Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 52

!"#$%&'()&*+,-./,.

012,3'&$4

!"#$%&'#()*+('#

,-./*00*& 1+*22*%
!"#$%&'%((%)*+,-./0&1'

!"#$%& #'()*+*,-./012-3 & !


%4567%458
3- 4*5562)
3- 7%*(#6.86.+&*#)9())('#
:- ;<<6+).86.5&'5*=*+('#

:- >*&+(6.3?.!"#$%&'#()*+('#.5'&+6 )6
3- !"#$%&'#()*+('#.6#.<&!" 6#$6
3- ;#.5&!)6#$6.86.)!" 6#$6.5(2'+6
:- ;#.*#6 =26
:- !"#$%&'#()*+('#.86.5%*)6
3- ! &. #.$2'$.8%'$)6&#*+('#
:- ;)+(9*+('#.*8*5+*+(#6.86.2*.5%*)6

&- >*&+(6.:?.!"#$%&'#()*+('#.+695'&6226
3- ;)+(9*+('#.8 .&6+*&8.86.5&'5*=*+('#
:- 4!$ 5!&*+('#.8 .&"+%96.)"9$'26
"
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

!"
#%&'()*(+#+*',
!"#$ -',.%/01-'2-
'(%))%*+,-.+#$!%/0%+ 1.23
3 .4
2&'&5

!"#$$%&

8/#-2#+*' 67 #$%&'$($"()!)

45!%6)%*+,-4%!%/0%+
93:,9#4 1423
9,.4

#
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

'(%))%*+,-.+#$!%/0%+ 1.23

!"
!"#$ #%&'()*(+#+*',
-',.%/01-'2-

3 .4

2&'&5
!"#$$%&

8/#-2#+*' 67 #$%&'$($"()!)

93:,9#4
9,.4

45!%6)%*+,-4%!%/0%+ 1423 $
>*&+(6.3

!"#$%&'#()*+('#.86.5'&+6 )6

%
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

(-,,-!?
' !"9$'26).8'##!6).......8%
{$% } #6.$'#)+622*+('#.(>!)*.+,1.' .-1+.
6+.+,>
$% = '% + ()%
' +()6.6#.<'&96.5*&. #.<(2+&6.&!62.4./. !!""

! &. #6.#'(6.$'#)+622*+('#.&!6226

$% #!"" &!""
!!"" !"#$%&'%()('$*+$*
,"-./+$0+

7/8$#&-%$-9:9 7/8$#&-%$-9.
1;#$:-%-:%-;#<%3 1;#$:%-)+#$<6=<5%3
&
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

(-,,-!?
! &.86 0.#'(6).6#." *8&*+ &6.$'#)+622*+('#.$'952606
'%
!!""
#$%!&π *' ""
$% &!""
π
172
&
−%()!&π *' ""

!!""
)%

'
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

(-,,-!?
/'&96.8 .)(=#*2.9'8 2!

(8( #!"" = ∑ $, !!" − ,-"


,

( &π *' "


⎛ ( & π *' "

(3 &!"" = *+ ( #!""+ ) = *+ ⎜⎝∑ $, !!" − ,-"+ ⎟⎠
,

!"#
!"#

− *' *'
. (

!(=#* 0.4 $*#86.!+&'(+6?. . << *'


9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

<+*+3
)!""

&!""
/!"" 0& !""

0& !"" = /!"" ⊗ &!"" + )!""


/(2+&*=6.8*#).2*.$*#86.8 .)(=#*2. +(26.! )!"" ((15.4 $*#86.!+&'(+6

,6).!" (#*26#+).6#.(8(?.26).6##62'556).$'952606).

,
0&+ !"" = /+ !"" ⊗ &+ !"" + )+ !""
&
)
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

2?+),-(-*,1." 3+.?#$-:,)'*

' 469()6.6#.$*#86.86.$*)6.6,!9'8 2*+('#7?.#!$6))(+6.2*.


$'##*())*#$6.86.2*.:'?,-!1-.%?#&!-*$-.-,.:=+1-

' /(2+&*=6.*8*5+!?.&8269./!$6))(+6.2*.$'##*())*#$6.86.$+*+3

' :$%*#+(22'##*=6.* 0.)*1,+*,1.':,)(+!'.6' #6&+ &6.9*0(9*26.8 .


