -2
.ee e eq j
q n q jQq dG
qJG Y UMh L e e AYq dG be N e Yq dG fZ IQU q e SCG -3
.iNCG L e dH
q
q e qdG fEG LdG e SCGh OHCG MCG je fZ H b qdG YCG cPCG -4
.q dG
q g
180

.ffEGh WdGh OdG eN gQhO q HCGh ,dEG YOh fZ H H

q qdG n dG SCG -5
g f Y q j e e SCGh ,dG f IQhH bEd fZ H AL qdG G RHCG -6
.Yh q dG
q

FbUCG e QhCG
e bY AH S fZ H iOf qdG dG e IOSG q c M FbUCG e QhCG
.SQG NGO

o ``````fCG
Fd H dEG qLa QT EG S
qfCG oMCGh , eR H GQGM HJCG c
q
.
q qdG npe n FG pGQdG q VCGh d W fCG . dG fh eqdG qq gCH gcdh

``````SC
G
o
zdG
q IOGQEG qfEGh jq G q feEG d IdG{
q -1
.n NBG pKEGh Qm n
t J f Y b IdG
q jJ qCG MCG .GMG ,jq q G ,IOdG
q : `H a q YCG GG f Y L K fCG
,eGdG ,IGhG ,dG ,dG f ,hq dG Ib
q :JBG G fZ IYO Y jG q J -2
.IOGQEG ,
q dG
q ,aq dG ,q YdG
q ,qdG , dG
q ,eq dG ,qdG ,
q q dG ,EG
.qffEG bG q qT Uh YC G GH MCG

SQdGq ca
.prdG
n GSp o p ro a
t o J l jpQ
o n
n dG

181

Qp
q q dGh pjq oG Ao Gpf

: `HGq dG Q`G

geh YCG

p pndoH p`SGQ
d
r sah dG pn SGdG
n Op An KCG `v n r eo OGq G g qdG nc 1
n Op Gs dG Oo Jr jn nch ,psn oG u dGp r t dG Y o rJn YS k n r Np k q p nJ kIOq e

o GYn s dGh Ao GQBG a o o nJ dG p s oG p dG

q n pe mIn n r n pH n paG
.oq MUEG

n r dG
s iOn Qr C a n n r n SG pbn n r nG sGC o nd n q n n an o n n n r eo OGq G n n Sn h 5
Y unGh pIs dG p o po H p s d o n Y o HdG fch .ptq dG pgen
u Po r pe p WdGn Po fEG r o n ner C p rp dH o nr dG n qnn J nr an ,pQr Gp p dG pn nW
.mq nZ r o ndm VQCG r pe pGr nG Ghs n ndh Op r pSG
r
o oW d nc h naa , p rdG o Lo Qn oq n j dG pq dhDnr G An
r Yp n QOr GC
,pp Lr CG r pe o n r jn h s G o oj nc h ,p r tdG h ptq dG s Vp Yp GUp p ns dG 10
p n oGp n n dGh ppFGq dGp r dG
n an GnJh.Ap s dGp UG
s Y ppes GoC uMn r Yn
s ojn r a
s p pft dG
n OCG `n Mr GC c .oIOn GQEGh o n n dGh o rp dG pq pdu dG ppJen
mjn Dho pH ks n eo
n OCG n n Lh .mq ffEG mjq QMn m n HdG n `rZCa ,pYn
.kFGR k r eo hm Gna n n Lp r nJ mq eo
dEG Yn O e n L qGC r gs n j r nan ,p nG p r Hn k pHS Gv Zp OGq G nc eh 15
H ,fH
n pKdG pGn S oJh H o NCG o s n jo pp Lr CG r pe n Vfh
s d k q pfGB kIn rnf pp n n r eo EG n nnf .pbGdH m qJG GnP `v p p nW k p r eo c
zGh jdG
q oJGC eG{ pHc Y
n Z a ,mq e iDhk o pH l Yoe
Op dG p gr GC Qn aCG qC pq MUEG p jQe p d o H rCq n J n H qGC
o nf n jCG { : n FdG n go
n r ndGC .pdnd s p J h nWhTh
o Qp q q dG peq eo p nJ 20
p Y knr a o H Sr Qn Gn nJ r nd fQn aCG qE a ? fpr nZ Y pIpaq dG pLGdG g r pe
? z.p nJ r dG
s
e o q WdG o Y
r en T PEG pp jn hD Qo pq pp H `k pn r eo q X On Gq G qE a dP eh 25
oJGC eG { pHc Qp ho Uo
n p Yn pIOq G peoG u n Np bh .o jq CG o u n oJ
dGp CGq dGh
o r qdGC dG pdG n Z
o r nJQG dG e{ : z Gh jdG
q
182

: IL
Y
n nnN : nnSn
SCG : iOn QCG

Ae : LJ
b : GvpZ
IG
Hq dGh
: q W
fed HS

: Iaq dG
, H G
jQG
: reT
f
r qJ

n `r Hn n n rjn CG s Ho na pVQn oH n n dG n pHb rGE h dG o CGq dG dP ?

o jHr CG
Sk Qr O ppr Hn r pe Ap HOn oC d OGq G n s bn Gg z? pJ jv Qm hVh k FU jk GC Q
n S
pjq G Ao Gpf qfGC h zft dG o dSQ{ n HdG qGC d nHCa q HOCG p GpdG
p Sq dG Y
r TG n q pffEG n XdG J o HdG pa rEGh .pQdGh
q
p NCH q K YGdGp aq dHh pq HjEG pIH CGj n t n n dG sGC Ghr Qn On eh o o dG
t
pkeM o VG
p nodh ,pG EG Op Lo Gr Rp hn
p
p
o J p Lr GC e jG AdG
p ppJq W
k qoKh OGq G g qdG qCG
x T r pe eh .n rn aGC m n r n or Gv p eo h n VG
HQCGh KdG pdH Gosen pSdGh
q pOn CGh p rp dGp LpQ e
p r an p oW n en pIG Qn of
r Hr CG mIn jL meq GC pIOn ppH n s Hn dG VG Qn r nW
.ppSG

30

35

OGqG gdG Y qfqdG dG e AGVCG { : dN MCG

,1985 : ddG dG , q d q fq dG QGq dG - z L fh

( qH ) gnH eh 48 : U

qdDG YCG
e .q dG S TG 1936 S dGe e q fJ Jnc : dN MCG
.e o Yh ,zehq dG HEG{ ,zGQq Jh T{
: JdDe
q

SQdq SC
t G

OGqG g qdG

.OGq G gdG n S dG IdG GhX jdG q fq dG oG

n r Hn cPCG - 1
.
u s d n rn fGC Qo NCGh ,z UEG { c e Y G HCG - 2

``````````aCG
g qoJ GMh K EG dG
bC
s
q G ,p q dG Gg On Gea nda q dG nIC f
o JdG o q n n jn - 1
.n MGG
.dG
q oJ Rm QH Qm hH
r
n n r n d n q dG gq CG dG pdG
u hCG IMdG n e SCG - 2
.q bdG Y uMh ppr pn H Vt d n Hc OGq G gdG qXh c q JCG - 3
: z G { `H OGq G gdG JdG
n Uh - 4
183

Qhq dG GH q dG VG Y s On qdG G UQCG -CG

.MUEG EG q dG pn Sn qdG G HCG -
.o n dO h dP n Wp Gen q JCG ,dGbCG H q dG Y njM
o JdG Rq Y - 5
.o n r Hn
n VG OGq G p KCJ n L
o hCr G INCG IMdG n pe SCG - 6
n pe SCG - 7
.mb e oJe o o
q
u J eh , AY r pe Wd OGq G gdG eq b e dG

FbUCG e QhCG
pq MUEG pJGYd OGq G Ue H pVQeo An GQh J dG SCG M FbUCG e QhCG
.q fG Hq dGh jQq dG SQO eh dG
AL e fh ,
q

``````fC
o G
qdG a UCG kIa fCGh ,sG npe lr L H MCG b h OGqdG MCG OGq G gdG qJCG
.cn nGh LdG pnn b Y UdG qcQCGh njVG Qo hoJ gh

``````SC
G
o
? z ...... : nFdG g
OQh -1
n rd CG{ : dG
q
nH ,dG
, HGLh .q p r en Sp a ,e L Y NO zCG{ SG M qCG MCG -CG
q
(o pFndG n go )
q dG JCG e H Y jG SG e dG Gg SG nY Qq JCG -
.QG Uf e bfG ,IQG
ch ,jN eh HdG SdG HCG jYdGh OGG gdG H bGdG UGhCG q -2
bh .LYhdG Y jOCG U q LCGh MGdH dG
GdG bhCG j KdG ADg
q
q WdG QTCGh G MU q fq dG H O jOCG jdH JGS dEG q fG
.jG
j hCG djo
l e H H GPEa ,FbUCG M fMCG o n r jo c qfGE OGG Y bh

SQdGq ca
: b bh .MUEGh ppT Yd Sh Fb e L GYT jCG c H ,a q dG OGG j
p ```dG pAG SC
Wh H j `````nf dG EG q g
t G da
: bh
`````````pd nen p oo dG o r nZ n nd
``````````````FZdG f rCG fOr QCG e GPEG
n r nna
184

r pao r pH

: `HGq dG Q`G

geh YCG

,on udG g mbQ mn Wp Y EG pd oW e r p s eo rb h rY nc r d 1

r GPEa , `Lk r eo `kjU iQn CG .pYr CG p n pH n obC Gv p n r eo `k pFGO
o ch
pIn n r pe EG
n p Lr CG CG q EG s Y r oj pnfo en EGp GSEr H r L r n jr
k jn Z Gg iJ
n dr CG .o n Ln M
o Or n Sn bm b mbr h H GPEG h ,p n dG
.Ap Gno dG pnfo en nYn q a
n pbGC CG s Y nc r d .. ?p nG 5
gOn GR dG o G g ,
n S
u S o e M SD
n Ho r onp rfC GhQo u Un r p nd
q K ,pr kpeGB m Y n H ek Y gper GC o n Nr GoC o GRCG e dGh GAk So Ao q Wp CG
, l en GC a c rGE ,e Ao r o dG p n r jn k n per eo kM n n Mr C p er CG n Np GB t nVoG
.keo Ao r o dG Gg oj r bh .kIq Yp
n Sp
q K , p pLG pGq n en phnr pd x p n r eo pf mgn r eo m Gpe GP
o r pdho r n d 10
o Hn p r q dG r en n a
n
n pdP Y
n tdG
o rdhMh
n .pndr o dG EG o GRCG eh
o Qr m oVG
p o n dCG
o n SCG
n r ch .Vn n pH S
n Mr EG Y
r On s Lh mIq en n Z o n SdG
n Y r pep ndG EG
n n br CG Y nJ CG
o p jn nc mSM
s
n r Vo n jPCG CG
e m nd r n jo Gv Mn p ndG n e k npdH VG
r fc l SM
q ? n jNBG

n r Yn YC
o G o jr CGQ rEG hQoYa , o SCG .qc .oor jn CG q a Ap HCG 15
n Lp GC CG e
o r peo r dh .r opn r Uo h r on en ncCG CG o jQCG fCG n n r H pndr o dG
p rn dG h pn j qdG pKOn oG h p Sq dH p pLG n n fCn tdGh n Mn Gq dG
...pYn nG H
n Rp LCG CG o SCG ,l p n r eo l Mh fCa .pOn oG
W
s EG
n n nW r bh ,pju dG n s dG
u n o TCG g
o r er GC n s nK r ep h
p 20
.Lo Qr GC
o c `q pe n ncr GC
n pdP e n nHh , pbn qdG n r Ln r pH `n r jo CG o VdG
Am T t CG , r dh .geo o J f
o cr n nJhp pLdp r nH mIq en n r Z
o r n Th
hCG ,k T fCG o n SCG h mH e kIQb o n jr q pe mHn o r en Y kLo Q iQCG CG
Hh H
o Qp q dG g
r Hq b r d ? `k T fCG o n SCr G h YGq dG An Zp o n jr
.pSCdG
185

: bCG
.NC
q G

YCG : jPCG
XCGh

: bdG L
e q c
SdG

n pe Gn H r d ..GhCq G .r `n SGr dG - o n Mr h t dG g r n nf - t dG q p nd 25
.ppFGOCH
l ndeo qfGC
o r n Mr GC e s co s pJGoC CG n r b n nddG Gg n o rJCG CG p oG
.Gk Tp r eo n BG o Qn NCG CG p j dG o r dG
s qfEG .. Gk r Un
pen ho
n G Y Y s nnJ CG Lo QC qfEGh .o oJr n Nr G bh
.kn pHK
Gk j
n r d .l pHnd qfE a Dr o jn hCr G o Gp or jn rGE h 30
n jdGh p n ep qdG o Gj e gh , ofEG o n rjo CG
kIn b
r t TCG
n pdPh .kanr a nj CG Y , p o o dG e
e p rZn pH - n SCG CG o eo B qfGE h .n Nn GB m Lo Q u CG Y e u dG LQ Y
ncCG r c H n bCG CG pr Lo e u oH n dG - mnYn e p S n p rdGC
qfGE h r p op rfC nj jdG n jQr oG pIrn dG
s h u dG p LQ
u Un
.r u an p r Z m nf e r o d
n r dh , r pgp r npd nj
S jP H q gOQhCG c aH q Uh e
20 - 15 : U U 1993 q d SGS QGO zSG IbY{

: IdG
q
q dG

qdDG YCG

qaJh 1946 S dh .SG UNh

dG q gG , MHh q fJ YT : jP H q
q
.zq fq dG ge{ c q gCG e .q dG IRQdG aVEG GP q d
q Qq CG . 2002 S

SQdq SC
q G
.q SG aH psdDe u gCG n jhY cPCG - 1
.z gn r oe Gpe { nIQn Yp nn TCr p nr oG EG Oo YCG - 2

``````````aCG
o VCGh mGM
p d GQk r pe dP o p n YCG , p SCdGh p en CG H pq dG ojM
n hn K EG dG
u
n
n hGJ
n -1
.kfGY IMh u od
q T q e e e SCGh , q dH OQdG
jGH o UQC
q bY Y n qdGdG n FGdG dG
q
o G-2
.ddG e aH
p Y aH ojM AL - 3
: QdG nWh pdM Uh
n H M
k phGeo fdG IMdG f
.dP qoJ dG n FGdG SCG - CG
aH TY
n dG IfG e SCG -
186

Y qJ h Sq dG e aH UGJ GQk hO q d qCG Y q j e INCG IMdG e SCG - 4

.pn
.z n jQoG pIrn dG
n e SCG - 5
s { n e nn pd o r ngs CG b e aH q T q e dG
q

FbUCG e QhCG
.dGh
q dG d HdG
q dGh IHG q gCG M FbUCG e QhCG
q
q Y dGh
q

o ``````fCG
.Sq dG KCHh pdYCG Op H d
n GpYG o u VC
n Gh aH EG o L
u hCn G k dSQ Qo x M
n CG

