698 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

67. 68.

69. 70.

71. 72.

73. 74.

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 Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 699

75. (a) Perihelion a
ae a(1
e), Aphelion ea  a a(1  e)

(b) Planet Perihelion Aphelion
Mercury 0.3075 AU 0.4667 AU
Venus 0.7184 AU 0.7282 AU
Earth 0.9833 AU 1.0167 AU
Mars 1.3817 AU 1.6663 AU
Jupiter 4.9512 AU 5.4548 AU
Saturn 9.0210 AU 10.0570 AU
Uranus 18.2977 AU 20.0623 AU
Neptune 29.8135 AU 30.3065 AU

(0.3871) a1
0.2056# b
76. Mercury: r 1  0.2056 cos ) 1  0.2056
0.3707
cos )
(0.7233) a1
0.0068# b
Venus: r 1  0.0068 cos ) 1  0.0068 cos )0.7233

0.0167# b
Earth: r 11a10.0167 cos ) 1  0.0617 cos )
0.9997

a1
0.0934# b
Mars: r (1.524)
1  0.0934 cos ) 1  0.0934
1.511
cos )
#
a1
0.0484 b
Jupiter: r (5.203)
1  0.0484 cos ) 5.191
1  0.0484 cos )
(9.539) a1
0.0543# b
Saturn: r 1  0.0543 cos ) 1  0.0543 9.511
cos )
a1
0.0460# b
Uranus: r (19.18)
1  0.0460 cos ) 19.14
1  0.0460 cos )
(30.06) a1
0.0082# b
Neptune: r 1  0.0082 cos ) 1  0.0082 30.06
cos )

CHAPTER 11 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. x t
# and y t  1 2x t y 2x  1 2. x t and y 1
t y 1
x

" " "

3. x # tan t and y # sec t x# 4 tan# t 4. x
2 cos t and y 2 sin t x# 4 cos# t and
and y# "4 sec# t 4x# tan# t and y# 4 sin# t x#  y# 4
4y sec t 4x#  1 4y# 4y#
4x# 1
# #

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700 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

5. x
cos t and y cos# t y (
x)# x# 6. x 4 cos t and y 9 sin t x# 6 cos# t and

x# y#
y# 81 sin# t 16  81 1

x# y#
7. 16x#  9y# 144 9  16 1 a 3 and b 4 x 3 cos t and y 4 sin t, 0 t 21

8. x#  y# 4 x
2 cos t and y 2 sin t, 0 t 61

" 3
" " sec t tan t 1 1
9. x # tan t, y # sec t dy
dx dy/dt
dx/dt #
" # tan t
sec t sin t dy
dx t13 sin 3 # ;t 3
# sec t

" 1 3 " 1 3 d# y dyw /dt d# y

x # tan 3 # and y # sec 3 1 y # x  4" ; dx# dx/dt "
cos t
sec# t
2 cos3 t dx# t13
#

2 cos3 13 "
4

t3#
" "
10. x "  t# ,y"
3
t dy
dx dy/dt
dx/dt
32 t dy
dx t2
3# (2)
3; t 2 x 1  ## 5
4 and

t2$

d# y dyw /dt
#3 d# y
y1
3
#
"# y
3x  "3
4 ; dx# dx/dt 3 $
4 t dx# t2 3
4 (2)$ 6

t2$

x x 3 x32
11. (a) x 4t2 , y t3
1 t 2 y 2
1 8
1
1
x2 1
x2
(b) x cos t, y tan t sec t 1
x tan2 t  1 sec2 t y2 1
x2
1 x2 y x

12. (a) The line through a1,
2b with slope 3 is y 3x
5 x t, y 3t
5,
_  t  _

(b) ax
1b2  ay  2b2 9 x
1 3 cos t, y  2 3 sin t x 1  3 cos t, y
2  3 sin t, 0 t 21
(c) y 4x2
x x t, y 4t2
t,
_  t  _
x2 y2
(d) 9x2  4y2 36 4  9 1 x 2 cos t, y 3 sin t, 0 t 21

x"
2  x L ' 1  4" x"
2  x dx

# 4
x$# "
13. y x"#
3 dy
dx # x
"#
"# x"# dy
dx
"
4 1

L '1 4" x"  2  x dx '1 4" ax
"#  x"# b dx '1
2x"#  23 x$# %
4 4 4
# " "
#
x
"#  x"# dx # "
" "
#

