INS MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY FIELDS AND WAVES IN COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS THIRD EDITION SIMON RAMO TRW Inc. JOHN R. WHINNERY University of California, Berkeley THEODORE VAN DUZER University of California, Berkeley JOHN WILEY New York Chichester SONS, INC. risbane Toronto Singapore(Copyright © 1994 by Jon Wiley & Sons, In ‘This materi may be reproduced fr testing ‘aseuctonal proses by people wing the tet. ISBN 0-471.90863 Prine the United States of America 1098765432120 July 1994 FIELDS AND WAVES IN COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS Page No. 39 109 155 207 265 327 329 Errata S. Ramo, J.R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer in the First Printing of the Third Edition Change In Fig. 1.14c, coordinate z should be y In Sth line of Prob. 2.24, change x to 2 in next to last line Numbers after (77K) in the first line of Table 3.17 should read: 8.2 x 10 = j20 x 1071 250 x 109 40 x 10-2572 In Eq, (7), right side should be 1.923 © In second term of Eq.(5) should be I' , not I” In end of line above (2) add “with ry = (ASi!-a)!2 " and change upper limit on second integral in (2) t0 ro Equation in 4th line should be C= eA/ ea2M(al2) = Bea In Sth and 6th lines from bottom, F/m should be pF/m In footnote, Schnitzinger should be Shinzinger Label on abscissa of Fig. 8.6¢ should be widCHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CONTENTS: 39 53 67 4 12 133, 135 165 183 197 218 237CHAPTERS co Fe eRe + Sec tTaeRTOT = @ 4 10% newtons GDF Wn eau unite le (4x ONO = 4410" ayes f= GR me gg = {Gear ae 10% = 5x10 statcoulomes ae 1-2 Electrostatic force | 4 = GRerT Gravitational focce : fy = € 5 ongle of separation of pith walle ize Fix force applied by torque in filament = Ca where 6 is ange set at top of Blament and ¢ is a emetant 4 + force component along line betnveen pith ball = cn conde 50 ar eink Measurement [<< z = be [se [eae | oso 3 _[sis2 [es|sts | ote: He werse equare lan: CB). = Ga = (BRI = 2.42 eos ey tb Gee cai a SES cone @ then, (BL. = (B80 (Bees BES = ete 20 tat A= Der wae AC cach pont (xy), conobusr a Held vector from to songenents, each radially outnard fiom the charges, Relate lenge of components are propertional to square of mio oF distances from (4,4) to te charges, Orly necessary &@ show one quadrant Others faion om au. ‘. Teer sel oieSittaee oka fe Gear = otal, rte te By egmetry, 8-48 = ChOa -de--k —r Gams Lank satcfied 4tsb x Perko integrations in Ea V8Cs) for square prism 5 peal]; B= ta pO yw ag ame oC ae) Les tu aynmery; be Bia ~ 90 [0 Dr 0m 0 ax Using = FSP ond cose = 5 Goa OEE MGB = 2h Bhyax = tp (oh) Se Japave RAI OB Bitte wedi lo Bee Bb] petote+ Bs) bse RB = AB + AgGg Abe 7g B-Re eA + tage tem J” - iv RBS ¥E = (AR 4 hyd THE + RT BG TEETER + Cal + COE = [imeBey ee + [ihy #806338 + Lede te) #00) 8 = Tan sOereoS8 + [Ag+ (Oyeca§ + Lhe + Be +0018 (had + hgh + MB) + [COeo0F + (OGFCS + COu+C0ET K+@+8) fin