``````SC
G
o
.z k n pHK Y s nnJ CG L
o QC qfEG { : dq dG G CGbCG
.cq dG : s on J a , cq dG OaCG dG Y
r NO dG n qdG qCG oMp CG - CG
.k Keo L dG
e SCG -
q

SQdGq ca
AGdG
q e GOY ,rYo
n pJGeo p Ho nhO r o oJbYEG r
o nJ r jdG u HdG pOCG p Yr CG r pe
HCGh ,OH H QH
q : e , gAn SCG qN YCG GocJ qdh p
n n dG n f GeM
o jdG AHOCGh
... M Wh ,
q GhdG
q G q Yh ,q G AdG
jh ... z o n cr CG { qfGE o o a n H Gba n pdho GPEG qeCG , YC`H j H j M fEGh
.z YCG { c n H zG { hCG zdG { U
o dG

187

p oG n r jn
pr Hof pIFL Y

: `HGq dG Q`G

geh YCG

r ndh , pOn CG z Hf { pIn FL Y o oo G eMr GC p r Hn r pe r ojn r nd 1

r nd .pH
n `u n r oG p`s odG n pe
o n Yr CG
o r co h , p jq CG n pe m r jn r ndGE r s nnJGC

n Su Dn of CG p Lp An Hr CGh r jn nc e t co h .Gk Hn CG gr Pp zHf { nIFL r VCn G

t co oj pr oG Gg EG
o p n r jn dGh .u pHn dG pOn CG kIjL kTCr G
.Qn udG r n Sn dG g o en Op dG o Lr CG pnfc dr s M nIQn r n dG n n jn rGC pu gn 5
mFn p r pJ h
n fnK h mK n n S HcCG e n n Yn nddG p nG n r jn h
EG
o r gn Pn .pH Rp nr dm tbnn J t CG s n nd r ojn , pIn pFnGp pFnf pYr EG n r jn ,mrdGC h
n rKs n nJh Ap en t dGh Ap bpUCr G e
o r nLn h ,JO cn zGgCG{ pIn jLn
n o an n n n Hr G es GC ,An Gn ndG t p oJ Ln hr Rn
r nfc .pr n dG EG
o r Yo h .s Tn n VGen
.n jn SCr p r s dG pan r oZ EG
o rNn Oh .pn n dG 10
: mn r nd p r s dG n pe opboJ Ln hRr
r An L s M lIOn hr en o FbOp r nJ rh
.z! zHf { nIFL
n rpf
n qfGE ndjn r go h ! IjG n pe
n H GqJG ,r b{o
p
Gg Y p nWpQdG pGn dG
q n W r Kq Mn e pr n pd ,fEG ..k VZ
o rr n SGr
pIn FG g r Y pjG n n pFGO
r nfc.o nJ n pd mcn Qp r eo o Zh l pgGh p VG
dG nJM qGE h a o uan GC qfGE d o bCG
o ch .H Rp nr dG n u MCGh 15
ah ...n Qp GN r pe z mdh md pdCG { oo r jn e a no r jn r d gn r nf
pIjLn r pe `v p o Uo ou n n oG ch , ppJdG S
o n L qQn LhRr e o `qJCG fCG
: pr Y
o Or On n an z ! n ar q Tn r d ,PSCG j he { : pn pr q dpH QOn H z GgCG{
.o br u UCn G r q p ndh zHf { pIn FpH
o r ao qfCG n NCa , z? dG AT rGE l r Nn { 20

o dG n p oW m b n r H dh .mHn YOo Oo q n eo qfGC t oXCG

o r co p nr sdG
n rpJ s M

o Lp ah
n paGoG n pe l Yn r en o n eh l jW l Lo Q n Nn Oh ,Ln hr Rn o r n n n a
n q bh pIn FpH o dG
q Cq g .zjdG
q p S oIOS{ : eo u n jo r pgpMn CH
qGC
o r cs C nJ qfC ,kndr Hn
o jr n nJQr Gh nar Zo EG
o rNn On h e
o rfPn C SGh
r .kjq pgn
o pr jo e EG oIdG
q sTo
r dn
s J pLp ho pHh o dG
q
n n rn fG q K ! w Lp n er C G
Y
o bq j
o pJdGh ,lIn peZ l Mn r an h nu n eo h nhQo u n eo h nt p o Uo .n dG
t 25
188

: QGN
Z GMCG
adCe

Ic : IeZ
c : HGh

YC
o G fCGh ,pH n Hn LEG o n SCr G pH
o LCG
o r c .. pnp SCr G n pe l pHGhh ,p fq dG
pIn r nG pjn Z Ln hr Rn
r fch .o r bn r pe `Hk Mp d
r o Mr GC r nd mQp W mn M
s Ko .pYn pSG Qn r b pan dG
u pLp GpH n p dG o phoJ p pr nG gn Mr hn n gr h
c ,in r o dG pfPo CG mr o pd Gk q L o o n SCr G r co GC rh .Cq gh F
o q dG qJG
.H qJG M zHf{ p o un eo o ndb e `ek r n SCr G r 30
- n r dG go Yp r n an ,zaGnG nIn r Sn { Ap Vr dG
q g n Sh
n
o r cs n nJh
.pr dG n eCG mIn gn o pH
o r pc eh.Op r oc - G
o Lp a q M o o Nr GC
o
ehp Yr EGp LQh
n q p o dG
o p r Ln r pe
t `nn rfa Am Yn n r H
o r n nfh
n go h .zp u dG p nr b n r en EG rNo { :p Fd
q
o bh .jq dG Gec
e
o r pcQn q K .pJOnc o en n nf p qdG n e kr pb `n r n er C an An bpUCG
o r Ln h 35
Op hMo r H EG Un hCr Gh .pIn pgdG p pQGT `rdq n nJh o nJQn q S m jU
gpQGrfGC s co qGC
o rMn h ps dG
q pH e
o Hr n n br G .`Mk U pr u dGh pIn Mp GdG
.ppfLCG n e l q S q eh ,pddG
q s n n Hr Gh LhR
o r Lan
o rNn O .lIAn eo
,pdG
q p n dH
s npnJr eo gh YEG p LpQ r pe qfGC Ln hRr rJNCG
pdq dGp jq CG h .pspd er GC
o r q`a
n ..kq p o Uo njOMCG e Gho r jo CG s Ho h 40
pa oW ppSGr p Yn n n Yn `k`u V ch ,pr Hn n r Mn p Mu dG Oo GpTG s n n SGr
.zGgCG{ pIjH pn ren t pnJ JGApd
r n n UCr a ,n jFGq dG
: TqdG ALQ c V , Hf IFH Ra Y jM e
- z JMh HOCG Y IjL AGVCGh JGqce e U , {
( q H ) gn r Hn eh 151 : U , 1998 / hCG dG ,q dGh Lq d GgCG ce

189

: aGG
jo SG

mY Y
FbUCG re
AHOCG
GkAL : b

qdDG YCG
.Ue
q e bfh Jc Tqq dG ALQ

SQq d q SCG
.gOp SEG Yh Hf IFL Y ee SCG

``````````aCG
K VCG .G Gg H eh G qJh IFH RdG N b e : MGe K dG
j - 1
q
.MGG g o un oJ GMh
Gg n YGhO
jGH n FGb EG Lq dH q JCG - 2
o TCGh , Hf IFL e
n be dG
q
.bG
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n
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FbUCG e QhCG
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190

o ``````fCG
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o dG
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SQdGq ca
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n r d

191

x an o n ran

: `HGq dG Q`G

geh YCG

pp o Yo r pe pn Sp s dG pa n gr hn d pWp r en n s u n dG o n nMr Qp r nHr Tn QT CGn Hn 1

n n Yn r n rKGE p n pHneo z
r pcndG { p rbn pd z pn pfn sdG r jr nn rfn Op hr nCG { pbn r pa n en
pIOn n Yp pa k sXn eo nn Ta .kjp nW r o jn r nd n GP o nn Yn s p d .po Sr oCG p Tk r pb
...pLn t dGp r o pd mTn Qr hn kpeYn h ,mn n ren ma k pFHn hm pr en pa ek Op Nn hn , mp nW
Gk p Un GQk hr On iOs CG en n r Yp o Un r o dG o r `nJGhn s M ,t jo c p pr s dG n rMo s p d 5

r Vpn Yo dG z r o rdgo r odQr T{

n ps Mp n e
r pa n Qn Tn s oK ,ps Mp n G
r in Mr GE pa
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r pah ,Yk o Sr GoC
n p Hn Qr GnC
pbn r pa n en pIn p s oG pjn np dG EG n an Sn mrdnCGh mFn p p r pJ h n n Yn r n rKG p Yn pah
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r , zofQr nc{
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.zro
r pc{
m aCG n nKnnK HT Qn u n jo rGnC nYn z ro
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s f
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n dP nch .kn peUn

r fc n aCG snC jo Or o Sr oCG pa
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n Lp p r oG o Mn GnC o n nd nW r bn h ; HT n pH n s n nJ dG ps u n dG ps p r dG
s p r Uo An GQn hn 15
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o
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s
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n rpJ n peen p pr oG nYn n n n br Gh ,pVr
pa l Mp hh , l pdMn h l Yp Th
n
l s n eo h l r Uo n r an ,IOn u n n eo
n pfGn Ln hoP l Lo Qn o sfGE p {
hCr G l pdYn o sfGnC
n n pgjo rGnC o p n r jn n gr hn ,n penjo h
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192


n rpJh pQdG
s n GHh ,mIUn mIn r Sh
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Ql hO o s p dh ,p rp dG
n dP pa jv p fnK Qo hs dG nc ,p r r Vn Am GnMp r Ln hr n pHhn ,n n dG
s nK
n r dh .inC en p rfEH kIn Mh ,j
k Yn pIr dG
t EG kjW HT n eCG n n a
mGn pdN kYr CG o nd nhocr jn p Ss dG o ncr GnC r H ,
n n r jn rGC nhO HT o co r jn r en
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u o d k nbOn nh`
r Yp { p peaCG n r pe
nhO p VQCG
n o To
r nn VCr G x a n n r`na nc r n nd ... zjG o Yr nCG{hCG 30
.m cm r M r pe jn nn bp et nCJ nYp Ss dG
n pjnen
r n Mn h ,pd p Lp M

dM : a
Iq e

G MCG
z dG iU { q hdEG bG - ( q H )

SQdq SC
q G
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``````````aCG
J nn nM GMh K dG
bC
q j - 1
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q G .pqdG ppnrMQp HT H q e nMGe K Y dG
q
.fGY IMh q d VCGh , p MGG
m ueo m r en eh HU e q dG IM jGH e Y qdGq dG n FGdG hCG IMdG e UQCG - 2
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r n
n VC
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n pjnen
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193

o ``````fCG
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n J e Y Gqceo

o ``````SCG
jOSCG , q FS , ba , aCG , jJ : qdG e EG oGQdG g J - 1
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q
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H n n L
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194

p
Hq dG p SdG
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n
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m

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r s T
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r ```````n n `S p`u od dG n GP
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56 / 55 : U , 1987 , SqdG d

195

n H : OT
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:
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.zWCG

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FbUCG e QhCG
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o ``````fCG
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o
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196

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197

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10

: `HGq dG Q`G

geh YCG

pr oJ rnCG Y ppFdG in Mr GE p n e gn Ho GnC n sJG

n Mp kIp Un orco t GC fc 1
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n Gn rWnCG pHn Pn n n jn GnNn nCGh pr n dG n pe k rcQo mpdNn n Np nCG n en Io n n dG rn n rfGh

,nIn pgndG Ghr GnC Qn r s pe pMn sn dGh
n Mp sn dG ndGE p Ln n Nn s oK ,pIn pgndG Yn pjpnG
ppa npndh n TGp n pa ndGE p oIn n dG phn nCGh .nn p n dG n n jpnG n o nd nop jn Ap nDo gn n n n an 5
mr Nn n hs GnC o p n r nJh .n n Ur hn
r n p Sn psdG Qn n dG
t o u n jo n odnNn h n n nJ rGnC nhOo
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s Gngn pa n pan n dG sEGp ...pr n dG po No r pe
n Sp GrC Qn pah pIn pgndG ndGE p oIn n dG o paon J ...kbGn Tr GE p o rn fGnC h k n rW o n Lr GnC n r dG
t sGE p h
...pen BGh Qp n dGh
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k nMr Qp
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r nNn On pIn pgndG ndGE p m orco u GoC p Uo ho n Mn h 10
pa ppH
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pGn r Gh
p pQp n s dG r pe o ndnNp o r nfn n Nr G en p np dG Gnn pd o n r nJ n s p ndh .ppMp
p n ndG nYn p r dGh
s p jp sdG pnnG nYn Hn Qr t dGh pIn nGhp r n dG pGn rdGnC h
pa m orco u GoC s Sp sEGp .mQn cr EGp h Qm Gn Ur EGp h Am nhn pa o nd p rn dGh p n n dG p jpr nJh
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o n jo Op o dG
t pah Qp Gn r pSr p G 15
s dG n pgh -n rp nf pp rnJ ndGE p n GnP n pH Gn Mn r bn h .onUp nCG o n pgnr Gh t p rp dG
nYn
r n nYn s oK n s rp fn p dGp p rs dpH
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r An n an ...u n dG pGn r pe pa
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,n pH S
o n Mr Ep G Gngn p Sot dG pa n bhn Pr EGp h .pIOn GQn Ep G pIos pH gn o p or J Pr GE p n oo dG
n en nCG o op J n sfGE p ,
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198

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ndGE p n nUo
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n op J rGnC
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p rnf pah u n dG pGn t dG Qp Gn r pSGr pa l n pb n nd m n Up nYn o p n r nJ k Sn Qn r en
r pe m nJhn u co nn an .s p n or G s nG n jp rs dG gn nYr GnC s pe pt n s dGp Yn lIn p Hn pbr dGn
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o p r jn n pJn o r Mo Qp nJhr GnC
p eo n sfGnC
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s Gnn pH GnPEp an pn s dG nYn l nT
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: pnj
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``````````aCG
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199

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SqdG gKCG

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200

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201

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? bq UCG jZ eCG ? ehQh Wb H
q Y d : YH
u n pd Wb qg ehQ hZ SgQH CGH `qh .kYn r N
o IgG J fc : M
SgQH qJa ehQ MGS EG q HM S jYh Fe Y GFb Hh gQRr CG
jQdG fcG o N
n r nJ fc dG IjG J U
n r U
n s pe e
? ehQ
r a GPa : YH
e qfh SgQH G e oQf cJ H cS ru noJ : H e
.me nIq Y fr p N
n CG EG q dG
r pe q Ff fOo GLCG On p rWoCG CG EG fq V QJ je s c Qo RGDoJ ehQ
r
n n UC
r Gh : M
.nq U VGQCG L
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.pq SdGh
FGdG ehQ p` seo Y J l eCG J : M
q
p l dH l b lGMCG : jjg
.n dG
r jn d n nU
n g dGh .UdG d S qc gOo u oJ ehQ q d dH b GMCG : M
n VdG n HdG d On u n opd Gq nH LoJ Se p`nj Yh GH fUoJ
mjq p
r H mjq Q mSQe o hCq Gh p dG oIOn S f .jn Ueo nf CG : M
... dG
214

.p
r dG nIOS oc r `ob H , p dG oIOn S f : M j r o nJ : He
S Fe N Y jj e jdG eCH rMCG b zT{ qC : M
EG IYdG
q NdG nIYCG Wb e fCH r oJgT bh fCH f d gqS
...VdG AdG
? pZ
o S eh ! VZ AS : jjg
...QdGh GGh Gh odGh p `nfs dH l n snoe nWb VQC
o G : He

t M
o h o G ocrdCG p dG pL dN
o c dG
n dG
u g n W : M
GOe cY
Ao b G
u
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o r G Qp s n oJ r CG ... dG
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o jdG iOq CGh IXeh Tf H
.pr sdG o fdG o dG fch ,e h OYh LQ e IdG n SQEG r o r SJ
n q p d
? On n nG aQ `qfEG d b e : SL
YCG , On G dW djEG e M NCG z Le { n pb q r o np f g : YH
pGOp dH GA c VQCG Y dCG q ec Y n gn r Hn h M GQfH
HUCGh ehQ L IOb YCG e `L
Yn fG dG pGgn o
o
r Gh p pJGGh
p
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? Le NCG Y r co Ot Q c e q K : M
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ehQ qd .pp pbe
r rpe fpc ehQ nQof CG Y fhe pe za{ e or nd H
o G UCa ,q ffdG
n H pdG Qn f
r TCG hdG V FGh FSdG n YR
p GO mGQK q j a
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r n na ehQ r qnn SG
r mq p N
,eOb dL YNEG EG a n G pHn Q J ehQ fc : He
.LdG fc h fQjO p r Yo gGO qM a rS iS p r nJ PEG
r q a
n er p go fCG .
n fCG nJQr On CG M f g e f dG o VdG : SL
n aO
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p : M
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p r an h feh cG eR Qp NG ogQ Qn fG CG qY b WdG
Y pV
215

e eeCG d rCG L pnN

n FdG NOCG GPEG kn en bCG j fCG c , hdG
q
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.q fGh q J n Lh

o
l e m r T u opd : jjg
mY hx o Yn e qd IMdG jdG qCG GdG g nN or qJh ... : M
MdG dH GQT j hdG VQCG Y o da , VQCG EG G Ge o r nf g
sEG .adG YT e ibCG kIOn Yn g dG dG YT Y mqde m L mHh

o W ehQ
n GHCG
o cQOCG h djEG VGQCG EG H aO dG g G H YbG
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! Ye Wb EG bCa dG H T
n OhR
q n qfCG s Ho : jjg
Y JH qJCG r a , IHGh HdG Y n u Yn oCG CG hG qY c ... : M
T e VhJCG CG dG QGbCG AT d .fEH CGj e qe fC uG
qaCG ehQ QGSCG Y fCGh jdG VG oc eH Wb ne nn VC
j dG GQCG Ea d b eCG r uSCG CG e ZdHh .baQ eh e
dG M e cCG JJ HG dBH IG IdG g jCGQ bh ehQ
.bGMEGh geJh fJ je g OOJ PEG
jOG qM d ,djEG EG fSEG e H eQ dG QdG f : jjg
HGdG H
d iL
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q SQ
n q dG f GPEG dGh .... : M
e CG dP Wb n NEG hSh , iNCG Ie ehQ tG j a iNCG
, GH e t V
n q e Y d GhdG e je EG M ODj IG G
LdG Ggh dG H .SdG

q
s M
o ddG f j GQfG
n J CG c
.dG Y GOk hP
r L d s
n n nf rEG T V IjL e JQ ehQ S
CG dP n J qEa fOH M Y pY
n SCo G n Sp r oJ CG ehd Qn u bo rEGh
eCG ,jdG iG Gg .pdPJ o f qfEG H fhY
q EG G RfG Y `nroJ
dP .sbe eCG gQfa eN L e e ehQ qJ GPEa dG iG
Jh
o `q HG odN n AJ CG
o n rJ HJ N d j EG dhdG CG
n
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o S g dG pn s dG bWEG
w pr ne gh fU g j GQfH `V
n r nj jjg ( qpd ) : Yj
GOk hnd GhY
q a ij Gj eh c .Wh p
n pepgG e cCG pceh pp pd
.ehdG FGYCG e cCG
216

X On dG t
o jn h n bn p r s dG o j fEG ,H H qJG e `Yr O : M
AYCG H L
q Cj CGH SG qCG iQCG c ...ehdG dEG j e Ggh ...N
ObH Vq d dG dG SQGf
q M dG EG n G aQCG Gdh ,G
n
.OdG
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: ````fCG
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n dSCG h q dG peY YGoJ Iq e IAGb dG
q
( q dG ,QNEG ,
q dG
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q
ne qjQGM e FeR e Qo NCG - 2
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H M
n hCr G c , jVG Qhj g h q M Lh n pee o u
n oJ IQU SQCG - 3
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t
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q M , q dGh
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dP YCG h , bY e q dG H e QGG N e q JCG h dG

CGbCG - 5
q
.q dG g d GQe
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AHh Y Gh WdG pr Ad oor pa Y j e M Y oMW SCG
.iNCG dG H H QJ

217