4  2
3 8
2  23 #
2  14
3 10
3

L '1 1  dy dy '1 1 
# #
4x #$
8 8
14. x y#$ dx
dy 2
3 x
"$ dx
dy 9
dx 4
9x#$
dy

'1 '18 9x#$  4 x
"$ dx;
u 9x#$  4 du 6y
"$ dy; x 1

8 9x#$  4 "
3x"$
dx 3 u 13,
" ' "
2 $# %!
40
x 8 u 40d L 18 13
u"# du 18 3 u "$
#"7
40$#
13$# 7.634

#
"
15. y 5
12 x'&
58 x%& dy
dx # x"&
"# x
"& dx
dy
"
4
x#&
2  x
#&

L '1 1  "4 ax#&
2  x
#& b dx L '1 4" ax#&  2  x
#& b dx ' 4" ax"&  x
"& b dx
32 32 32
#

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 Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 701

'1
32
" "
5 $# " "
#
x"&  x
"& dx # 6 x'&  45 x%& " #

65 2'  5
4 2%
56  54 # 6 
315 75
4
"
48 (1260  450) 1710
48 285
8

L '1 1  16
# 2
" " " " " " " " % " "
16. x 1# y$  y dx
dy 4 y#
y# dx
dy 16 y%
#  y%
y
#  y%
dy

'1 16 dy '1 4" y#  dy '1 4" y# 

2 2 # 2 #
" % " " " "
y  #  y% y# y# dy 1"# y$
y"
"
12
8

"#
1"#
1 7
1#  "
# 13
12

# #
17. dx
dt
5 sin t  5 sin 5t and dy
dt 5 cos t
5 cos 5t dx
dt
 dy
dt

a
5 sin t  5 sin 5tb#  a5 cos t
5 cos 5tb#

5sin# 5t
#sin t sin 5t  sin# t  cos# t
#cos t cos 5t  cos# 5t &#
#asin t sin 5t  cos t cos 5 tb
5#a"
cos %tb 5% "# a"
cos %tb "!sin# #t "!lsin #tl "!sin #t (since ! t 1# )

Length '!
1 2 1#
"!sin #t dt c
5 cos #td ! a
&ba
"b
a
&ba"b "!

# #
18. dx
dt 3t2
12t and dy
dt 3t2  12t dx
dt
 dy
dt
a3t2
12tb#  a3t2  12tb# 288t#  "8t4

32 ktk16  t2 Length '! 32 ktk16  t2 dt 32'! t 16  t2 dt; u 16  t2 du 2t dt

" "

"# du t dt; t 0 u 16; t 1 u 17; 3 2

2
'16"7 u du 32 2
23 u3/2 1617 32 2 23 a17b3/2
23 a16b3/2
3 2
2 23 a17b3/2
64 2a17b3/2
64 8.617.

# #
19. dx
d)
$ sin ) and dy
d) $ cos ) dx
d)
 dy
d)
a
$ sin )b#  a$ cos )b# $asin# )  cos# )b $

Length '! $ d) $'!

$12 $12
d) $ $#1
! *1
#

3
#
20. x t and y t$

t,
3 t 3 dx
2t and dy
t #

" Length ' a2tb#  at#
"b# dt
3 dt dt
3
3 3 3
' ' '

'
33 at#  "b dt t3  t
3
t%  #t#  " dt t%  2t#  " dt at#  "b# dt
3


3
3
3
3

43

5
2 Surface Area '0 21(2t)t#  4 dt '4 21u"# du
9
t#
21. x # and y 2t, 0 t 5 dx
dt t and dy
dt
* 761
21
23 u$# % 3 , where u t#  4 du 2t dt; t 0 u 4, t 5 u 9