R(BSE) = Ae CBesead + AylOy rEg) + AaCBe 00) (hee + hag + AeBe) * (AGES + Ayly + Aneed RBARE vse R= Il Coos a? + coop. § + USE) B > 1a\Ceoe a8 + coe padi + oe BE) BB = (ANB cose = [AMI Cons 6.8 + 8058.9 + 6059.8) Cease + cms 6.8 +00 8.0? = Inlet (cont, conta + deep, + 4068: €06 Bd on 8 = (ose, counts + £05, coupe 7 8086, O05 bea n Field lines ie along Han tubes and therefore along surfases defined by) feonatant values oF the flux function Solid ange St defined by Fa where 5 ie eprevical urfose Ltr 3 = fantene as saree (1 998 8.) » Thos = 2s tae Fue trough Sie va $he~ 4 oe = Econ 6. - 09)Following, cution of |éa with beth che i ad Frcs, We Pleo tent recog) Pet ad by plating the Hux function. Sat W= constant and find values of (8, 8,0 et mea. Be eon lepome} For We EL Bam coe NC coe 8.) 30 [a [as vise, veg | ve veo @ [ees [res] 250) ne £ For ¥ = BE: he 0.5 ~ cost, @, [90 Jie [ue Jao ® [eoolarelsze| © nes a ee : fe aR ero) foo wn Circa, zen) 2 we Lseq, ws 045g, con 8,~ sine = Bt cont. Zones + O80 8 |e «1 8 o | te io | ee vo | tae | ii ao | ne os | us / * - 60 los 7 wo | iw ° ae so | ten So) as : 2 & | sto w/a “Wis tan be eonsdered te be a Cipepostion of a prutive charge Q anda -a. 44 pai a some Fie ines trom 2¢ gp to wo @ Faken oe APA Leas Lay elamert log agheufrech Rat eso = Bes APA Ledge Sear rftergeherd — GE -2n4Gay) tic of acgdcle Styling = Lande «fee lag sel eel -a-B og a4 Not tonseratine singe integrals ore nk ew far arbibony © =85-34 : Re eat = Liaxs fo tax + fades flodx + 1-1-2 2-2 RPA Lodge idly godt Whe karin) torts Poa Prdulieg O41 E I Not conservative. 6lap Ge waters? = caches Lady? + tard] ‘ a Jeat = (Qed), = abel da = ae Cel de CR 3H a Leat~ (fend), + Li codaere A a = Oashap igs > Canteen [bap PRT eat ot du = 2ydy to intagote. Raoult is agin Bhs se Ele shown to be consmative 18a 7 vee = eaten 8 036 LAIR SEI = Go rot ara cg raccat¥ = Se $L[lrveynte-w)} Considering meaning, of (rtnet-aracne8) at Unite, we are thet + sign appies inside phew and —agn outeide Bsu *R 5 Eeie PE From Gauss lau: Enlag™ 0.2 ~ 9 <> Seu eometant Aico, Erlowade ~ 72 3B = - 3F Tanase AE Cuning 400 that Eo as re) Since % 19 centirwous ot rma, Sraide = OE Reterent: go= lattiear «ae seted Ber + © og Lt © wo diet pproath i rapid Fest Bod Ex, then let LP, dnd then inteqate to ot Ce Be de mgr od bye Ber Tategrating a2 49 Eg, BCT) gee some result and Ey, 668) By Gaus Lan, Dee) -D00) «pee 2 Ete) Eto) = AB (= HE + HEL) buy = Y Hae + 00) + SUH - AF las 8) Bu gto = aba ag I theres no other charge in epace , E +0 of center Tn thot case Eld)+B00) ord Go) + EA) HeeUsing Grete lau for Swe ste that flux denstiag DrandO, ore tere Srce net nage erdosed Ie wero. Cassiming, no ster tharge in the eyton.) Site Du = D.=0, Des “pe Furs Be ~ Lear = Bo - AE Then Ru) ao) = - Fat Sapmetry, Do ory, Eee E = conan where pao. From Gates’ lag: DizD.