````dd ``f
q
qG M

: 2 O```Y

p onAGQh lSG ! qG pJ
w U pforo pH orLdG
n .pWSCH l T l
q pb nAGQh lL
o j
n o JCe e Qr nJ qa GPEG q Gh q fJ n qJ GPEG qdGh , jq RqdG Hh
in M
r EG e n pdho .mGQq b o S qfCG pdG Gg pcr nJ t dGh
u .Y eh VQCG
H
r MW
q pnG p UCG x fJ mCGh mq fhfCG x CG e z IhL { pIjH k S
n Sh
.neGodG pd`sMs dG p r nc pFqdG p pdG J EG Qo SCr G
p M n aa ?
? o Sr s dG n pd : p
u n n oc r L
n r ch nc e p Sr s dH ppr Yn p hCq G Y o o rdC Sn
o dG
q h ? o p r jn GP o nnG o Cjo a .pGDdG
t Gg p rp pd s
n en ? ppJM CGH eh
d n p N
o .An Gn dG qj c o qo j Al T g ? l r W g GP o r sdG h ? l
n T g GP
...prnG p sr dG rY npco qfCch
p
r Y o po a , k q p nf
r nfc GPEG q S pG
o U pjroJ Qp dG
u u ocn nc
n L
n hh
n .pdG
u u a r e z mMd { pn jdG p r n pH o n
r n a SCp GpH t o nj r b e to n an j
p GO ,pH r e dP EG
.pGrdCG nIn r Th pIQdG
t
s M
o a
r q Z Hk SCG ,L
n Qp Nh pIn SCr G n N
zx o
n b{ p cCG NCG e pGdCH rY nnWh pJBpH np nd e Ga , HCG o n n rne odhCs G
e nYr Sh
o .pq WdG mpn
n ren c e GJCG p nHn n jhJh pjdG pbH
p Hh
p gr t dGh p r G
l nn f unGh pr nG
n Hh .QMCG An Wh hG n r U
n o ro nf
r pdCG
peu CG EG n j pGG hCG p gr CG n pe lIn r pf
r fch .pSr s d o r sdG n s en dc .
l S
na .pjhsdGh Rp r sdGh p qdc pqjphn dG pYdG
u ne `kHhV k e nrWj h pdG
a t nG Hs Qn h .pan n N
r s dGh p Tr dG
n Op n en qa p UCGh Ou GnH q H o j l pJM
pns oG GQhCG pIH , p dG
u p gr CG pIOn Y Y ,k pgOn r eo v U `v M ch , pGdCG
n hP
r
ph tdG g t co

a ntojn
r Cq gh o SGM
s
r n s cn .
n n tdG e njh fGdG
n
.pj
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o ne mrLh Y orn nf

n pfoJ EG n NCGh NCG h o nSp r jo CG o Ho CG Qs bn s M pp o Yo e n Sn Op dG

q o or j On c eh
GQk hHo a n nb h n HSCG
r p cn k npFg k nM
r Qp
r nfa .pu L
n pIQn jppd
r en GO .n nW tHn p Hr G pnM
EG z S QH { EG z IQS { EG z JcL { e mGQM
n h ek GrbCG Rn L
r Gh GQk
o Ho h
p G Rp GWp h pn qdG p Xp ne rpe iCGQ oIn N
p dG ppH rSn Qn orMh .z Se {
Ap jRr CGh Qp r
n r H pQp GdG n pe
o
n r jn nc .o N
n hs On e Ap dGh
s p
r n dG pGrdCGh pGn nG pBr gh p Sq dG
218

p o o
dP e Cq Yh .Ap TCGh Ap M
r CG ps pgpH kIs M
n Hn On GORr G Op GVC
r G p jo Hh ,pGro dG
c
oc pr Y n q a
c h jQGn
n pfpH s M GNCGh .z pp n Sn
o s co { n g Qp n dG
t n pe jQGn
n
n
p p SudG pdpa EG Qju dG Sg re OdGh OdG : Am T
.pSqdG p ch Ap dG
s Ap Vh

o Qp r jo h pGOLnr G pGhP e
n pdCG e p r nHn o p n
r jn pG p Y o o Hn r oZ o r n n L
n h
.ppNG n pFbO pnfQn opH
ppJn pJSC
r s
n nJ rCG npnd eh , zfQc pn r e{ EG n n n fG zjq dG p N pSn Qn r en { r peh
`kjUh Gv pf d QUh p pFGnG sco ppbnt nd e a .obn Qp G oonpgr ne p Sr s dG uan
p Qen ppJMdr r e Vp

n n cn .z jQdG { po r ao p r Hn nfo jo Gfch r p Vp

o r jn
c , nc CG o co PCG r Yo nCG r { : a o GYr CG p
n en rCG n r Hn z QH jQe { o Po SCG Y
qa dEG pfG pr nd mjW n MC
n G N
s nn J sfEGh .udG Qn Kr K p n n dG
n c , jo
p BG
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r p SQr s dG n N
p Cd oj e ppbKhh
dch , pn r dG
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n q F
q N
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r n n pfdG
p : u FG p Sr s dG ofCT
.ljY
Ap r n dG o e l n r ndh psr dpH
n
w p rpa
w M
n e
n pfJ p j
r s d r ojn rh .u n dG pIn en eo n n nrfa pn pgr en r pe l pJM n pKhn
n GqPEG
,pnjG `knrne SG dU q phr G p snG e in ncr G .odG qEG CdG
q
pUC
CG n hMh
r n jhdGh Rn et dG o p n r jn na .pperbGC h ppjQ
n pYn GHn r pe j
n
n
m...nM u opH ppbRr p pd o
p
p
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t o So r jn h YdG
u
p GhCG m
p Unr d jQH
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n
n Qn h pKqdG p N
n r pe Y pen oG n pe n h
v
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fch .pspn dG pFGrLCG
o
p nG Qn GRh ,pp p nd e TYh

r go Qn pc l pJM
n M
n
n n n an .pIn r dG
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n
n n a zfeT{ pn j nc Am Tp
n GPh
p
loLQ Y nbn a
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o qdG p tdG Yh otdG rY p G
Ap Gn N
o r pe
o nr d { : a o Hn Yr EG n o rjn CG r p n r jn r nd s oK , mr U
n kjW o n M
n dr o `es Cj
p S n nJTr ao qCG o n TCr G q p ndh ,u dG Gg
r pe m Yr CG n L
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p
pqSo
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n
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n r bh pqjQdG ppeSQo
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r prp n pd nnq an .kn
n r eo p FSs dG Ao GUC
r G o r an Ghh n HSCG p n n dG iOn nJh
.mbGUh kIn eo mbYh
p p pHS EG On a

n pfJ EG o n pfqdG o q p nddG

o r nG o rJOs Qn h
r On c e h .pFHOn oCpH ppJU
p G{ o q Qo o n
.nXp GoG n p peSQ
q rpe nc sM zqjdG{ qh zpM
r J
219

o q p nWdG
n o an dG
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n nch ,
n pfpH o d m Vpr en n hCq G bCG 1948 pn Sn h
m pJM p nTp rpe dh , pjrsdG k an u nnoe oMsr dG pfc h .pG npe mjY oGU
n
l
n u n `eo o TCGh l peW lIOs M ooa .pr Y on r j e
n GqPEG nu G h o GYG
.pQfG pTh
n Y pr o dG n pe l Fg l bW .QYEc l b l cGO oGdCGh pGdc
p Ven Y o u n oJ p V
r dG
n Y QdG
q p Mc gpj
o MqdG g fc
h Ap dH
q dEG Moj , p GprdG fMCG oojW n g .gQo f dJ `kjb pIQn sr dG
.odj
An or on a e GHEG o TCG H
r NG h p fEG o r S m nJH qaa o rpSG ALh
L ku e , mfYEG h mr
n eo EG QJjQdG n pe meo EG mjq pjH n Hn GW EG
Y sXh .dSCG uoH oSo r nj .qjGh qp ndGh qFGh qpjs dG H HgPh
FGd Qa
q SdG
q , q YLG Jh
q
q KGMCH p bGdG nGoY o p rjn peGdG
EG n M
n Q h pp r Z e s T Vp
n Qe
n QTh .mjL e pJGd pfdG
n pfo d h IFdG
jeCG EG HhQhCG e n n L
r CG rft dG QGa , Im On u n eo q dhO mBr gn e mIYH GQk Gpe p QG
Oo j Om H uc eh.pnddG pr npd ooJe , on ne pua e oPh HdG EG dG neh
p r
o pH - S
k M
q ch .n rft dG na pFYph
n Yp r n j
r CG o jjo qfCc mjL x a Om GH
hCG mICg hCG md r pe z jq dG {
n r Hn d o p nJ , p Sr s dG pq pbr dG
s pdq dH- ? ICq dG
p Xp G pq dG n pe k r T
r SQ
n GPEG ITodG pn r nd z q fHdG {
n r Hn h m Ve
h j qdh , pjrsdH lnTh p r nGh p SpbG Y l bn Qp N lIQn r bo d .pqp sdG
.pIdG pq T
pGKC`s dG s co jo an cjo
q