" " "

22. x t#  2t and y 4t , 2 t1 dx
dt 2t
2t# and dy
dt 2
t

Surface Area '12 21 t#   2 t dt 21 '12 t# 

1 # 1
" " # " " #
#t 2t
2t# #t 2t  #t# dt

21 '12 t#  dt 21 '12 2t$ 

1 1 "
" "
2t 2t  2t#
3
#  4" t
$ dt 21
2" t%  3# t
8" t
# "#
3 2
21 2
4

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702 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

23. r cos )  13 23 r cos ) cos 1

3
sin ) sin 13
"
23 r cos )
#3 r sin ) 23
#
r cos )
3 r sin ) 43 x
3 y 43
3
y 3 x
4

31 2 31 31
24. r cos )
4 # r cos ) cos 4  sin ) sin 4
2 2 2 2
#
# r cos )  # r sin ) #
x  y 1
yx1

25. r 2 sec ) r 2
cos ) r cos ) 2 x 2

26. r
2 sec ) r cos )
2 x
2

27. r
3# csc ) r sin )
3# y
3#

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 Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 703

28. r 33 csc ) r sin ) 33 y 33

29. r
4 sin ) r#
4r sin ) x#  y#  4y 0

x#  (y  2)# 4; circle with center (!
2) and
radius 2.

30. r 33 sin ) r# 33 r sin )

#
3 3
x#  y#
33 y 0 x#  y
# 27
4 ;
3 3 3 3
circle with center ! # and radius #

31. r 22 cos ) r# 22 r cos )

#
x#  y#
22 x 0 x
2  y# 2;

circle with center 2 0 and radius 2

32. r
6 cos ) r#
6r cos ) x#  y#  6x 0

(x  3)#  y# 9; circle with center (
3 0) and
radius 3

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704 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
#
33. x#  y#  5y 0 x#  y  #5 25
4 C !
5#
and a 5
# ; r#  5r sin ) 0 r
5 sin )

34. x#  y#
2y 0 x#  (y
1)# 1 C (! 1) and

a 1; r#
2r sin ) 0 r 2 sin )

#
35. x#  y#
3x 0 x
#3  y# 9
4 C 3# !
and a 3
# ; r#
3r cos ) 0 r 3 cos )

36. x#  y#  4x 0 (x  2)#  y# 4 C (
2 0)

and a 2; r#  4r cos ) 0 r
4 cos )

37. 38.

39. d 40. e 41. l 42. f

43. k 44. h 45. i 46. j

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 Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 705

47. A 2'0 d) '0 (2
cos ))# d) '0 a4
4 cos )  cos# )b d) '0 4
4 cos ) 
1 1 1 1
" # 1  cos 2)
# r # d)
'0 9#
4 cos ) 
1
cos 2) sin 2) 1
# d)
92 )
4 sin )  4 !
9
# 1

48. A '0 asin# 3)b d) '0

13 13 1$
" 1
cos 6) " " 1
# # d) 4

)
6 sin 6) ! 12

1 1
49. r 1  cos 2) and r 1 1 1  cos 2) 0 cos 2) 2) # ) 4 ; therefore
A 4'0 c(1  cos 2))#
1# d d) 2 '0 a1  2 cos 2)  cos# 2)
1b d)
14 14
"
#

2'0 2 cos 2) 
14
" cos 4) " sin 4) 1% 1 1
#  # d) 2
sin 2)  2 ) 8 !
2 1  8  0 2  4

50. The circle lies interior to the cardioid. Thus,

12
A 2 ' 12 "
# [2(1  sin ))]# d)
1 (the integral is the area of the cardioid minus the area of the circle)
12 12
' 12 4 a1  2 sin )  sin# )b d)
1 ' 12 (6  8 sin )
2 cos 2)) d)
1 c6)
8 cos )
sin 2)d
1#
1
1#

c31
(
31)d
1 51

sin ); Length '0 (
1  cos ))#  (
sin ))# d) '0 2
2 cos ) d)
21 21
51. r
1  cos ) dr
d)

'0 4(1
#cos )) d) '0 2 sin

21 21 #1
)
# d)

4 cos 2) ! (
4)(
1)
(
4)(1) 8

1 #
52. r 2 sin )  2 cos ), 0 ) # dr
d) 2 cos )
2 sin ); r#  ddr) (2 sin )  2 cos ))#  (2 cos )
2 sin ))#

8 asin# )  cos# )b 8 L '012 8 d) 22 ) 1# 22 1# 12

!