= fe oo that Ea Bu- a0 = -Les- Gen = -En' ee Bt Guy-@Odr 0, > ETEK =0 Combining, expressions for E,,Ex, me Hind E> Ab tg and Exe BE BaP = BA x: lewis B= EEO 5 B= - be ee ae vat 208 20 a5t0.0) FC = gy fetengret® —e, Lacgyoatl” fo dealt) set (BEBE) = © on on eqaptertol Nid ag re Mas tH 1 voth sidee tm cmeglete the syare Te SEBY Sg = is —— eqaion of cree Quadrugole portiat of Be deh - FH) ete ete St - arbanee Poe ete abe UNO) sete Re zeh ee & = ate (es Gettin Ts db For a quadrupole, the Opprosimation is saxon one in De A OE Bend ECE -shomehe as cna rede E> aber gree ad ge ae ree rg ant ond cee Lemar ge elt tential ovtide both spheres, by supergasition B08, = fel angen pret Fedd outside both . Ea ve = Fete - i alte - Bes +8 Le Ey Frente) inede 0 sphere oP charge fe given By 6 18% Rec = HEl20"-2) ng that total poten outed email eprere but nce lage ove ie Bo HALE SES “eBay ] and B= PE{Re[- SHEE Gn By Se BE TO Riewicla pede bth onal and arg spares sipernpnad Bap 2 Hee) Beye Bester re Bo Ba (Otay -org eye leary ee} En nee = BARE ar aew) + Seageae 8 Caton} = eae, BE Br ei eaebaw veve) = YD. Ga AD = Gah 90 Bs OE) aaa GEN eee) = vee +509 iy TOUR) = ROUND HYMN) + ACR = VEY BB AND = eB Ag ome) = viKs toe Wie Ue aye, Petes Guys + Oye TaFH g Batge agate rege sage tanga! Fogy= Ga? Baye +2ge: ge atner day = ater eye sate UVP a qneGrtere sage) = Sxtge reyes ate 2 Fivsvefeavger stg aanger CVE Tentity sated vite v6 <2, DEVE = aah aS ce where dh ts nat radial Pix ont of the differentia! volume, Sani cee ores vaste Se PTE ee a 39, = rade lDe + 9B de) —rabdDy = Bardrdede oR = HGR bale ae ia Gh Fem ex. Ha 2 Dal = N OB = Ee Nee whan ie the knmun pe Gi From Ex (ty: Dee) = See WB = FAD A AEH) = 0 Cragin we gen a8 charge tree) Gi) From Be ide: Des ae VB = AAG = E(B) = 0 (consistent with gen p=0 in region? Gi From Ey tae: Dr Br Dee Dee 5 Dy=Drbes Dee De B= RAR RAR vb = &e Ska P Cine giver charge deraity) =) wie Fete SPAS has contibutions perpendicular to BE = (JCF 0)-Cirldyde + Feed Graysed = [T1S oagde <0 NE, v. Pav = Wil, 2nav = Ga It axar 0 They ave equalVIE Depletion region width d= (20 Gy/en Eye oev, as hein, « werden tite esto", N10 or 2 cases mean volume per depant ion AY-* A ard dopant pacing 5 = asyt. Rete that the spacing of the lone becomes comparahe with the width of Ot htme depiction layer at the higher doping Liermttiee ao the conitions on the ae sist Lomike tre iseon equation are not satisfied + aod Ory - vent ae A-Loregitan) + GC Gore san) = 9a) + Slate) = COL GT Ha + Greg TE BOMB agys Gtr) oN ear ¥d = tag sees, BOR ea tah aod €- $+ rectangles: 9B = AC gears) §-eBie) + @ (row) ee RRR aR oR orape er ban ce costar eke 2 Fag, Sooageeyt -acergeey tone a rayaes) © 0 easy way OEP A-PR, we bal) <0 lap Ba Cena singe”. ao deeeT . , Bn ee 2 we [Racouunsingye > Spennncontyels + 2 Hsu snpye prve-eok Beet [-atainctesingy —ptsinaesingy + reinasin gig] Bat rpt= et, so pro Oa $ GPS) = EA pr VB edie ote aoe mvt ses v= RE Tepe - 2[- Sate] #400) vas oa EE Bho Je have a sclabive extremum oP a functins #6i.y 0), all of $8, 88 ana $B must have the same sign at the extremum point. Sree the sum 15 260, that i impossible 230. ise ida E-Actante ae: _- VE eB = BBE singe) Agr Mange = ALR ram Be - er Baim $g) <0 E+ 0 to 6-0, 48 forall oe For an ortitrary st, try B= Ar ain 8 velba BAe SDRC OY cing 8) -Klgrr® sino = EET anh ds — Aire wind = 0 Fr steady arent UT =0 nergy Ja tan represent a steady curert Neve that Sand F ean be written os F= Fr and .