: f
q dG
q
.ppSG n M
n Qp H pIn dG ps gn
o pfJ dEG r M
n hCr G p St dG n pe l nrp Sp n g
hCG p oG nhq p nj rpJM e sT npbGe nMq dG od rHCG lMr d
p GhQ ncj hCG r pJH nq j
p e r o nM
Y IOe m M hCG m r N hCG m L
p hQ
r gUGN Y IOhe jhGdGh
q o p bCG gOLCG Y IOhe o Qp G ShD
H o Sq dGh
n WSCGh m bGh H o VGa .
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r CG
p`nr dh pIOn o n
p Gh osr dGh mjh m
r G p VQr CG pnr cn mIn r Uh
o mIn r oM rpe lje l M
o n rnJ c LG qdGh dGh
fdGh fH qdG d ,
t
u p G p udG e Qp q dG
.phodG u en Y go rnJh pr dG
s o j
p
GPEa u n dGh u nG o paGd gn rL
r bn n M
n b pGt dG pd pM
n sr dG pHn r oJ Y r o go L
o h Ro o r nJ
e nAGOS Gq H opee Sp Qo .e nn rnj dG VQCc Iq Iq g
220

l pJM qj .uG q H Fa IN o p r oJ LGS e e Y HK q e

Y n TCG jjCG Qo u o
n J c o o jn r go Qo u
n o a MqdG p Sr Qn
n MqdG
n SCG
r p pgn GHn n q FpJ
n n a nsr dG e NCG c snG e NCG , pjq q dG pJYe
f , QdG H Y onJ e o n rHCG g zqfqdG{ g .ppgG p pfdG
q p tHn npH
G h G h SG H e f .ba q bGh GdCG h a Te
p r n o an G p U EG o r jn l Sr Qn .GHEGh
n r Yn .mq pgPp Qm U EG OLCG Qn e o L
nr j a ,pjq Op G pdrKGC h pSG pn p rZCG r e
o GOL
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r pe
p oG oWN
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p r nH np J
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o p pHdG pjr s dG
o Op GU
n Ol So oo dG h Qp go t dG p r cn r pe l en Qp U o L
p Hhn
p VQCG pnr d p VQr CG n pe
n pdW pq jQq dG pps gn nM
o qdG o go .kfM
r CG p rp
p l
.pndG o eBGh p eCG Qo GSCG r p pfYo h l n SGQ
n Yn r go On L
r CG t no J

:
q qdG
ppN
r H o Qn q U
n .o ofH : H khCq G o qdG h nGr Yo l n W m pJM Y G
mYn o
p G
r en ppJGq n en h pr o dG n e pWp pHh pQp gRr CGh pQp TCH mIOn u e jGhR eh p SGn
kaQ
t p nJ l q H Ao GU Ao GM Ao GN pGdCG e o jQZCG tco pq FG n pe
lIs n ne , p rn dG Ap gn rpe lMGh .pIG uopH l n nr oe l n paGO l npgGR o Xp ne .u p nG Ap dG
u
p
qdG H q pedG
a o pFnb , p rs dGh p r n d lIOn u
q hCG q odfCG
u c
n n eo
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n G

: q pJGqdG
e h oAbUCG e h o Lhq dG e l npec l Yn rne a d , pLdp
o H lodhn `nofqa
a ? ITodH a dBH q M dh pLdG o jJ Gq L
l Y h.r oJ
n S o rJn rZCG SfC
l G
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r CG t no J dG n dG nJn M
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l `fCGh fPCGh Y t`oan .pn s dG e l sdDeo l Y r Hn pdG

u n e kJTn o L
r dG
n
n r d
s oH h .pSq s dG oe gh prLdG
n o qjOa pNG h .pIQn dG
q tco h , lan h
p r T pedG pGqdG p Y G
k J
o n UC
r G n go ppbGnG
u CG h mICg pjs CG Y
n p r jn CG
p
p U
g r GC ? pH
lpar G ? l q Lnf .o f
n Qn s U
n Qo u
n jo e l pJM r p jn r GPEGh ...ppM
p GO Qm GM pr Tp f j qfGE ? o VGG o r n Yr CG GPEG
sJ x N
o nroJ p Sr s dG oIT
n
p d r
lpJM iCGQ dh .gpQGSCr G rpe n p N
n d oonJ .knjZ k dCG pM
o qdG ondN
o q a .o Aj GFM hCG oaq Cj Gv n eo hCG
o
q j k pgOn : s T mee `k pJM
p Gh gh o L
mIBGr p pH , j a , dP EG n Ss nn Jh .l M
r dG Oq n jh pMsr dG q H o peG
221

p EG j pM
p gqJG

n H
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n e SCG - 7
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222

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.
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q MCG

: dG jW
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. IQcG jQG e q Ya
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224


x T oIe

: eG QG

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o nr d
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n GHCG Lr hn
r n n an dG
pdGh
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r fc `n r en
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q
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r
o r Ln hhn par Gp n UGoC r Y
p jn pd JMp GYr CG n n Lr CG
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m n en o rn aGC , mGS
u S r pe s bn CG , zo jQc pSDs eo { `pd QU q M
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r nfc n Hs Qo H
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k
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m HJ
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n o r en
mgGTh
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225

1 QU : dEG nGB
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5
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15

20
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r SCs J
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n JGC
o r Up s oK. Am r H

r n
q J dG pCG nIQU a
o jr CGQ .r Rn r jo r nd dG p Hr G n nfen Mr GE
.ppen r Np
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(qH ) SQqdG

qdDG YCG
: e poodG npe jdG f , 1955 S dGe e q fJ q FGhQh Ubh
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SQdq SC
q G
.
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``````````aCG
p
o VCGh r JMh
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Y Oo r dG
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t
s b - 1
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226

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227

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l W Al nd qfEG ...`v fa `kfa nr Nh l N Qo r bn mpJGpH pq pFGpHG

nnG
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p , pfGrbCGp L
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n p n cr GC rGC lIQOnf l Un r o nd qfEGh .bapQ p H r pe Qn oG nocGC CG l Y

? o ooG o q n j r g , r dh .z dJ {
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o CGH
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p GVE `k pac c e
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25

30

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35

40

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, hCG MG z S { : f Fe
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qdDG YCG
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SQq d q SCG
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229

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n q JC G EG OYCG - 2
.
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q
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.q dG f
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FbUCG e QhCG
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231

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n d nGB 1
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n h K EG dG
q
q Y QGG c - 1
.fGY IMh u opd o VCGh
.hCG IMdG Oo dGh
q Qo GG n ndn nJ - 2
.Oo QdG
q Y c eh CG nWeo OQh e H n bdG SCG - CG
.o HG QS qdG u SGQq dG Qp G e pCG
n be q JCG -
. jr Qhn oG dM Uh n sXon G q
q q dG n FGdG fdG IMdG UQCG - 3
: q JCG h q dG pNGeo fdG IMdG fCG - 4
.e w c gj dG dSCG - CG
.QNH CG bEG Y c pIQr bo ie -
.dP q JCG .JZQ h c QaCG Y c OQd
q Nq J fdG IMdG Qn GG qJ - 5
: c QNG
q q dG n e x c b nIQu G n
n oG n q JC n pdq dG n hG CeCG - 6
HG M

CG M

.oq dG g H q Y n q G n G OQdG
q dEG f e h c db
q LCG - 7

FbUCG e QhCG
M pde EG
o n br nCG qoG SQe qCG o HG iCGQ
q j dG SQG g G SQe qCG CG ij
NG Gg e fCG .AGQRo dGh Ao Go dG e
H eAG q gCG M F b UCG e Qn hC
JGQNG j q e G Lj eh G
.qSGQq dG
234

o ``````fCG
n u M
EG Oo Yo nCG
n C zqbdGh OCG e j e .... ICLe o dG Gg c { : OQdG
q b fCG h dG
q

q dGh SG dSCG a SCGh c d Y ITe mn nWeo EG

s OdG G Gg
.SG q dG peYh

o ``````fCG
z... YfH l Me l cM CG Y
r q f{ - 1
z...kFp r e H CG d{
q z ... pbq dG h OCG n e j e n jZ eeo j ... { cM L
q hh IQhG q dG dM a QGG pqJ q UdG G g qCG MCG - CG
.QGG
.iNCG
n e SCG -
n Pp dG
q
pJGf hCG jQhn G pn nd Y o u oJ dG SG q dG peY jq QGG WG q J - 2
.SSG f ,
q dG f , SG f : e

SQdGq ca
? o sf GPe
prfEp G s na o sf ...Hn GOBGh pIG no oa o sf e r H ,gn Mh n nap G o sf qfEG
fppjC J r Y pGYEG s a ...pHpSGh
r p Ss dG n pe fp Z Qp aCG mYpo H p Nt dG s a ...pq dGh
s a ...Om s eo mbh Om s eo m Y Rp EG s a ...pboGh p p r H EGm n e hCr G mIp d VQe hCr G
.pr o dGh pG
r p r nfh pYdGh
q phsr dG
.Qc jh

235

mjps p
o H YC
n G rCG jQC
o G

: eG QG

eeh MCG

k n`un n eo pan r odG z`js Qn {

r qXh , pNdG
q pIn r u dG pn nMn EG t CG pOn Y 1
gpQr Un
r s Mn GC r bn h rp nf Y
r en
s J .Oo Gp rfG d s n n n pd , pn q dH
, r dEG p UdGo n en C G pn n a m ndY EG o o nJ
r nfc .mraQn h m YfG n Ln r en
pJG oNo nopaGjo Go n UCG s M pnq eo r go Qn n Uo
r n Sn Qn m UTCr G EG

n jq p dG o Lho d SfC
l G r go h ,Hn QbCGh Hn MCG GoJH .n en ncs jh 5
r pe nfopr jo .pndG pnMn h Qp o n dG n n Yn , GtMn n jr CG , nco r jn .Yo Wh
ch.gOp Lho r Yn Gk Hp r s d o pan r n an r pcn n nr a k n pLr GC nhRprjn h pdZCG
VQC
n G oC nnJ Oo J a , m `pJ r pe m rSn Y so nJ CH k FGO j o G
.n p nJ h n `Mr J q M r eH
fn Sr oa o p r oJ `pdN pn rYo EG On Yh
n dG pn Un hCr G Am hgo u o pH 10
.jn r gn h gOn TQEG GYo n SG n Hs Qo e o p r nJ l U l n nJD eo .n ndr Mn r o t no Jh
p ,r n r `Yn

r qX .pQsr pdGp Yp NOo

r ah
r n n rZCGh p jdG
s n nr a
r On s n nJ
,pMo G pIaq dG n pe , pdG pTo r pe dEG o o `nJp r n dGh pp dG
o GUCG
S
n r Yo Gg oj nr d
r Os h .nn So
n G n r nJ
r On c ? r en
o GUCG .me u co r pe
nn pH Oo hCG o TG
n n jn h Ao u dG Oo p rZn oJ .u Gp p Yn cn oJGUCG .u Gp 15
h dEG Oo o nJ a n Jn pd mjx Hn GC mIZ r nJ dr
r s n nJ .pn dG
s prZCpHh
.u dH o Lp G`on J
.o ujo p Np GO r pe `kJr Un o n nr J z`js Q{
r nUCr Gh
pd
n r dh ,pr en n b
o r Vo po p r jo r `gn h ? pYo GUp o ho jn e EG ? l jU 20
nHr CG Sh , n nddG Gg
o NO Mr h . mMCG nIYn eo
r oWCG r q d .jNBG p cYn Yn s nLr Qp Y k pbGh
? o sco An n dG Gg t p n jn o eCGp gn , pY psdpH ,jNCG .mjs o pH ,YC
n G rGC o jQCG .r n nf 236

: qe
.k
q M kje
J : J
: fj
fhQq jo
: dZCG
gOob
: nhRrjn
nprjo
FGO : jq HCG


n n r nJ `qfEG ...`opjoJ dG oIn pFGq dG po `jq Mo g r Hn ... lIq M prfGC - 25
.pn pdU ar nJ h .mQGSH `nJ CG po p r jo h pYp nGp Y
EG ,praCG EG o JCG .pbGdG Gg
n r d pdU s p d . l U Gg .Ol hr en dEG Sh lIOn Lo r en qfGC o nYr CG `n rfOo
Y
o n n dG G gh ? dEG o paGq dG e .n jNn BG 30
Ghr n Hn r n nd .r p pH jucn oJ .MhQo
n pdh .e
n n VG q dh ? dEG n Lq dG
n bo r Tn
r d .l jU d qfC - 35
dG n r Gp n pHr CG rGC
o rdhM
n
p
.
o rnahp ndn dH op jn
.kbo`r en
n q p oJ psfEG ...ppndr Yo Y l pJf Gg ponn a ... !
t oG .po n a
n op or J .n en e s co n r n pdm rn pH s nn J ...o p r jo h n nJM o u njo o qfGE - 40
.ndr Mn
r n s nnJh , mIn Np S mn n r b in Un Y pJrn nZ r pe
r nnr n SGr ...
r Y n n n dG pn e
n .nMn o r nG nIn paq dG o p n r jn
o n dG
s h k n pdN o an r odG pfc
, p sdG
t Y ,
r nn gn s oK , m oMo o nJ qfC cn ,Gv Ln r en n b
r s Ln h ,pL
.pYn nG u n en EG

Go`ndBG : Ghr nnH

: o pr jo
jo

jG `dG QGO - zX h G`dCG { : dG f eEG

99/95 U U

qdDG YCG
.z q CG { `n
s f fCG : dG f qeEG

SQdq SC
q G
r pe dP
o r L
n h e o q HCGh ,rf EG pdG
t EG LH a
o r n Tn dG pSoG H cPCG
.pet Cq dGh p cr s dG Y mIQn r bo
237

``````````aCG
K EG dG
p d GQe dP o p n YCG .q WdG QGG h Op r dG
b - 1
q
s
n H mM
n hG
n eo Y dG
q
.`kfGY mIn M
r hn u opd o VC
n Gh , GMh
.q dG OGf
r q e dG q
q q dG n FGdG hCG IMdG e e SCG - 2
p
.a p nddG dP n KCG Ro p Hr CGh js Q H o o
SCG - 3
r nJ dG p ndd fnu oG n UdG
p aQ n ge n q JC ndGM
Gg
n SCGh n pbGdG r
r CGh q dG n aCG hCG IMdG o q nJCG - 4
.aq dG
.e w co Y aGj dG bGh QGG W fdG IMdG Oq MCG - 5
.nbdG g o u n jo e SCG .jNBH q dG bY Y QGG c - 6
.n js p M
o zjs Qn { inJ c QGG N e q JCG - 7

FbUCG e QhCG
pp n
n pH zjq Q{ ppdG pdO n r M
n FbUCG e Qo hnJGC : z pYG u n en EG p s`dG
t Y zjq Q{
r nn gn {
.pIn r q dG