# # #
53. r 8 sin$ 3) , 0 ) 1
4 dr
d) 8 sin# 3) cos 3) ; r#  ddr)
8 sin$ 3) 
8 sin# 3) cos 3)
64 sin% 3) L '0 64 sin% 3) d) '0 8 sin# 3) d) '0 8
14 14 14 1
cos 23)
# d)

'0
4
4 cos 23) d)
4)
6 sin 23) ! 4 14
6 sin 16
0 1
3

14 1%

"
sin 2) # sin# 2)

54. r 1  cos 2) dr
d) # (1  cos 2))
"# (
2 sin 2)) 1  cos 2) ddr) 1  cos 2)
# sin# 2) (1  cos 2))#  sin# 2) 1  2 cos 2)  cos# 2)  sin# 2)
r#  ddr) 1  cos 2)  1  cos 2) 1  cos 2) 1cos 2)
12
2  2 cos 2)
1  cos 2) 2 L ' 12 2 d) 2
1#

1# 2 1

#
x#
55. x#
4y y
x4 4p 4 p 1; 56. x# 2y y 4p 2 p "# ;
#
therefore Focus is (0
1), Directrix is y 1 therefore Focus is ! "# ; Directrix is y
"#

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706 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
y# #
57. y# 3x x 3 4p 3 p 3
4 ; 58. y#
83 x x
y8 4p 8
3 p 2
3 ;
3

therefore Focus is 34 0 , Directrix is x
34 therefore Focus is
23 ! , Directrix is x 2

3

x# y# x# y#
59. 16x#  7y# 112 7  16 1 60. x#  2y# 4 4  # 1 c# 4
2 2
2
c# 16
7 9 c 3; e c
a 3
4 c 2 ; e c
a #

y# y# x#
61. 3x#
y# 3 x#
3 1 c# 1  3 4 62. 5y#
4x# 20 4
5 1 c# 4  5 9
c 2; e c
a 2
1 2; the asymptotes are c 3, e c
a 3
# ; the asymptotes are y 2
5 x
y 3 x

#
63. x#
12y
1x# y 4p 12 p 3 focus is (!
3), directrix is y 3, vertex is (0 0); therefore new
vertex is (2 3), new focus is (2 0), new directrix is y 6, and the new equation is (x
2)#
12(y
3)

#
64. y# 10x 10 y
x 4p 10 p #5 focus is #5 0 , directrix is x
5# , vertex is (0 0); therefore new
vertex is
"#
1 , new focus is (2
1), new directrix is x
3, and the new equation is (y  1)# 10 x  "#

x# y#
65. 9  #5 1 a 5 and b 3 c 25
9 4 foci are a! 4b , vertices are a! 5b , center is
(0 0); therefore the new center is (
$
5), new foci are (
3
1) and (
3
9), new vertices are (
$
10) and
(x  3)# (y  5)#
(
$ 0), and the new equation is 9  #5 1

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 Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 707

x# y#
66. 169  144 1 a 13 and b 12 c 169
144 5 foci are a 5 0b , vertices are a 13 0b , center
is (0 0); therefore the new center is (5 12), new foci are (10 12) and (0 12), new vertices are (18 12) and
(x
5)# (y
12)#
(
8 12), and the new equation is 169  144 1

y# x#
67. 8
2 1 a 22 and b 2 c 8  2 10 foci are 0 10 , vertices are

0 22 , center is (0 0), and the asymptotes are y 2x; therefore the new center is 2 22, new foci are