- & Tn both cases the vectors ore radial (outward) For S the field increases radially and for Ty. it decreases, eee ee aoe cote ee CTR TERE ig Cor we ese fo coniatanen mate hat Er ame ag LERESEE SE ICEP, tn detcrc l eonennrer ees meee) escrow pam omeeee eon ca Gnautanse: = 5 «fue mace oe Inca of ene mfnre, By 4 than gr +2 and ra et Fed nee straight 08 shown 5 terminate on charges on perfect condictore Tangential E continuous at elges oP conducting regihee visa Beng © Bs Be foe ged cane) « (aay tear (A) + ete SSE] Boundary condition 0 be actePied rR fo geo, 1B, Boo fer yee wR, THRE, for geo. Bence At 20. the last term in 13 te cere and the tan terms ast 8 step Functions from Ete % a3 the rumerators \n heie orgunente change trom negative to postive Fe Reve 8 = RAline cw Ra ROD For <4°% bith tee! functions are “E 0 SB Byles - B+ 0- BLD) - B+ BEw-o0 Swilaly tor Xo, FB To find. py a 0 boundary pen Dye el ae ashe aL se) cele... =-stt (este) . which has the form With ‘eat UE = hei B)mo EOL ES Nom B-Ree [SSE a clg-4) so wor c= ats Bo = Bom ee = e+) Ho = wig eX ED Because of VE = RHO) -0 sc Ho General forms of clutions eres oS. “ {ee Tae Bom 0 =-ccte ard $0) BAW) or “C03 Gute Soking sot of 4 linmar, boundany condition, equations for SSRN E SS) ae where DB BGE-t)+ 6-2) Trento, & DAES Tg TY ecb Ci to Ce given: Or Auge en -$ 5 Ge 4to © Coacal eglinder ith duo dilectrics Win new sation pe FARCE Resume 3$- 0 cation te Be Gitar oO e"° Rpeiuing bound: tonditions at r=a.b gives Te aust iad ° This is indeperient of «and thus apples + beth megow, Tae Beth wea ce acorn wrfue iver ecution extahien Lapace's ection in beth region, ond aso the bourdany eordivere, 1 t= the oy alin Gti uniquenese property te shown in eee. U7) Eo) = Vo Goats BineT aecree fe aE ae Ee =— B= Gos Se ROR) From Gases law, at rma one. Gen meee, co tmae C98 = TESTERS Ge nit length) Gio Concentric “spherical conductors with me dielectric as in Piao, (:\6a: Bo = We -HE- B EG = 1B, =~ 3F = WALEED @ = snetsEa) = GEE ao thet C= Gib Concert spherical gendictine, wich two dielectrics (Fob. ise Bone See tteen ha a Eee ee ee ane Go sree a weet 6° ETO Co Consol eyindere with dielectric. divided azimuthally CP. (162) Qe peered tere = mae,Eria) — RaeErla) = —raEdarcesterd ¥ = B= EEE ovlombe/meter From Eg, be (i>, barien height is Vee AB = FE bo [SARE] = SR LENE on (aS Fron £4. bigs(10) os a suaxegp ee t286 a vio ap 9 catty = COMED dy = 388 rom = 0220 pm ‘Since net charge ja depletion region is wero, Node = Nady gee Bay = Ba leae io) = ose nes apd 2d = 0380p er etree alee Flow Ey 1160; [Emad = Bhd, = HESS TBST MONO we H10 Yn perv 134 VE = -% for one dimension ic GR = -& &GD= — BE de ~ Bao ot fe NE a) pt flee Se [Po -avae 7 Be MEL = = Ewe Maximum value of barter Bi is determined by the work Auctions, surface popertion, etc. 4 = (See) pr regen wah p= SAS emp[-}ell Resume E=0 ond B20@ x= -@ neo, Gate eek ae oe ot ebVL 2 tk wel ant E10)“ 70, E = BRE ve Ean eM oslo) EE = SB Gradere neo, Eo [ewe [l tkewebaw «SE Ga net x90, Bo -[etinay + Bio) - HL erne Bas «than ate Lae os in Ex baa. ere? Hesume ie contrary © Brak which iow be proved. That is, ommime Than Th are diferent and that each sataties Poisons eatin ard the boundary condtions on pores, CRs, EB 2 Ew Aggy domrgence theorem to (8) -B)e B= B) Nv h-8) 9 @-Boav = 808-B0 (8 - Baz nce B= % on kaindary, RMS. vanishes. Left side becomee J @,-S09°C6,- B+ (0 8,-By) Fav = 0 Fit term is wero tree T'CE-G.)" 0. Second tom io evensshore posite B) 20. BBC, Bt Be Bon bantay. so Cm a everpphere =p schtion of Rscon's 0g. I= unique 5 UU g Ascume ‘tuo different potentials B, and Gy and ind the maximum difference thot ean evist between them, U*B,- 0 and V*E= 0. VHB) =o. Apply the divergence theorem to (Gi~@.) 9 (B,~ T) Nv GB) 0B -Bav = Ae -BVa Bas Left ide becomes V{C@-ByvCE- Bd + [VB BIIb AY <0 of which the Fest is tere since VCE-B)= 6, The eurface integral vaniches since VUE-@,)-d5 is zero by specification of VE-dE on boundary, Then since the remaining term in the volume integral i postive: VEG) =o ond -% = constant levia Brera at M ftom charge q at r and wage -q at r= A ie FO othe bee Le Greet — ara oneat is (ote at = aracoen ot = re ae asad® = ot Bea = ke ING = conetane Vee ‘Me any pint on spherical surface — trom lan oF cosmes: b= (at tre aarcoseyt ue arene Iinage tharge_ ard poston are gen as qe oe ee Tren, t= Cat > BAe = Bs Brent on sphergal aurfase ts E- stn + oie ain + EERE - 0 bee Eaah dement of cham in the electra beam hes an image 2 the entice beam has an age oP opposite ign 0s town. For felde at A and 8, beth the acbial beam and ite imoge can be replaced by line shargps on the axes Fieid acting te diaperse beam is Eat A and ~Ey af 6. Mea cee cates 8G ia Don ed ; ats -a}yane) egret potiam einer hr oo Salant form 20 rentals tor 0 epivalent aipteme = Re x>0 : 5, saraatgaane tae MER Fe eo: fe aeteenttmeg eT At the taindory : Ey ~ HL. eae ag Tere = Fey Giteiee for Ete) 5, Ee ip continue uo By 2 6G, = - 6 Hl. = ~arebsStngrere = - 6 Flee Dee = Dre bean boundary tonditions are =atietied, 17tine ati Pl for rasan ae oy os Ge tgeg Uae tng & Fig HR woe opnd we (na charge se ctowm ty a. the Imager se be si tart- Tha poortel Winu aber oP the edaing 8 ore ee Me candhatuca Cerehecneart “he dows ak gue ow Fit ener to Soe Ora For cumple, if 16 casig acon oe BO for xo te Tie [eel wiOene! wearece ne Rae pena, oc & mage storje to make spherical aurkoe equipotertial at Fao Qing located 28 sroun 7. produce Be on spherical surface, west add charge q' = 4nea Es at center © ‘Toto! pomntial