``````fC
o G
Y JYe `spe mMp Gh uco Qp hr On FbUCG nne oQha , pndr o dG EG krne jU Y o rnM
Qm GM e H QGO e a fCG Ia fCG .e efG

d```dG
238

o ``````SCG
: MCG e EG J
-1
l GQY dG
q
, jq M , q , Oq h , QqdG Y , G , ZCG e n n Yr nCG , q dG , dG , s oG , eCG , J
.
q G , aCG
.q HdG LfEG pdSG Y Qq JCGh , Se iNCG GQpH n
n r oG Gg ZCG
.JZQh gYeh q dG SMCG Y q WdG QGG j - 2

SQdGq ca
z ? n ndSn u dG g
o o rnJ r n pd { : dCa k dSQ
o o j Vr e n MCG
o dG iCGQ
z d { : LCa
z ? a
n r n cn GPe h { : d b
p J r { : LCG
z ! a e
n p Yr CG s M o r Hn rn

239

Qq G o f
Ap `q `````````dG
q pq `p dG n ar p `
r s dc
Ap G`r ``````````fCGh Qp eCG h pr dH
t
Ap GOr `s ````````````dG Ip s o dG Qp G`nb en
F`````````rfEG pnr dG n hQo
o jPCGh
Ap G`r ```````UCG
n `u `en rpH p`r jo
: Ap `````````````Hn u `opH eBG pr `Mn
Ap GRQCG
o `p ``````UGYn h SCn G o r en
Ap ````````q dG pIn dG n rpe on S
Ap ```````````n dGh
t p WCG nYn GVn h
````Fq dGp G p r n dH , .. p `r n dH

: eG QG

eeh MCG

Ap G```````Yr CGh Ap Gs dG n rZQ YC

o S 1
`k ```FRg ,oGp dG
q EG ofQr GC
iQn CG h
n ```dG s udG o eo Qr CG
`````pMr hhn pIG nSo UCr G
````dG u gEG pr d
s o UCGh 5
r Yn ```nr jn dG Qp n d o bCGh
````eOn n Ls Dn oG
n n qdG o p jo
qfE a ,
n ```r nn SG e OGDa r pgr a
``no dGh n dqdG irn dG
s
o p r jn
````````k pFGO o q n jo ,GQk q L
o jn h 10

Hq dG
q SdG HCG

233 ` 232 : U U . IG ZCG

1997 : fdG dG / d hH , q dGh Yd QOU QGO

pAq dG pq `pdG n ar pr u dc
240

: AqdG
q
ddG
qJCG : fQCG
EG
Y : QGb
: L
q D G
G
: AGRQCG
FG
: YGV
V
dG : Fq dG

qdDG YCG
.z dG { Ib fCG : Hq dG
q SdG HCG

SQq d q SCG
.M oWh Y H oJRr hh
r n L
n
n Gh e Y q CG

``````````aCG
, dP AV r JMh nIdG bC
q G .Qn n dG
n nWN q K f Y o Yp dG
q q - 1
.fGY mIMh u opd o VCGh
e q HCGh ,jdG G o n r Yn o Yp dG
q H Uh dG Qn n dG
t hCG IMdG n pe SCG - 2
.me e H MJ
.VJ qdG dG e YdG
q be Y q J qdG aCG SCG - 3
dP n q J dG n pfG q HCG .pYp dG
q pIOn GQEGh Qp n n dG pIos b
n H p Hq dG Y o fdG oIMdG peb - 4
.o Hq dG
, SCG u od m e Y HCG .KEG h q dG h eCG dSCG
n H Qn n n dG ppn nWeo o Yp dG
q hGQ - 5
:
n q dG hG Gk p n r eo OaCG dG G cPCGh
On oG G

SCG
eCG
qdG
KEG

nfEG o Lp Gjo e dJ q dGhp r dG n q gCG d o Yp dG

q SQ dG IG IQU r pe q JCG - 6
.mY e

FbUCG e QhCG
dG QhO RHCGh G MCG qqdGh qdG e qe qdG eGdG Y FbUCG q MCG
.dP qdGh
241

o ``````fCG
qdG G Y q j e c q d fCGh ,(Qq G ,OGDdG ,IG ,q dG) :dq dG dG fCG
.
q q dG H e H q J

``````SC
G
o
z ? Ap r sdG n r dG
s NC
n G n n an { z n Y { dCG hO
r poa , z Y { q G H
r `npSo q eSG z e { qCG oMp CG
? n `s `M / ? n `Y / ? n `a / ? n `pH : q L H
r pSo GPEG z n {
o n oJ SG SG z e{ qCH MCG ? s `Yn / ? s `pe /

SQdGq ca
:jOCG b
Gg kfqa UCG b osfCH S
n rMEG oj k T ...on rMhn e k T nu oj rCG oj fEG tc
qdG g SME
G Ga ...kIT nQr j hCr G kuW kZp Q n pj hCr G nSj
o
o hCr G n qnj hCr G noj rCc ,G
.pIH o pr nj
r oojh w M osfCH Qp dH
t ooD

242

VG
k Yp odeBG
r fc

: eG QG

eeh MCG

k Sn a
r p r jn .kIYn kIjn h kIq eo kIrMo jQH
n n dG oIM
r nfc 1
r nd ep dG
s Vpn Qh prdG pMn GQhp s dG pn r pf r pe a n GP q dh ,k Yn On h
n s en n n n Mr G o s dh ,kbs T o js Op G oJM
r nfc .tbn o n r `jn r ndh o r bn r pe rap r jn
o an r jn c , zpfndG{ n e mFnKK Ro hn j o o sJeo r oj r .Vpk Q h mYT
mIn u pd Gk Lr CG pot dG
n pf o ar jn ch pHGTh peWh pnr n pd `k K r ooK 5
p r r jn nnch .pjQq dG ShQ
n Oo a n n r n pd z pHQdG
t {EG o o n nr J
r nfc
.pq edG pJLM r pe Vp
o r jn e Y o r ep n p r o d psJeo n nr a
EG qEG p H e o o r jn jQ
n H pJ M r pe hCG n dG
q n n rfGC h
Op MBGp jq CG Mp GdG
q n pe mn Mp V EG n n Nn qfGC tb r co r jn rh ,zpHQdG{
t
p
m
p jq GC n r H o n rjn c qfEGh .z Jq
u dG u G { Gn bn e Ir b EG
n nn NG hCG 10
An rfGC o n r jn nch .ppan r oZ o sco n r n dG rp nf EG nNn Hs Qh.o bo Qp jo pMGs dG
nc q d .dEG r YRf Hq Q n
o f
r fch , p sdGh SG ppgeh p pQnG
.Vn u dGh pYn dG EG gOt o jn
oM EG n Mh
n gn r j CG o jn gh dP p r nZ EG o dG
q
n r cn h
p Sq dG n pe n Z
n unjo CG o jjo h ppn aGeo EG n Z n Yo r j CG o jn h o jjo 15
dP p S o p n r jh pr H `k n r eo rn f in jn nch ? pn an Geo An Yn
o t n kpeT `ev Y n dG o r Yn c ....inPCG n pe `kfoah ps G
n n pe `kfGrdGC

n p dG
s n jo rGC o n rjn h Am T u co r pe p n jn nc a .d ek hod Ap TCG u TCG
.Y n TEG hCG d An Ku dG hCG e
pIn s n oG pjq Op G pIG g `Hk p neo n hCq G en Y dG TY dch ... 20
H t o jn c q dh ,
n pdP p ndCG
n r Hn o j c Hq Qh .Mp Gnf p L r pe
odbEG dP Y jq n jo nc . kb qGE a o uj h n Y
o p jn k jS Gv en
o n r jn n Nn GC r bn qfC H Qo Th a n t dGh H n pfG S
o Mr GE h p SQr s dG Y
o p jn a prdGh pOCGhp jQq dG
n o c oCGjh m r Yo h ms n en p r nZ n s rp fn n dG
c e Y nna , `ev J `Yk p fG dd n fG b , Ak Y h Gk r Ln p r a 25
243

aQ : S
WG : YO
: HQdG
t
e L
jQH

: Jq
q dG qG
jQH qM
IH Q e
Je
JSDq eh
.qeG

k`J : GkrnL

Ak Gn p`rdGh Gk r nJ s bCG o q dG oJM r onJ h .Gk Y c e d n o jn h k r U

zHQdG
t { p jQs dGh pOCGp ShQOo EG
o p n r jn r njn r nan , pjq OG pJM r pe
n j c ojo h o n r jn qfGC h d n u g b r oj r qfGC
s Mn GC q M
o hCq Gh .Hn SCr G d n p u jn CG n r jn a ,VG
k Yp odeBG
r nfch .noJh n n r oJ CG
Gg o Sh .pn peG nroJ dGp ShQt dGp r pd f
n s p jo CG pSCG g 30
np jo nt rp fndG o es dG nc en m p r eo mbr h p rn bCG CGn r jn CG Op GYr EG
ihCn G GPEG jv p nfK GkpJ nj CG r pe rPEG w Ho d
n r a .pSp Qr O n G udG n GYr C G
.zHQdG{
q p ShQOo EG
n nn Nr G GPEG v p peL k pdWh ppr Hn EG
e e n
n r n SGh
r pq fdG pjq nfdG p SpQGnG p en fr Hn nf e n n SCr G en h
pUoG gh n rn dGh aGGh n jQq dG o r pe S
n Qo r jn CG n en Rr CGh .dEG o r jn 35
m r Y uc dP Y n n `rbCG r b .pjMh p b pq HhQhCG pGOBG Y nIn Ln oG
mbh n SGh .Qn o dG h On Ot q dG
o r j m nJh
n r dG
t
o p r jn
peG EG o s n j dG o u dG oo r jn e uc Gg r pe n o r jn CG m b
ShQ
o Oo d
r en SGh .kSCp G njr Nn hOt o j r nd
n p n r oG qGC EG q p n reo
p
c rGC n r Hn h ...nq fdG
o Dho en Ro o n r jn c o n r j n n a zHQdG{
q 40
m M n r Hn Yk hs n eo On Gp SG en Gk pgeo pIG g p rKCH o n n jo dG
, o pjo h o p `r o a mbh EG mbh r pe d iAn Gn j nc dGp SCdG GHm Mh
.pen CG pGHr CG r pe
l H d n pao

: EG j
Y OOq j
: H SCG
FSh

: kQ dG
noG
kdP : njrnN
njT : kYhs noe
G

M W
hCG dG , 1992 / IgdG - GgCG SDq e , z jq CG {
gnH eh 437 : U

qdDG YCG
z G { f
q fCG : M W

SQdq SC
q G
.IOGQEG H
n n r oJ CG dG pdG cPCG - 1
. z n s U{
n pIQY pO n q JC G EG OYCG - 2
244

``````````aCG
.fGY IMh u od o VCGh , JMh EG dG
d GQe p q dG u Sh p q dG n q FK o YCG - 1
q
n bY e SCGh , dP Y n qdGq dG n FGdG hCG IMdG n pe
o SCG , p ct q dG Y Oo dG
q b - 2
.dH OQdG
q
p
: n q dG
q n LGh dG FGdG p Y ljM hCG IMdG - 3
n FGdG g
o u UCG - CG
q dG gn nKGC o u Hn CG -
.
s G pOGSG q dG OQdG
q cG c q HCG - 4
: pq dG n H o u n jo e q JC n pdq dG n hG CeCG - 5
q dG Rhd H
r eb qdG YCG HU e VYG e

q dG N

.pen CG EG p SCdG n pe o q dG pd
n pe SCG - 6
q c dG
u

FbUCG e QhCG
: OQdG
OQh
q o b
r dG
q
M FbUCG e QhCG .z pr H k e f
n ij ch {
LMG hP e WCG IYeo fpQhO
r
.e Gou
n o pd q UG

bYEG Rh SG oW

o ``````fCG
o cu QCGh .Op GSG n n M
r CG q SG CG H eG eCG gh dG a o q JCG k q Uh Ia fCG
.e qdG Ap YCG pbeh dG pjWh pp L
r h pb
n H Y Uh
245

o ``````SCG

o n n jo -1
n pJdGh On QdGh
q n q dG qCG pHdG g p FN r peh , pq pJGqdG pIn dG
u n pe dG
t
.l Mp Gh a
;dG
q eh dG e g e EG dGoG dG J -2
.jQcG G M dG qUCG -CG
.d Se iNCG H e qc ZCG -
,eRCG ,j ,eCG ,AdG ,SCdG ,YdG
q ,G ,CG ,j ,dG ,MG : g dGh
.qe ,j ,SG

SQdGq ca
Y n c dSH ) jq G eG n pe GQcq dH p n sd q J
x pe mdW o hCq G M W
zGq L qL{ M
o , 1914 e 5 AKqdG nj Y Mh ,( q G AdG HCG YdG
q
.fa EG mq SGQO mnr Hn dSQEH o eG JCach .