2 22 10 , new vertices are 2 42 and (# 0), the new asymptotes are y 2x
4  22 and
#
y
22 (x
2)#
y
2x  4  22; the new equation is 8
# 1

x# y#
68. 36
64 1 a 6 and b 8 c 36  64 10 foci are a 10 0b , vertices are a 6 0b , the center
is (0 0) and the asymptotes are y
8 x
6 or y 43 x; therefore the new center is (
10
3), the new foci are
(
20
3) and (0
3), the new vertices are (
16
3) and (
4
3), the new asymptotes are y 4
3 x 31
3 and
(x  10)# (y  3)#
y
43 x
49
3 ; the new equation is 36
64 1

(x
2)#
69. x#
4x
4y# 0 x#
4x  4
4y# 4 (x
2)#
4y# 4 4
y# 1, a hyperbola; a 2 and
b 1 c 1  4 5 ; the center is (2 0), the vertices are (! 0) and (4 0); the foci are 2 5 0 and
x
2
the asymptotes are y #

(y
2)#
70. 4x#
y#  4y 8 4x#
y#  4y
4 4 4x#
(y
2)# 4 x#
4 1, a hyperbola; a 1 and
b 2 c 1  4 5 ; the center is (! 2), the vertices are (1 2) and (
" 2), the foci are 5 2 and
the asymptotes are y 2x  2

71. y#
2y  16x
49 y#
2y  1
16x
48 (y
1)#
16(x  3), a parabola; the vertex is (
$ 1);
4p 16 p 4 the focus is (
7 1) and the directrix is x 1

72. x#
2x  8y
17 x#
2x  1
8y
16 (x
1)#
8(y  2), a parabola; the vertex is (1
2);
4p 8 p 2 the focus is (1
4) and the directrix is y 0

73. 9x#  16y#  54x
64y
1 9 ax#  6xb  16 ay#
4yb
1 9 ax#  6x  9b  16 ay#
4y  4b 144
(x  3)# (y
2)#
9(x  3)#  16(y
2)# 144 16  9 1, an ellipse; the center is (
3 2); a 4 and b 3
c 16
9 7 ; the foci are
$ 7 2 ; the vertices are (1 2) and (
7 2)

74. 25x#  9y#
100x  54y 44 25 ax#
4xb  9 ay#  6yb 44 25 ax#
4x  4b  9 ay#  6y  9b 225
# #
(x
2)  (y  3) 1, an ellipse; the center is (2
3); a 5 and b 3 c 25
9 4; the foci are
9 25
(2 1) and (2
7); the vertices are (2 2) and (2
8)

75. x#  y#
2x
2y 0 x#
2x  1  y#
2y  1 2 (x
1)#  (y
1)# 2, a circle with center (1 1) and

radius 2

76. x#  y#  4x  2y 1 x#  4x  4  y#  2y  1 6 (x  2)#  (y  1)# 6, a circle with center (
2
1)

and radius 6

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708 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

77. r 2
1  cos ) e 1 parabola with vertex at (1 0)

"
78. r 8
2  cos ) r 4
1  "# cos )
e # ellipse;
"
ke 4 # k 4 k 8; k a
e
ea 8 a
"#
"# a
a 16 3 ea #
" 16
3 3 ; therefore the center is
8
83 1 ; vertices are () 1) and 83 0

79. r 6
1
2 cos ) e 2 hyperbola; ke 6 2k 6
k 3 vertices are (2 1) and (6 1)

"
80. r 12
3  sin ) r 4
1  "3 sin )
e 3 ; ke 4
" #
3 k 4 k 12; a a1
e# b 4 a 1
3"
4 a 9# ea "3 9# 3# ; therefore the
center is 3# 3#1 ; vertices are 3 1# and 6 3#1

81. e 2 and r cos ) 2 x 2 is directrix k 2; the conic is a hyperbola; r ke

1  e cos ) r (2)(2)
1  # cos )
r 4
1  # cos )