ie then Boys ater ~ fe + OF By the cose lan, = Gt 44% adraos ert = (on Aree ye ' . | Co l | HH I 7 anehdiameter d =h Ganetar d= 5a HI8S By symetry, Need aketah only oP etruchireNI8d Structure ie symmetric about yao, ao only necessary te plot one half yee yee Wide Fe aerban te _— Fir © = 100 equpstentias v= (35H Bran lines at V=S, 50,25 aleo caleulated Shonggst. gaient along @ = %F line r Te) VEL PRs pts Find where, HE = S010" Yon © = BEB) = ots 10m ‘Small rough that breaedoun will not ceaur, since fobrcation prcesses will nat gue smaller radii o& eurvature Mesh squares ave of sides 9% Veer * 8 Var = Yo = loov Init, vltage of interior mech pts, =50v pre Fron 1.2004), with p 0: Ege SF Sole SGerm rSlh eM gen +OEAD CD where HEE thie ease Using L12. treate a. set_of equations: eer ae ae p< VEE OL BD» soy Ceantinue on nest page ) 20200. (eons) This qurerates the fret stemtion of gotertial az shown in Table £ These allies are now aubetitutad into the ect oP equations 40 generate ‘the seoord iteration of potentials. and $0 on as le a ere | osu | soa Table 1 % sais | 5404 | shoe Tkeration ow ses| erat | orts o ani |a9s2 [221 o asae | a6. | 2075 o om [aoe | 4o0 os se |4aae | eae Alternatively, we can write the set oF equations in matrix Form, arc ‘tolve without regard to witial values 4-1 4 0 0 0 © ofa) {us} 2) [oom “1 4 0 4 0 © offal 200] a} era 0 #1 0-1 0 off] | so a] [snl ot 4 4 0 +t 0 © |lale fico} | @] = |a oo 1 6 4-1 0 ola] fas | | soa eo eo +44 4 olla! fo | [aro] 20 0 oo +1 4 «|Ia] |too | see] 0 0 0 © 0 0 71 4 hay iso) Lay) Laas! + Note how above iterations are converging to thie solution matrix Tee Gp Chebyshev method AOL, BM Se, AEM AM, ee HO He OY Toke man = for simplicity and oseume SOV ab all pointe initialy a eee] uisae | uote | cova: 6 so | sors | west | vous | cons a [ose [rece [sees [ear [enn 5 seso | seer | sia * so | aeoa | wae 608 a [oso | ener [soe 2a.8e «(ose | 036 [see | sere | sess 4 so | aver [soar | seer | seen a Lose [eeer Taare [sere [ecto arUsing, £9 12008) with pao for each point giver B-$h- dR 0 = 45 Using usual methode for ashing directly for B.-s we find PerenTiAL EXEE | Te direct method used here z Toa | Hee the tect aolution oF the 5 605 | dferense equation appresimatin a cs4 | of the differential equation ; the B 505 | latter gives the exact valuce Te igs! . dane 20 tod cites to “ot BB Sete bh 'deo & gt ing eye Bata shg chy Be tie a oa, | coe a os | Gas & ess | soe & ea | see & oss | 182 a eas | 42 % ws | woe La 39 | sta win BE=0, we nave fom inside of cover SE HEE EB —E Coomumn grid tgs sone in rand 8? Firma sfc shes Bae orn wy = Bian = 0B BER fing gee G7 Ricomah aggre en oy Suoacing quee Bx Hesse Rested ing Sgt 1390) gree Aree Te sein, Picea Eon wv B) + 0 200 BS + Ber, eth) # Bere hd Bird aa208 Residnal for (24 Ceocreeponding, By 129697 ia RO = Benen) 1 EMD van + oa thot with 2 ole. Whe. [omer | srera [err] teen paints “0” ands” are — | 1000 | ioe | sooo ees Tian fae wson | voce | aera | 9205 | fined af 1o00v. sou | ase | aire | woes waou | gars | aos | eras waon | aa | @200 | ase 32m | esos | case | e203 -s1 | sare | ses | cers woo | 1000 | By ts otep, the potentials caer | wees | oreo | oreo | ther rom the last ones tor the last apace charge eal- ulation by < 5% Ie pat ac fa Ist Four by viding 2500 2 by distance Show (btn pate te lmest epipatentalpereiel distance from lett Field line Com) Minimum electre eld at eonaaie corner, directed ovtuort along bisector of comer ange. Mosimum field in same direction as minimum but located at asL206 di For ainder oF diameter 4 with center dstarae h abow plane: In aslution cf Piob. 1196, II flax tubes shown. Accounting for ypmetry it would be 22, 10 the cect of the plane were aroun, there Would be eerveral mone fibes, may 5. f4NG= 27 From chetth Nps 6 2 Co aM = 40 pr/m Gi he in part d) but for Gylinder diameter = 3 in ob [9b caution Na 2K6 +(e ade By Nene, Cm eS apr Cin From pot in s0lutin of Prob. 118e , NPw 4410" 40 and Nees. Cnet once 2, 0, OF OF foie I om one etre par Set leg fs ¥ are Seneca oss or In analog, sucrent. tom correspon ets ccade n= [mat beet Sr We Jeet aad r= la cat A amen sel by oe sone or Y= KT Genuming for the moment that En is mame) HF Sees of analog ord ongral prblan are the cine and the veltages are the tame, then Ea in both are te same ond O@ = Eb ~ $e whee 6 ie the contuctance Cor i) betueen the electodes of the araiog Note that choice of voltage does not affect @. Also, G ic unafMectad by dhoce of K since Lie unchanged \aza 7 c+ ath. od De = \ Uc = elo-ray = oll Soe Leet) ok wee Bee 2 Ales Ue = teu Sees } = ye-lede dbo ie ee RAED whee co ME ; va Ge = Bx = She aka RE) = eek) ak 6h eee ond KE = SE Cottroctive) aie The “Pent chargee’ themselves each require some energy to eust. Fer eromple, pint charge of 1 Coulomb i a” omsemblage of come (S"electens inte & small volume Te woud take energy te get them tagcthar. Thot energy is the “zal? -energy’ ard ls ret included in our taleulations, In ging te the Continuous distnbution, one aan coaider it an infinitely donee array, oP infinitesimal charges each of which hae vanishingly mall sei enerays 24Nad for ca: Da ERE HAE ow cee For >a: r= $ ERE = GA oer Ue= ESSE 8 PRE area all For appesch using, Us = J PEAv, Feorze: Ge Leea' =~ Fr rea: Een = -B(E-O) He + eee Since poo for roa, Ue = peed BLO ipeide ethere ar a + Sel. av a SOEE Cot Banntan, hate 5. = saan ot ‘nniby and Si = murtooe of conductor 6 the dietetic region io bamded by + Se From €%, 1200): Ure Sh pRay + HL. pods a ahtemee Th. 8 ae Aly the Mertity V-CES) = TEE + (BIE bo apt Uce 4), 0 Epa ~ 4 |ve-Dav - 2}... EBs Using. the divergence theorem, the Airst ond last te cancel sinte B=0 on Therefore Uns -Eh veda EWE EW wnch is Eq, vanced Vat bee hed span VEs pe Usb aby = buechsivssiuv = hes esv Using the vestor mqivalent. of prob la, suc ~ Jo. (oaB)av~ J. 46. (asvav Since the regen ie unbowded, the I tem ie wer a8 asda» J, Eddy