246

n n oWr o pH o oM
r GC

: eG QG

eeh MCG

o n rjn dG n n dGh Ao bQr Rn gAn Sn sGC

o ar n Yn .n Up n r Yn
o GC n bn h
o r p Sn 1
qGC h mMh mr Un p `gr CG Y t p oJ n ddG Ln GHr CG qGC h , l ch o n Nr GC a
n PBeh `Hk pb a qGC jC
k G
o CGbh
o r p S .Ao nMo h Ao Gn Sh
o no u nW Sf
n
Hp jo o sn oG o SG n`c r nch .n aGfh n FGMn h mIn p Yr CGh n eGL `jn Hh
.r jo pTCGh pGMr CGh po dH o n r oG o jQJh 5
m Sn an nIn r Un n p n Yr CGh pSodG p
n He n pnJQr GC rGC
o r oMn kb
o pc eY
h Sa
k
o p r jn m FHm M On s n eo
o c q d .dEG n fCGh m U On n SCr G
n jW h u dG n jW
o p r jn h pSr o dG p pHe Y n o r jn CG o j
On s n eo Y
r n p Hn EGh ,r dEG p UdGo n pe SC
r jCG dP e .dEG p dG
..p`nGh p r dG
s OhGoJm MCG 10
qEG o Ln oJ `qfGE o jo dG pVdG pn jGp Yn CGbCG
o r pcn q K
o Mr Qo h n ncr GC
sn J oIdG oIMdG n oWr bo h
o o cr GC h
o o cr GC
o CGHh .pghCr Ghp MCG
gGQCG .pp dGh phoG ppbCG An GQh meo h mL mH pLr nn c
An KCG Lh o n rnJ pGTCGh pjrcu dH nIn sn oG n jQ
t Mp CGh Ap GdG
t pFb
dG pnj sdG pndGh
s Qp dG
t p r H r peh ,po odG pIAGb Y HfG 15
.gQo u Mn GC
WH o Gh pNo r dG
q pgn en o Zp hGoC q K pdodG An GU o oHr CGh
p n p G op r jo dG o nG `qfC c s Y t p jo o Gjn pIdGh pIMdG

o rTn hCr G n ndW dG , pIQn GnGhp go s dGhp nnG p nr n r eo r pe op n r jn h pIdG

.a n n rZCG CG 20
p n r Hn o Cs G ,oIdG o G Wb eeCG o jn nJ mH r peh

n u dG Sf
o n ar GC .Ap s dG Lp GHC p tq dGh Ap q dG p FGM p nr pH o p n Hr CG ,Ap GdG
t
p
p
p
p
.Ao q dG Qo Mr CG H o r nJ OnJ dGp FpdGhp fGh an q dG h nH
go n bh , Qp q dG o aGq dG o q Hq dG o r T s p oJ CG o pgr jo h o p r jo r cn h
mHo h Qm obh n jOe h n QGTn Y p qdG pn gu n n oG per ndc o NCG 25
247

: aGf
Ae HU
J
MdG
q
FGGh
: n oG
AnG
jG
: V dG
G
qG

NOCG : oZp hCG

: nj n J
m n rn pH o n nJ
l pJ a
l gr Rn h

.oG h o Mo Gq dG h o r dG go o r jn h , o dGh
s o `dGh
s oIOdG
q go o rnJ
Go s n nJ h a GTY h goH Z `Sf
k GoC qGC o co Pr GC en n r Yp p rMo s Y t p jo h
o dG go Yp o S On MCGh An HCG qCH
l j qch ..gpQGrfGC h gpQpKh pJGr pH
p n dH n oMo h oM Gujo h n Wb EG Gop jn CG EG oIdG gOoJh
.a
..nn oWr o pH o oMr GC t XCGh

30

- he QdG Y .O
-2006 S , 574 OdG - z HdG {

57 / 56 : U

SQdq SC
q G
.a jj e RHCGh ,pJQn jH oorMCG dG po oG H
o co PCG
n

``````````aCG
EG dG
p d GQe dP o p YCG , po Yo e mn p eo n Mp G
u
n n n oWr bo Y Op Qp dG
q ojM nn bG - 1
.Se fGY mIMh u od o VC
n G h JGMh
p
: n UY
Y e hCG IMdG n n oWr bo oIQU
r fJ
q -2
mU e H rq e h n UdG
p
J SCG - CG
p
.pUGdG
pIQn dG
t J n nKCG RHCG -
qjo dG dG EG n WH p roG n e Op Qp dG
q p t
n Y n qdGq dG n FGdG fdG IMdG o U
o Qr CG - 3
.n roG dP
dG QhO
n p SC , dEG fG e h Oo Qp dG
q H oornj nc e nH fdG IMdG N e oQbCG - 4
.G
, p n p dG h p ooG n pe Y EG ddG IMdG o ooG
q -5
.dP Y s Gq dG n
n r oG
o p SCG - CG
.Op QdG
q IOS dG J Qn hO qHCG -
.dG a d
N e Oo u M
o j h Oo Qp dG
q H o o
r jn dG pn jG n pee dG
q
n CG - 6
248

FbUCG e QhCG
EG Gj CG EG oIdG gOoJh odG go Yp oS On MCGh nAHCG qCH lj qch {: Oo Qp dG
q j
.z a p dH n oM
o h oM Gujh n Wb
.H o o
r nf dG jG Ad H o dG Y
o j e M FbUCG e QhCG

o ``````fCG
.dP qYCGh , H o oMCG e a cPCG kIa fCG

``````SC
G
o
pGrMCGh podH on r oG o jQJh poHp roj osnoG o SG nnc rcn { :
q qdG AL -1
zpr oj pTCGh
.nn oWr bo p SH
r Op Qp dG
q pn nW pIq T Y qd G Gg rnp r oSG zrcn { qCG MCG -CG
.Iq dGh
q IdG Y QNEd H Sd odSG j zrcn {
DhqdG qgCG Y q CG fCGh IdG e Y e uco qYCGh ,GG dP Y L fCG -
.fEG EG qdH eCGh
,oj ,Hoj ,AGS ,M : SMCG e Y IqGh
q qdG IOQGdG GQdG npe -2
.dG
q ,IOdG
q ,j ,aCG ,HCG ,jcqdG ,GTCG , MC
q G
.q HdG LfEG p XJ Y Qq JCGh iNCG GO G Gg ZCG

SQq dG ca
( 1121 / 1061) : q FG qdG jq dG jq De YdG
q b
p neCG o or a dr
n rn dG nnVC
r G e obo Qr CG p `````````````````eBH r
n sdG ouYn CG

249

m`pcr H oo MC
r G
m Yn

: eG QG

eeh MCG

p J sfGE GQk Gpe n b Qp KBGp Yn pq dG n n r pe

r n nd .o So
o r n Nr G en n r Yp 1
EG rpe k nf kIa V
o u n jo n NBG mnf Qp pNH Y`rbEG nhndG n hM
n bn h r s pe l Mn GC r u jo r nd .p ejs dG pHn WQo h p VfCG p oSh
o p r nG p Wp en
qfGC nt jn tc .mpbGp Y Qp KBG n rYp
o r n NG qfGC t QGOEG qnpe jr jn n r Hn
.pdG
u p t n nJh pIen oG Y JQr bo
n prKoC u q dG pH r pe dP
o rn an 5
...n Mn hCr G Lp g r ojn r n u q dG q d .ek nJ p r eo Gofojn h
p pepH o nd o p n fCGh nbW s `oc d S
o u cn GC m Yn mpcr H o o`Mr GC
o c
, d n r Mn en po `odG n pe GnC n br CG rGC s Y nna .pjn Z n u MCG rGC EG n r eo
o p r oJ e
r ndhnn J qdG po dG u co Y n p sWCG rGC h
n p Yr C pq fo dG pn `rGp n jQJ
nns nJ n sfGE h v pW
n r nd zUn r pH{ pIn Hr Qn os Yo qGC k un `eo
o r co .mRoc r pe VQC
o G 10
.lIOn Lo r en
u o dGp r Gp jn H sGC h .phodG Op Gper G Y r a
n k r Tn
: n a Jn rpa r Y Qp KBG pn r en n jeo
o rKs Mn
o Lp r nJ kIQMn sGC po gr hn pd n `js Rn l pdM lIGC n er G pfCG , k nMp H pnr d pfCG .pn r n dG Y nBG pFdG pdG
n r lIOn Lo r en kfb n jYh mr Nn EG
: o o r LCa 15
e Op Lo ho r pe l n u n n eo fCG .o oMr GC h o gs nn JCG fCG Y o Yp jo r en EG rn an o `Mr GC fCGh .r Y on Hr CG
.ps dG
n jjoJ r gn ? lHn l er GnC p Rn G n r gn qGC
n u onJ CG ? mb Qm KBG r Y pnr d mjq p r Mn nIMn n n r nf CG 20
Am r Lo
o s dG jh .pjGp pcG n pe k pdN kfe
o Os M d .pQKBG Yn Qp oo d
p pGt dG o GcCG
p VQr CG Y pq p r n tdG pYr CGh Ip QGh
r Ss nJ ...
o C dG
s CGH .ppbnr G Gg mq pfH Qm KBG On Lh o jo m Tu Dn eo t GC n n rjn rGC nhOo pInG
p jo jqdGp q o dGp Sof
.mo TCG pHn QCG r pe n ncCG o r eo n r nG nUG
t pjn 25
250

: p ejsdG
: SO L
dG IG
: S
o u ` ncCG
NC
q G
p
: pq fdG pn `rG
Q gORG Ia
q h W b
814S e
. 146S EG
be : n UH
Wb
dO : m Tu Dn eo
eYh

r o gn Lp
o p nr J
o r dG
n fch
pjs ps dG p r n dG p pFnf Qp heo n rZQn mIos pH
Q Mo nr dh .n NB M r pe
p n n dG p Yn Go f r o n en o FGq dG
pIn Hr s dG os Yo EG .hCG p HSCG o e 30
oJ mdY Qm TCG r pe gs o No h
k Vn r Yo go L p q dG p
UH Wb QKBG
p o pdh p bQGp r dG
s p s TCp
m J jH Y Gho nYn n sco nMn r jn qfE a dP u co ZQh .gn Lho o u n oJp ju dG
o aC
u G eY q d .k jb n n n dG q jh ,mb mN pb hCG x n Mn Om Yn hCG 35
Qm Yo EG J r Hn t o jn dG p r n dG EG Oo o nJ p dG g s co qGC d
gqKCJ r pe
n q dG o hMCa ,s Y nop r jo h pMr EH nHo jo Y mINq C eo
.pjCG n pem j n qdV ho LGh qfCG h o jo kIOY Sr Mn qGC d o cu hD CGh
p o pH pGt dG n ar Q nUG
p jo h QGUEGh Opd nn r n an
o n nHn r nZh o jr
n nJh r Ta
JQMp o uaCG p r dG p n ren EG `nHr Ca fCG eq GC .pG pjq p nKCG p np dG p r n pd 40
p
o noGh o dG
o HdGh o q gdG Oo q dGh oIQGh
o Gq dG c .pq fdG
.pqdG n W ns n eo o n n dG

AG : q dG
YCG
OndG

dG , qd bT QGO - z qdG { : fTW O

( qH ) gnH eh 13 U , 1999 / hCG

qdDG YCG
e .bH 1941 nS dh .bfh qfqdG eH PSCGh Ue q fJ jOCG : fTW O
.zUG q fq dG OCG Me { , z fO { , z IG { , z aGf { : JqdDe

251

SQq d q SCG
.ZQ qYCGh , o n cCG
n M SQeC
n G CH MCG dG n G cPCG - 1
p J dG ps dG Qo NCGh , mc r pe o r pe s o TG eh ( c ) a fCGh G EG OYCG - 2

o So
.
u q dG
n Sp

``````````aCG
.fGY mIMh u od o VCGh mGMh nK dG
n bC
YCG - 1
q
u GQe HdG nf n dG
q
rsMG e H hCG IMdG QbCG .aGQ b QKBG Y qdG n nr pe IdG Qo NG Hb - 2
.QNG dP Y pr npd nhNBG H s MG eh gpQNH bEd oIdG H
p G Gg n e
o SCG z ....
n YC ... n p sWCG CGh ... CGbCG CG s Y na ...m Y mcH o oM
r CG
o r c { - 3
.p oM
o p pd oIdG H n nr J dG n FSdG
.Yp h bEG Y pIdG Qn GUEG Qp GG N e SCG - 4
aCG e dG EG SCG eh mU e neq dGh nG n q e e INCG IMdG o UQCG - 5
.nIdG pLGh dG pHdG
t n q JC
.Yn he o p r oJ gh oIdG H
r q dG n G SCG - 6

FbUCG e QhCG
. Y YJ HSCG
r qah h m rM
o e Yp he q dG oIdG pfG
. .mghCG EG eo MCG n J
q s M o or pa d j e M FbUCG e QhCG

``````fC
o G
e k sjOS kIa fCGh , on r H AL e EG dG
OQGdG TG QGG npe n Lp oG npfG qeCJCG
q
.QGG dEG BG e o u VC
n G SCG KK

``````SC
G
o
l t

n , QNG , J , bEG : dq dG
o dG dG
q
r OQh
.je q KK a e w e Qe g dG gn e mc s co qCG MCG - CG
q c Qe tTCG h ( , T , ) QL e n q G nIjG naCG SCG h G EG OYCG -
.e MGh
QOG J n MCG e IMGh s co `q VCG kn L
o fCG -
252

SQq dG ca
Io ndG
t pRn a r n d ... pI
r ndG
t h pnfQr CG pn S n jn Mp ...n ndG n L
n Pn dG
q n jG n J n hn Qr CG e
EG d nS rCG raY qfC ...pYn r dG
q p nG pe
r pnfQCG Y n pcM Ap ropH o ahG
Sr
o fCG r nrfG qM gn r nL rnH sfnCG ondG .n pdpe pndoe nYn Qp GUEG h p dpH qEG Rp dG
pgh a
o fQCG eq GC ...
r Ra q M
r n U
n hn n S
r UGh q d h ... t n r nJ oJcM
r Oc h
...n nfN qfC o W o r ndn Nn dd ,YJ rEG h q M RdG d o n j qdG H o r n M
n e qCG

253

l `r`M
o

r n `````p oG o nJr Mo o r udG n Nn On en n r Yp

`k ````````````eOp b pp rMo
n dG n n Hr CG
r Qn p`n ````````````````r eo p dbCG n Lp h
r Yn n ```````or G o Hn GHr CG o udG n sZ en n r Yp
k `````````````ncr en pp rMo
n r n dG n n Hr CG
r `n ```````````````````YpTCr G ppJn r Mo n pFSh
n
r `````n n r oG o n o Yr CG o udG
n n rZCG en n r Yp
kI`````````````r eo p rMo o s dG UCG
r ```````````````````````Hn n Y ppndo oW o jSh
r `np roG pn r td o udG n nr n SGr en n r Yp
khn r ````````````Ln pp rMo n qdG n n Hr CG
r ````````````````nbQn hn pFe
n dG iCGQh
r `n ``````p n eo p qdG o o CG
r nf en n r Yp
k `n ```````````Ler pp rMo o qdG UCG
r `n ```````n Hn oJOSphp qdG
r n Zh
r `n ```````````n `n dpH o dG `
n pfGC en n r Yp
`k ``````````````pFW pp rMo o s dG AL
r `n ````````````````p
r r eo o Hn n dG o r nJGC h
qdG q
Sq dG a Jh q d q fq dG cdG -z AG S {

48h 47 : U ,^2004 fJ hCG dG

254

: eG QG

eeh MCG
1

10

: In r oG
S
o n n dG
IdG
: r n p roG
edG
q

15
: `H
n pfCG
npdCG
: n n dG
dG

qdDG YCG
.qjdG JHH np Yo q HOCG bfh q eL PSCG . 1949 S GhdH dh q fJ YT : q dG q
.zAG S { GjOh zOdG d{ GjOh zG c AG c{ GjO : JqdDe e

SQq d q SCG
: `a IdG n pe hCq G G fCG - 1

x T m S u co Qq J dG n q dG q JCG - CG

q T S q c q dG On Y MCG -
: `d ec IdG fCG - 2
.S q c NBG GUCG HJ j dG dG
n p SCG - CG
.jEH
q jW n qCG -
.Hq dG
q SdG HC z Qq G f { Ib Y IdG g o q n jo e dP q c e SCG - 3

``````````aCG
.dG M QGWCG e GQW IMh qc q GMh EG IdG bC
q G-1
f eh dG aCG H Hj dG zeY{ dH mIAhe ncGJ oSG dG
JGJ - 2
q
.Y
: dP d ndG hG CeCG
Y f e

dG aCG

dbCG L h dG QHEG
....................................................................
....................................................................
...................................................................