82. e 1 and r cos )
4 x
4 is directrix k 4; the conic is a parabola; r ke

1
e cos ) r (4)(1)
1
cos )
r 4
1
cos )

" (2) "#

83. e # and r sin ) 2 y 2 is directrix k 2; the conic is an ellipse; r ke
1  e sin ) r 1  "# sin )

r 2
2  sin )

" (6) "3

84. e 3 and r sin )
6 y
6 is directrix k 6; the conic is an ellipse; r ke
1
e sin ) r 1
"3 sin )

r 6
3
sin )

85. (a) Around the x-axis: 9x#  4y# 36 y# 9
94 x# y 9
94 x# and we use the positive root:
#
V 2 '0 1 9
94 x# dx 2 '0 1 9
94 x# dx 21
9x
34 x$ ! 241
2 2 #

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 Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises 709

(b) Around the y-axis: 9x#  4y# 36 x# 4
49 y# x 4
49 y# and we use the positive root:
#
V 2 '0 1 4
49 y# dy 2'0 1 4
49 y# dy 21
4y

3 3 $
4
27 y$ ! 161

x#
4 ; V ' 1 3 x#
4 dx '24 ax#
4b dx

4 #
9x#
36 91
86. 9x#
4y# 36, x 4 y# 4 y 3
# 2 # 4
$ %
91 91 91 31
4 x3
4x 4 3
16
3
8

64 8 4 3

56 24
3 4 (32) 241
#

87. (a) r k
1  e cos ) r  er cos ) k x#  y#  ex k x#  y# k
ex x#  y#
k
2kex  e# x# x#
e# x#  y#  2kex
k# 0 a1
e# b x#  y#  2kex
k# 0
#

(b) e 0 x#  y#
k# 0 x#  y# k# circle;
0  e  1 e#  1 e#
1  0 B#
4AC 0#
4 a1
e# b (1) 4 ae#
1b  0 ellipse;
e 1 B#
4AC 0#
4(0)(1) 0 parabola;
e  1 e#  1 B#
4AC 0#
4 a1
e# b (1) 4e#
4  0 hyperbola

88. Let (r" )" ) be a point on the graph where r" a)" . Let (r# )# ) be on the graph where r# a)# and
)# )"  21. Then r" and r# lie on the same ray on consecutive turns of the spiral and the distance between
the two points is r#
r" a)#
a)" a()#
)" ) 21a, which is constant.

CHAPTER 11 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. Directrix x 3 and focus (4 0) vertex is 7# !

" y#
p # the equation is x
7
# #

(x
3)#
2. x#
6x
12y  9 0 x#
6x  9 12y 12 y vertex is (3 0) and p 3 focus is (3 3) and the
directrix is y
3

3. x# 4y vertex is (! 0) and p 1 focus is (! 1); thus the distance from P(x y) to the vertex is x#  y#
and the distance from P to the focus is x#  (y
1)# x#  y# 2x#  (y
1)#
x#  y# 4 cx#  (y
1)# d x#  y# 4x#  4y#
8y  4 3x#  3y#
8y  4 0, which is a circle

4. Let the segment a  b intersect the y-axis in point A and

intersect the x-axis in point B so that PB b and PA a
(see figure). Draw the horizontal line through P and let it
intersect the y-axis in point C. Let nPBO )
nAPC ). Then sin ) yb and cos ) xa
x# y#
a#  b# cos# )  sin# ) 1.

5. Vertices are a! 2b a 2; e c
a 0.5 c
# c 1 foci are a0 1b

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710 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

6. Let the center of the ellipse be (x 0); directrix x 2, focus (4 0), and e 23 ae
c 2 ae 2  c
a 23 (2  c). Also c ae 23 a a 23 2  23 a a 43  49 a 59 a 43 a 12 5 ;x
2 e
a