IG NO
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................

G QhO d
q e Y CGW e SCG q K , G b QWEG q jo e e q c UQCG - 3
.n Nn BG EG m ndY e dG f
.o G qjo dG
n G e SCG h , e q c e ddG h dG jdG
q G q JCG - 4
: Hq dG Y e q c
o UdG b - 5
.HdG Gg ge SCG - CG
.G EG dG LM dP e q JCG -
255

FbUCG e QhCG
.
o eq b a gAn GQBG SCGh pJO FbUC TCGh ,Sq dH LC
q Gh IdG e k e QNCG

o ``````fCG
.cqdG fh RdG f a YGQCG ,IdG EG VCG NBG qjT e fCG

o ``````SCG
me Y q d q G ge Z GQdGh dG H dG n n or J
HdG{ ,zQe dbCG L{ , zOdG dG{ : YdG b e . dG
q IjL
... zG
.T eCG aYCG iNCG QTCG eh IdG g r pe SCG

SQdGq ca
pq G Z q dGh pq G ps dG H
n dG
o p J
n UCG GPEGp : Ap G MCG b
.pq dG EG mLM r J r
n fCa

256


o o sdG o
n rn n dG 10

: eG QG

eeh MCG

n r Hn k pfb n
o J ,pr n dG o u W jn sdG o L l n rn n Hn mIOn p n r eo mjMn nc 1
p rnpH
r qJ r bn h m U h .pYr CG peb
n H k Mpa o jn nJh pHGrJGC
An r g meH Ap n dG n r nf o hJ kIOn Qr h
r GC a r dGM
r nfh SCn GQ
r n aQ ,in s dG
e : kIn u n n eo
r dbh n Qn Rr C G gn rnK o dG pn n an .k pen eo en n j SCGQh
r Yn n n Hr G pn an ! Qp gRCG n r H een n Vn hCr G eh ! p Mjq dG
n H qM s bCG 5
n r nf en b n an Qr GC rGC o n SCG hp VQCGp Op CpH k p n reo YC
o G , kIn Un o n sdG
.Oo hQdGo o n r nJ n nrpep dG
q n r nf Lr hn n u Mn oCG hCG Ap dG
s pnbQp Rr G
: k Fb nJr Un
r n an Qn s oK k Hn p rn r eo
r s ga o n rn n n dG o r ndb e o dG pn p Sn
a , pp npp H k Hn r Yn pp VGH
o k nd po ar n Yn a ? n HG j pnd in Ln GPe
pfCG ... ? o nZQdG o n nn dG pnr Yn
r n nSn r GC o dG o penG prJn r n SGr 10
GPEa ,paG jn n dG n e pIpgdG pp nn dG An GQh e
n nr nJ h
n o rnJ e n jQr nJ
.o s dG o j
n M
n en J kIOQh po Lh pnJQn U
o rdq Hn h pn en b
o r an Q
...pSCGq dG pYn ar en pedG pIjen mIOn Qr hn EG pc u Mn : o dG pda
.peen h FZQ n r Uo r oj dP n r Hn H s o j n r en h
r p dh ,oIOu n n oG o gG o dG o `jq GC pn nW
o r Ln CG d o qdG pda 15
p f
p r pe pGrTn r on a
.
o Yp G pr n gn GO GnPGE
pdG n ho Yo
r n n ndh n jq p r dG
u n s p nG n pHUCG o n qdG ps eh
o r Yn An L s ndh .pMjq dGh Qp gRCG n nr a mn pdeo mn pgGR mIOQh EG m nr npH
r da
q

r bn n Hr Ca Op LdGo o pcGS
r Ln gh An GOr Sn m opH Ao ndG n s nnJ Qp q dG dP

dGQgRCG

dG IOQdG
257

: e
k pdn eo
: e e
Jen
: Y HG
JCfCG

NG : qJ

pa
s , p jq dG h Qp er CH
n Jn dGh n FGG
o Qp oJ
r n NCGh
r n Yn Qn h 20
o p n rnJ dG pIdG
q p Mjs dG Y qEG p r oJ h Qn gRr C G pbGh nZCG

r nf pUdG Qp heo n r Hh .pjnG Qp Gp pH ppn r oG p n dG Qp gRr CGh VQr CH

pb k Hp er CH
r fc dG nIOn Qr dG e mHn o r en Y
r GC nap
n n dG o ne
p r n nbG
j nr orfGh n req CJ : k nFb pJaQ
r Ofh .nbGQhCr G
r nr Hn h o n UdG
K k Yn S
r n en nJ mIOn Qr hn EG
r d
q n a o penG rJq nZ dG pn dG
n EG JH 25
.pnG EG
r nn g
o js GC n r n Sa
r CG :m unn eo mp
r H
r ndbh oIn n n r oG oIOn QdG pn n nJQG m Fn r Y
p n dG n e
YC
n G rCG er E H nc r d .pUYCGh pUG
o pFG ,
o pfdG
pnr G EG
n gn Pr GC h pLp oH Ao dG
u n o rjn q M pGt dH k n p n reo s co n nf
k Yn S
o r Yp r n nd ....s o ar n Yn e n r Z Op Lo dGo Qp GSCr G r pe
n p Yr CG CG n r b p n n dGh 30
nB G .pQt dG jn K
o r n ndh p KCG
n r gn
o r p Sh
n pnr dG EG
o r nfh pnp nnc
o nr dG n go Ggh ,a
o r pdho dG Op hr nG poG An GQhn pH l n pdY fCGh
o eo GC
.pInG n e

: q c nf
q rpe

GL N GL
,HGqdG dG - SOdG
q qG ,edG YCG
gnH eh 125 : U - 1997 / hH QOU QGO

qdDG YCG
d .( q jeCG Iq G jdH ) 1931 S qaJ h 1883 n n S n pdho
q d jOCG : GL N GL
,zhoG FGY{ : JqdDe rpe .dG EGh qeCdGh GqdG Y EG qJ qjT h qjf Hc
bhh zq dG{ nc qjfH nncn c ... zUGdG{ , zIOq `G GhQCG{ , zI`G
LCG{
q
.q HdG EG f

SQdq SC
q G
xH qG nG Oq MCGh , c rpe orpe qj e q JCG : ( W ) a fCGh G EG Oo `YCG
.e

``````````aCG
.mIMh u od fGY VCGh , dG IM QGWCG M
bC
n GM
n h K EG dG
q
q G-1
f EG g f eh U e OQdG
q dEG f e H HJ Y dG
o Uh b - 2
258

.IQU q c q e UQCG - CG
p VH J dG L dG
n SCG q JCG -
S Y jM dG Y OQdG
q jM e dG n FGdG fdG IMdG n e SCG - 3
.Sq dG e OGaCG H
.Mp o oW Y pr npdh dG KCq d rJYG dG n FSdG pn qdG W SQOCG - 4
.dG p od jk u
n UdG IQU
r qT c q HCG - 5
.bG Gg H
o q dG hJ - 6
r Qq H e SCG .dEG
r dBG e ZQ pb
r k e
u
.H peDoJ dG n dG INCG IMdG dG Weo e SCG - 7

FbUCG e QhCG
? W o f r CG n pg Qm hZ o nf CG : dG dEG dBG dG jq dG M FbUCG e QhCG

``````fC
o G
.pHn e rJSG e a d o co PCGh n dG a
o Wp NCG Ia fCG

``````SC
G
o
z ! Mjq dG H qM sbCG e { : dG
OQh - 1
q
z ! QgRCG nH ee nV
n hCr G e {
z nn ar nCG { Rh Y He `c + e : `H q HdG
q G qqdG qCG oMp CG
L / YT / dG W Y : e qJ Y qoJ L GG Gg Y fCG - 2
. b
q

SQq dG ca
Qr n nG
o ``nfh n oG
o r pcQ
r `p ````````n `or G pn sdG n s `oc h
p `n ````oG
n H p gr s dG n `Hn CG `
r p jn
259

: Hq dG
q SdG HCG YdG
q b
m```````jZ `dEG
o
r n W `e GPEG
p``````dG
u Qn `Yho
r q
n CG rh
p `G
p On U
o
t p jo r en h

c
o hOo

11

: eG QG

eeh MCG

sh zro fS{n pp pHJ p NOr E pH n en C a ,kJGUCr G p`naoZ r pe z

r c
o rhOo { n p Sn 1
: c hO n bh .
n dG nbr GC gn Mr hn n n UCr G
pr dGh
o q dG q Y o oj GPe s Ap n t dGh p Sr o dG o CGQ e ? pjn r n dG S
pq Sho
p dG Ap Mr E odo Hr GC dG pGOG hju Dn jo g ? JGQpfG h eGrbGE
,fS j Am T u opH r pNr GC ?
n pd qdG n pep Upbr Gh Ap n dG
t pIn Yn eo h 5
nr nJ n jdG Ao Gen oCG
n p ndhCG o en jo c rpeoJ h .pp r oGp OG pMGpH
.on nG o r Yn
.
n n en k jU ocCa Am T s co
n p r nJ rGC ,pu Sn j ,o joJ
n qfGC n pH .
n rn nJ qCG r Y r dh
.mjq p o pH r snnJ , GH n o Yp CG qfGE - 10
n Qp pYG Y np s eo `k jJ n G qGC ,Am T u co n b ,n nr nJ CG n r jn ,n p pKBeh
n pndHn p Uo pH `eq GC .`kfL
n Y t pbCG qfGC nhr n j r gh ! kf

l e q dh l To qfGE ndj nhNn BGh l jd lr en qfGE dj da

o
.ln u S a gAn GQBG qE am M u CG Y .mQGr pSH
Ap o dG s co h zQn r SEr G{h z n n r b { qE a ! pjndG p er CH Gg
n r d - 15
.pn Mp q dG H t n gr CG fCG Gpd .. pG
n n pe Gnr fY

ro fS eONh c hO

jq dG MGW
260

: rc
rhoO
o
,
q dG H
N hP
.eL
eON : HJ
. aGeh
SdG
: Aq dGh
nHQoG
. AadG
t

: b
ehQ QWGeEG
jQ dG
.dG
Fb : QSEG
c HQhQCG e
hG
,GQfGh
jQ dG
.dG

bdG pan p r e `k Zp GQ
n r co GPEGh ! nB G q M k T
n d r bo CG qfGE e
n d n phr n pd , go EG p er GC n Un hn bh , zr en S{ r pe mpdpH
n JBa
O c hO o SGr ah
r n p oW r b
n n s pb sGE n b r d .ppH nKq Mn
nho co jn pq p dG g h .fH fS ,SH
r pq p dG Ql cren fCGh ,fe 20
.ppd qdG GH
n JBS .pJGen eo
.pUq dG u co pan p pd l u n n eo qfC ,fS j ,pQhdG
t p jn Z ocCS Hv T nch o r Y nq n nJ dG
o pd qdG o n en h OY q K ,p G fS n n Nh
.hCG pLn Qs dG n pe Gk Np S Ap csdG Os M chp r Gp n nf pLr dGn
n Mp T
: n bh c hO n eCG r n cr Qo Y n cn Q
q n Nn On en r Yp 25
t dG
, p Hr CG pSodG n n TCr G
n p r Tn n u Mn GC CG o q dG
q jq GC r n SGr !
n Mp qdGh r o pe
n pHdG
q
: o o an r jn gh c hO b
?
r n p oW b JGen eo qGC l U CG S
n q dG p CSGr H ? o u dG
q jt CG `k U Gg nc rGE odC `n
r J hCn G - 30
pp dG Gg r pe p n t dG
o BG pdG
t EG
r dn nf oM n nfTp r Hn h p oJr o dG
.pq HhQo hCG ptdG p aq c EG n Lp r oJ dG
? pZ r pe n ncr GC pYr EH o pKC r jn Yr CG r pem n Yn t CG u S j r bo n
.pnG Ggn , mMp Ghm CGQ Y
u jo da
o
n p q eo o Z S
n s dG q GE n q pb Y o u n jo o Nn BG
o r n dGh , k pdY n r p Mn dG Ap Gn dGp Mp GW nIn en eo 35
n pe l nb qfGC
n r cG s K o n Hr Qn Mn p jr n sdG r n dG r G
n pjr P
!p rZCG
? kIjL k nMn r en nhp n j CG .. r p dh on r jn q dh ,Qn f n r d o onnr J
o udD oGh .. pH
o pdjo Qn r oG qGE ! nHn .. o p jn na pHn p d mIOq e Y 40
nr n Sn n qfGC Qo q n n j s pdG
n udD oG Gg qGC Y o pgGQCG : Fb fS o n nWa
pu `Sn qGC dh
r .o onr jn e n u of q M
l br h n p r jn r d ! pjr CG pao en g
! mIn jLn mIn en eo EG p jW nBG s ond pjCGQ EG n n n SGr
: Jh jJ , zc hO { : faS O e
aGq dG cCG
69 : U / 66 : U - 2004 jaCG - fJ , q d SGS QGO
261

: eS
e iMEG
. fSEG

j : opKCr nj

qdDG YCG
pIn rnpH oJM
r n qn JG . 1616h 1547 r n n S
n H TY
q SEG q Me Jch FGhQ : faS O e
.zc hO{ b
,ppJudDoe rX k qZ nQp n ca ,qqdGh GneoG
q UNh
q

SQq d q SCG
.dEG q T e q HCG h , oJr gT hCG oJCGb hCG o r p S dG pjG p HCG
n r H ocPCG - 1
.fe n q JC z dH { h z H { r c fCGh , p
n r oG EG Oo YCG - 2

``````````aCG
r JMh EG dG
d GQe dP o YCG ,mQG e e t c s e jq OS e dG
-1
q
q
.fGY IMh q d VCGh
p
.n n Xh e SCGh hCG IMdG e
fCG - 2
q OdG G gGM dG p UdG
hO q H jq dG ge ie q HCGh ,QGG Ve hCG IMdG e SCG -3
.c
q HCG ,f
o g j eh a Sq dG Gj e H HG Y c hO q H
o jq dG b - 4
: q dG hG dP
g gGj c JQU

SqdG gGj c c hO IQU

.c hO e jq dG Y q j e d qdG nWeo e SCG - 5

.mjs eo H EG c hO
q c INCG IMdG n e q JCG - 6
e SCGh , dP d gYG dG FSdGh c hO Y aGj dG dG H QbCG - 7
.nq dG g q e dP

FbUCG e QhCG
,M qdG GbCGh aCG QhO M , c hO b
q e bfG , FbUCG e QhCG
: JW HqdG g H GSG Y UMCGh

262

....d Lh jCGQ ....qCG Z ...r n nf .....db EG VCG .... ....GPEG ........eq CG -

o ``````fCG
Ve jCGQ AGHE
o Nq Jh , ddGh c hO n r Hn QGO dG QGG
o M f q JCG
.`v p M kH nj CG EG c hO a YOCG kIa cCG .QGG

``````SC
G
o
OQh - 1
nQpYG Y np soe kjJ nG qCG nr nJ CG j { : fS d Y dG
q
z`kfne
dGh ... dY nrp nM dG AGdG MGW nIeoe j
: d qdG d Y OQh c
q dG{
o
z ... rrG npjP b
q Y q j NBG
p qCG MCG
.HEG XH f Qn GG
z .... , qS j , o joJ qfCG { - CG - 2
z ... fS j QhdG
q jZ cCS {
z ... T n uMCG CG , oqdG
q qjCG , rSG {
qj bh , H
u Nn hCG pgfG u n pd , nWoG qdG EG J nI qG pGQdG qCG MCG
.U hCG SG p cr p pH dP
IHG IQhH YbE FbUCG n MCG a oWNCG GG Gg Y mWoe fCG -

SQq dG ca
p J mjZ p Z EG QS r en : qG HG jOCG b
.o o s e H n p n J rCG o To

263

: X```G
1:

OY dG
q

er CG r cn GnC ...n dG
u e IG e g On u M
n oCG CG
o r SG qfCG q g JM mIn rNo s gCG qCG YCG
,e rnf oQr s bn ... kpJc kjOCG ncCG CG Y nr n dG or sWh qM
u nfqdG p qdG Me kb
mIOn GQEG Y GQk Op U `vM nc GPEG , o jq CG o o
o J n sb ppe pCT ofEG o o p s j dG Qo GdG Ggh
.mEGh
``G ``aJ

2:

OY dG
q

`ol `M
o
r n p oG o nJ
r M
o o dG n Nn On eY
eOp b pp rM
o
n dG n
n Hr CG
r Qp
n `eo p dbCG n Lp h
r Yn n or G o Hn GHr CG o udG n qZ en Y
k cn r e pp rM
o
n dG n
n Hr CG
r Yn p TCr G ppJn
r M
o n pFSh
q dG `q

3:

OY dG
q

on r nJh p dGh pGp VG

r n oZ f Y o nu o an , nfc o o rnJ Ap dG
u n pe k L
n r en qCH kIC`
r a n n Tn
.pbEGh V
n u dG n To r n r Y
pu oG p nddG Gg Op ob e Qo q o S n M
r h
n dG qEG .p V n MGQ o p S , pdG pU , g
p n dH h p nH o r H nCn r jn r dh .a
o dG pen GO e , p npbn oG pjG pGQhCH h pUG
o jn qdG
.pUG n jW d t o n S dG n go pr nG Qn of qEG .Am T s `oc pp nJ dG g ghDo n r jn dG
jQOEG ``S
264

4:

OY dG
q

o ``````````do tdG
oI````````````````````````G M qfGE n d tdG
rI```````````````````````````````````ndG
t pnprLnCG nrH
p Hn m r n pH pa
r ``````````````````````````````````````n S
r ````````````````````````````````n pdM
n m rn pH n jOp Ghn
`n ``````````````````````````gpQ`o M
o hn n u M
o pfZnCG
`````````````````````````gpQ`ofhn pInnrdG p nrMnCpH

`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````n``M
r CG e ..pspd
hnD t `````````````````````````````````````````````dG p o r n c l r Yn
`````````````````````````````````````````````en h , rft dG EG ofr nJ
pGhn n ```````````````````````````````````````````````````Yn pa o np Jh
````````````````````````````````````````````````````rft ```dG n d
r s nZ
i`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````nr f rOn hs nCnan

qHdG
q SdG HCG

265

````q dCdG ```fCGG

dO M JGOe q UCGh eGh MCG Y q G G QG Uf e SCG -1
.q dG KCG ,q dG ,oG dG ,Zq dG : Y
q JC q dG hG CeCGh zc hO ,z jq H YCG rnCG jQCG { , zQNG{ Uf EG OYCG -2
: Uq dG g QGG q e EG
: QGG FXh
/ KCdG / bEG
/ qdH jqdG
jdG
q / QNEG

GTDq Gh dSCG
IVG jq dG

: QGG f
/ e / WH
Te
QNG
qjH YCG CG jQCG
c hO

q OdG dG Y q G dG q e H SCGh z M { h z Qq G f { r nJb EG OYCG -3

.H o MCG q Y o u n jo GQCG k e QG Uf e QNCG -4
cH MCG{ f
q MdGh z qjH YCG CG jQCG{ f
q z qjQ { qT H QbCG -5
.IdG H e q e n p SC zY
, zfEG j G{ , z
q T Ie{ : ddG QG Uf EG OYCG -6
p e SC , z qdG dG{ , zVG
.dG H dG n aCGh n G
k Yp odeBG
r fc{
m bCG qK , dGh G H qJ dG G e SCGh QG Uf CGbCG -7
.OdG q T Ad jq QhV gGQCG iNCG
gJ qN q dG Nq JCGh QG he Y ge FeR Y VYCG -8
.VdG FGOCG FV q YCGh FbUCG Me q JCGh YG fCG jdG
266

````dd ``f
q
pIG Ae
o
c ,e e q ch ,e Ae AT q c GH G Gg .M ee
o jCGQ
dhfh ,q HdG
q OGL X dGh MG q e bG .e IQd
q q dG
q q dG
: j gh jHEG
.IG Ae qfEG ,q H j N :dG
q Y dCG CG hO
o g
.IMGh aO L G
o ZaCGh ,jj e jHEG
o Nh .z!IG Ae{ : Ia ZeO
r bNGh
! GdN BG oa ,IG Ae oHT d : Ib
q e
q e q H
o U q dBG jHh
! Sq dG jq GC
q GE GhfoG SCG fCGh ,IG Ae GP ffEG qdG n MdG J kIMGh kIq e TCG cc j
CG H nJ CG g OLdG e YCG qCG nBG qM oMCG oc a ,dG
q Y f dCG CG
,
r o nJ n qfGC iJ h oJ
n fCGh n pb q c e nJ CG h ,GeCG OGY n qfGC n ef
n jCGQ b nJ
oJ fc qc Gg e Zs dG Y nofna qc qfCG Ia qCG qEG ,MCG VCG iS d o n jCGQ e qCGh
.IjdG dG
p bh G nf iJ CG YCG a BG qeCG
q j d Oq H c ch .AdG Y qY nr U

o dCG .WCGh LhR MH SG e

o J CG H ICa
o qcJh .jf e EG Gg M
,IMGh Ae Ib d JCG qfEG LhR S ?dG e ,ZQa c jHEG q d ,jHEG Y If
e L fhS .VG q e qfCH fh ed h ,AdG WCG o NCSh
g Y BGQ bh dGh e c a ,SCGQ Y oHVh ,odh ofG .GMh fcjh ,Z
: Fb IG Ae e NBG jHEG q b CG qEG G
.s n Ho j pJ : Uj OQCGh
Y H np roJ CG hM ,IMGh Ib e Y j h ,qjOY Ae d IG Ae qCG s H j r cPoG .Sq dG e OY cCG
qJ dG FQ d ,HQbCGh WCGh LhR n YCG CG q Y j qfCG eCG hCq G
o qa
267

jU e dG e d .j jHEGh dEG
s go nCG CG
o Qq a ,o QhO GRhe ,GSG hO gP
CG
o Qq b GNCGh .NBd Ak Gn pa hCq G q e
o S a bf YdG
q g q M dR e qfEG ? zQhO{
bG qdG SG FQ Y AG H QGb oqJG qK .IG Ap e e kIb kIb qc ro nYCG
GeCG S qfGC N q K ,z! fdG g fdG{ : j gh dG Y q d jq CG KK LCG q e
,QL SG
o qT c ,H q gdG dG j Hq d OG eCG CG m Sh m U Z

q EG L
q h d ,qj e Gg) jCG QhO jU n SG q K ,fd Wd ,dG d eR gh
. (! qcP ffEG od qd ,mngu nDoe
s d qEG :dH IjT fgEG
: Fb dGh pfQn q M jNBG ASCG eCG m SG eY o VCG
o c eYh
,jq dG
q U j AG Gg qEa IG Ae o n YCG qfEG :e d
n b GPEG j FGO Gg r cPoG .m hCG mId W ,n pb q c e Sq d IYG r u bn .
x OY Ae EG jh
q
! q H
,pIG Ap Ap G jHEG e GMh
o H .
n nZh ,q dG g dGh n s bn
qfC H J CG ?G e mfEG PfEG e aCG AT g g .OhGJ o G QaCG NCGh
p

o n jn e f e S PEG m
q Ca ?WdG
q e Ad
q k jW j nS
? On ooG njNBG
fG IG Ae o n YCG n qfEG d
n b EG n qfEG :hj e Y b ?dGh UhCG GPe !ke d
j H
n a GPe !SC j ,H GdN UCG qfCG MCG j d PEG Gg h .jq OY QUh AG
qdG fCG qfCG j h IG Ae FQ
o YCG GPEG ?t G e !?
q OdG AG CG IG Ae ?dGh
d qd ?qbCG Y Lhd On G ogn CG qd PEG .JOc je q S oqfEa Gk dN ooL
,mT MCG b d h ,IG Ae o YCG qdG fCG t XCGh ,kIdN o L qdG fCG qfCG jCG g
n J
!GHCG Gg j d
d ...gg hNBG h !dG Mh !dG Mh fCG h!IG A AG n jHEG
o HT qdG fCG
.MCG j d qdHh ,jdG e oU qfCG MCG j a ,e
GdN J CG b e x Y m Hh .M JOS Goaj CG j UTCG H g Y d
? GM J UTCG ADg jDhH SG e qJ GPEG
g Hc
o Qq b Gdh ,OH GMCG r pNr oCG EG IG QGSG SCG d qfCG
o cQOCG Gk NCGh
qdG IG Ae Y oS , Ic mo MCH SG oVhh ,Hc e oZa CG Hh ,dG
q
o j o o Hr p Tn qdG IG Ae NCG c ,nNGh o o c e t c V AG Hh .MC o YCG qCG
o Qq b
.HZ e oaCGh oNa ,q oa
268

Y YVG YdG
q
o U qEG OLH pfr p r jo h ,n ps To Y u n jo qdG h dG
q nc
! OooG Y eMCG iJ CG LCG e ,f .pdh qdG
.JLQhO J: G Jd b
q
qM Sj : LJ
1989 S .370 OY.qHdG q

: ```fCG
: a YGQCG GS n jY dG
qCG -1
q
.qKK H GP fCG dG dG
j CG -CG
q
.GMCG q gCG Y n p `Hr CG CG -
FQ VH RdG Y OQdG
q Y j GQGM fCGh ,dG FQ e dG bh OQdG
q q JCG -2
.FQ Oq Q Y j CG eh
bY fCGh
q qdG CGbCG . z m hCG mId W ,npb qc e Sqd IYG ru bn { CG b -3
.dGh H f Y ie q JC q dG
q q H OQdG
q
AG CG IG Ae ? dGh j H
n a GPe { : CG HLEG Y J CG e cCGh JBG CGbCG -4
q S o qfEa Gk dN o o L qdG fCG qfCG j h IG Ae FQ
o YCG GPEG ? t G e ! ?
q OdG
fCG qfCG jCG g nJ d qd ? qbCG Y Lhd On G ogn CG qd PEG .JOc je
. z! GHCG Gg j d ,T MCG b dh ,IG Ae o YCG qdG fCG t XCGh ,kIdN o L qdG
.q dG
e SCG -5
q dEG dBG e ae H M dG n FGdG dG
q

269

dG Sa
dG
q

qdD G

6
7
10
14

22
25
28
32
35
39
42
45
49
52
54
56
61
62
66

73
76
80
83
86
89
92
95
98

QG he
MG
1
jG dG ShY
2
jjBG fH
3
qdG
4
GeCG QT
5
dG
6
q dG
cJ
7
QdG
8
q Fq dG
jG
9
q CG
10
qj S
11
IG g QTCG
12
ATCG q J
13
XG
dCdG fCG
dd f
q
QG he
qjCG d HCG
1
LdG
2
dG
3
hdG Y
4
WdG
5
YdG jCG
6
e
7
UdG
8
IOQG
9
QdGh d
10
efJ
11
dG
12
q q V QO
270

dG : qdG QG

69

qH H M HCG
dG M
HdG SdG HCG
e q M
Y hGQH
Ve HCG jEG
GL gGHEG GL
e qM
e MdG Y
Ge N
hdG dN
zHdG{ q e

qJdG OdG QG

qjdGh
q jG : hCG QG

18

gW AH
QJ O
zHdG{ q e
"hg H GY
GL gGHEG GL
Y hGQH
KZQq dG gGHEG
FG Rf
jq N dG
qdGf eEG
f Fe
e MdG Y
dU q qdG

eq G

q q dG

102
104
105
108
117
119
122

129
132
135
139
142
145
149
153
156
159
161
162
168
169

176
179
182
185
188
192
195
198
202
206

271

geh YCG : HGdG QG

173

M W
YL H O
jY LGQ
gGHEG MGdG Y
dN MCG
jPH
TdG ALQ
G MCG
jN jdG
OGDa MCG f
qdGf eEG
ffCG Y be e

aqdGh aqdG : dqdG QG

125

eCG MCG
MG
zHdG{ q e
OG eS
ffCG Y be e
zHdG{ q e
zHdG{ q e
HG T
G aJ
jhQS dh
dG GVQ
QJ O

XG
q dCq dG fCG
1 OY dd f
q
2 OY dd f
q
QG he
SGdG aCG
1
dG
2
aqdG UY fJ
3
jG MdG
4
fdG
5
dG H MQ
6
AGdGh dG ZCG
7
GjEG SG KCG
8
eGO qM
9
dG
10
q
IGQG b
11
q dG dG
12
XG
dCdG fCG
dd f
q
QG he
G
1
hN HG
2
dG FGQ
3
fZ
4
QdGh
qjG AGf
5
q
aH
6
Hf IFL Y G j
7
q a a
8
HdG SdG HCG
9
c q CG
10
QGUEG jM
11
q hCG H
12

209
210
212
218
224
225

232
236
240
243
247
250
254
257
260
264
266
267

272

eeh MCG : eGG QG

228

dG VQ
f F

qdGf eEG
HdG SdGHCG
M W
zHdG{ q e
fTW O
dG
GL N GL
faS O e

XG
qdCqdG fCG
1 OY dd f
q
2 OY dd f
q
QG he
T Ie
1
fEG j G
2
QNG
3
jq H YCG CG jQCG
4
QG f
5
VGY deBG fc
6
WH MCG
7
Y cH MCG
8
M
9
dG dG
10
c hO
11
XG
dCdG fCG
dd f
q