# # #
x
2 12 5
#3 18
5 x 5 the center is 5 0 ; x
4 c c 5
4 5 so that c a
b
28 28 28 8

# # x
28 # y# 25 x
28 #
5y#
12
5

58 80
25 ; therefore the equation is 144
5
 80 1 or 144
5
 16 1
25 25

7. Let the center of the hyperbola be (0 y).

(a) Directrix y
1, focus (0
7) and e 2 c
ae 6 a
e c
6 a 2c
12. Also c ae 2a
a 2(2a)
12 a 4 c 8; y
(
1) #4 2 a
e y 1 the center is (0 1); c# a#  b#
#
b# c#
a# 64
16 48; therefore the equation is (y
161)
x#
48 1
(b) e 5 c
a
e 6 a
e c
6 a 5c
30. Also, c ae 5a a 5(5a)
30 24a 30 a 5
4
54 "
c 25
4 ; y
(
1) a
e 5 4 y
43 the center is !
43 ; c# a#  b# b# c#
a#
y  34 # x# 16 y  34
#
2x#
625
16
25
16 75
# ; therefore the equation is 25
75 1 or 25
75 1
16 #

y# x#
8. The center is (0 0) and c 2 4 a#  b# b# 4
a# . The equation is a#
b# 1 49
a#
144
b# 1
49
a#
144
a4
a # b 1 49 a4
a b
144a a a4
a b 196
49a
144a 4a
a a
197a#  196
# # # # # # # % %

0 aa
196b aa#
1b 0 a 14 or a 1; a 14 b# 4
(14)#  0 which is impossible; a 1

#

x#
b# 4
1 3; therefore the equation is y#
3 1

# #
9. b# x#  a# y# a# b# dy
dx
ba# yx ; at (x" y" ) the tangent line is y
y"
ba# yx"" (x
x" )
a# yy"  b# xx" b# x"#  a# y"# a# b# b# xx"  a# yy"
a# b# 0

#
b# x
10. b# x#
a# y# a# b# dy
dx a# y ; at (x" y" ) the tangent line is y
y" ba# yx"" (x
x" )
b# xx"
a# yy" b# x"#
a# y"# a# b# b# xx"
a# yy"
a# b# 0

11. 12.

13. 14.

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 Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises 711

15. a9x#  4y#
36b a4x#  9y#
16b 0

9x#  4y#
36 0 and 4x#  9y#
16 0
or 9x#  4y#
36 0 and 4x#  9y#
16 0

16. a9x#  4y#
36b a4x#  9y#
16b  0, which is the

complement of the set in Exercise 15

17. (a) x e2t cos t and y e2t sin t x#  y# e4t cos# t  e4t sin# t e4t . Also yx ee2t cos
2t
t tan t
sin t

" y # # % tan " ayxb

t tan x x y e is the Cartesian equation. Since r x  y# and
# #

) tan
" yx , the polar equation is r# e4) or r e2) for r  0

(b) ds# r# d)#  dr# ; r e2) dr 2e2) d)
# #
ds# r# d)#  2e2) d) e2) d)#  4e4) d)#
5e4) d)# ds 5 e2) d) L '0 5 e2) d)
21

5 e2) #1 5
2 ! # ae41
1b

# #
18. r 2 sin$ 3) dr 2 sin# 3) cos 3) d) ds# r# d)#  dr#
2 sin$ 3) d)# 
2 sin# 3) cos 3) d)
4 sin' 3) d)#  4 sin% 3) cos# 3) d)#
4 sin% 3)
sin# 3)  cos# 3) d)# 4 sin% 3) d)#
ds 2 sin# 3) d). Then L '0 2 sin# 3) d) '0
1
cos 23) d)
)

31 31 $1
3
2 sin 23) ! 31

19. e 2 and r cos ) 2 x 2 is the directrix k 2; the conic is a hyperbola with r ke

1  e cos )
r (2)(2)
1  2 cos ) 4
1  2 cos )

20. e 1 and r cos )
4 x
4 is the directrix k 4; the conic is a parabola with r ke

1
e cos )
r (4)(1)
1
cos ) 4
1
cos )

"
21. e # and r sin ) 2 y 2 is the directrix k 2; the conic is an ellipse with r ke
1  e sin )
2 "#
r 1  "# sin )
2
2  sin )

"
22. e 3 and r sin )
6 y
6 is the directrix k 6; the conic is an ellipse with r ke
1
e sin )
6 "3
r 1
"3 sin )
6
3
sin )

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

712 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

23. Arc PF Arc AF since each is the distance rolled;

nPCF Arcb PF Arc PF b(nPCF); ) ArcaAF
Arc AF a) a) b(nPCF) nPCF ba );
1
nOCB
) and nOCB nPCF
nPCE
#
nPCF
1#
! ba )
1#
! 1#
)
ba )
1#
! 1#
) ba )
1#  !
! 1
)
ba ) ! 1
ab b ).
Now x OB  BD OB  EP (a  b) cos )  b cos ! (a  b) cos )  b cos 1
a b b )
(a  b) cos )  b cos 1 cos a b b )  b sin 1 sin a b b ) (a  b) cos )
b cos a b b ) and
y PD CB
CE (a  b) sin )
b sin ! (a  b) sin )
b sin a b b )
(a  b) sin )
b sin 1 cos a b b )  b cos 1 sin a b b ) (a  b) sin )
b sin a b b ) ;
therefore x (a  b) cos )
b cos a b b ) and y (a  b) sin )
b sin a b b )

24. x a(t
sin t) dx

dt a(1
cos t) and let $ 1 dm dA y dx y dx
dt dt

a(1
cos t) a (1
cos t) dt a# (1
cos t)# dt; then A '0 a# (1
cos t)# dt
21

a# '021 a1
2 cos t  cos# tb dt a# '021 1
2 cos t  "#  "# cos 2t dt a#
32 t
2 sin t  sin4 2t #!1
31a# ;
x = x a(t
sin t) and y = "# y "# a(1
cos t) Mx ' y dm ' y $ dA

'0 "# a(1
cos t) a# (1
cos t)# dt "# a$ '0 (1
cos t)$ dt a# '0 a1
3 cos t  3 cos# t
cos$ tb dt
21 21 21 $

a$
#
'021
1
3 cos t  3#  3 cos# 2t
a1
sin# tb (cos t) dt a# 52 t
3 sin t  3 sin4 2t
sin t  sin3 t #1
$ $

!
$
51#a
a. Also, My '
x dm '
$
51 a
# . Therefore y Mx
M 31 a# 5
6 x $ dA

'0 a(t
sin t) a# (1
cos t)# dt a$ '0 at
2t cos t  t cos# t
sin t  2 sin t cos t
sin t cos# tb dt
21 21

# #1
cos$ t
a$ t2
2 cos t
2t sin t  "4 t#  "
8 cos 2t  t
4 sin 2t  cos t  sin# t  3 ! 31# a$ . Thus
My 31 # a$
x M 31 a# 1a 1a 5
6 a is the center of mass.

tan <#
tan <"

25. " <#
<" tan " tan (<#
<" ) 1  tan <# tan <" ;
the curves will be orthogonal when tan " is undefined, or
when tan <# tan
"<" g (r))
" w
r
f ())
w

# w w
r
f ( ) ) g ( ) )

sin% )4
26. r sin% 4) dr
d) sin$ 4) cos 4) tan < sin$ 4) cos )4
tan 4)

2a sin 3) " 1 " 1 1

27. r 2a sin 3) dr
d) 6a cos 3) tan < r
ddr) 6a cos 3) 3 tan 3); when ) 6 , tan < 3 tan # < #

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 Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises 713

28. (a) (b) r) 1 r )
" dr

d)
)
# tan <k )1
) "

) #
) lim tan <
_
)_
1
< # from the right as the spiral winds in
around the origin.

3 cos )
29. tan <"
3 sin )

cot ) is
"3 at ) 1
3 ; tan <# sin )
cos ) tan ) is 3 at ) 1
3 ; since the product of
these slopes is
1, the tangents are perpendicular

a(1
cos )) 1 1
30. tan < r
ddr) a sin ) is 1 at ) # < 4

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714 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

NOTES:

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.