8(*=&*996.86.2%;(2.6+.4 #.&"+%96.!=*2.4 3+.:#?)'>-.10(('3-

' ,!+6$+('#.86).)"9$'26)?.#!$6))(+6.2*.$'956#)*+('#.86)..;!.
(#+&'8 (+6).5*&.26.$*#*2.6!=*2()*+('#*.# <$6))(+6 2*.$'##*())*#$6.
8 .$+*+37
!*
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

/'&96.8 .)(=#*2.&6= .*5&>).&69()6.6#.$*#86.86.$*)6

0& !"" 0 !""


$%&'(%)%*)+,+
-%.()/'01.23%)2,2415
?"5'+%>)6)?
@ 1! * " 6)+.4 (;
@ 1! * " #!&(<(6.2*.5&'5&(!+! 86.)"9!+&(6.%6&9(+(6##6.* +' &.86 *'

+'#+&6&." 6.2%6##62'556.$'952606.8 .$*#*2.6)+.&!6226.6$*2$ 26&.)*.


$'95')*#+6.6#." *8&*+ &67.

!!
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

/'&96.8 .)(=#*2.&6= .*5&>).&69()6.6#.$*#86.86.$*)6

0& !"" 0 !""


$%&'(%)%*)+,+
-%.()/'01.23%)2,2415
?"5'+%>)6)?
@ 1! * " 6)+.4 (;
@ 1! * " #!&(<(6.2*.5&'5&(!+! 86.)"9!+&(6.%6&9(+(6##6.* +' &.86 *'

+'#+&6&." 6.2%6##62'556.$'952606.8 .$*#*2.6)+.&!6226.6$*2$ 26&.)*.


$'95')*#+6.6#." *8&*+ &67.

!"
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

, /'&96.8 .)(=#*2.&6= .
0&+!"" = /+!"" ⊗ &+!"" + )+!""
&

,
0&+!"" = /+!"" ⊗ #!"" + )+ !""
&
,
0&+!"" = ∑ $, !! ⊗/+ "!" − ,-" + )+!""
& ,

6'01.%).5%0
,
2+ !"" = !!"" ⊗ /+ !""
&

!#
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

/'&96.8 .)(=#*2.&6= .........


( &π *' "
⎛⎛ ⎞ ( &π * " ⎞
0& !"" = *+ ( 0&+!""+ ) = *+ ⎜⎜⎜⎝∑ $,2+!" − ,-" + )+!""⎟⎠ + ' ⎟⎟
⎝ , ⎠

0& !"" = ∑ ', 2+!" − ,-"#$%!&π *'"" −∑ ),2+!" − ,-"%()!&π *' "" + *+ ( )+!""+( &π *'" )
, ,
$%&'(%)%*)72*,%),%)72(%
3, !""
6'01.%)42((%8
#$%!&π * -' " + ϕ -" 72(
0& !""
π
172
&
−%()!&π * -' " + ϕ -" 3& !""
6'01.%)42((%8
!$
72(
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

/'&96.8 .)(=#*2.&6= ...............


' 7*2$ 2.86).)'&+(6).86).<(2+&6).5*))6.$*)............6+
3, !"" 3& !""
' 7*2$ 2.86 0!"" = 3 !"" + (3 !""
, &

' +'#+&6&." 6
,
0!"" = ∑ $, 2+!" − ,-"+( !&πδ *'"−ϕ -" + )-!""
. ,

*#6$ δ *' = *' − *' -

' 2#.$'#)(8>&6
4!"" = ∑ $,2+!" − ,-"+( !&πδ *'"−ϕ -" + )!""
,

' B#6.#6&)('#.!$%*#+(22'##!6.* .&"+%96.......


-
3A
9+::-3.;.<=+)*-.>-.,?+*1()11)'*

/'&96.8 .)(=#*2.&6= ...............


' ,6).!$%*#+(22'#).4 2%(#)+*#+.............66#.)
"5 = 5- 55')*#+.5%*)6.$(6#.&!$ 5!&!67

45 = ∑ $, 2+ !5- − ,-"+( &πδ *'5- + )!5-"


,

45 = ∑ 2, $5−,+( &π5-δ *' + )5


,
2+!""
'D {2 } )'#+.26).!$%*#+(22'#).86.2*.4./.!" (#*26#+6.86.........-.!'(+. 7 = &πδ *'-
5

)'>*3-.*!(#?)&!-.#&!)++3-*,.....
)!""
&!"" 4!""
0& !"" , 45
$% #!"" !"#$%&'%()('$*+$* 1+2(%+*+$ -
!!"" ,"-./+$0+
/!"" 343

+(7, ),
$% 4,
2!6" 3C
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.%?#&!-*$-

7*).) 56&#()! 6*#6$.5(2'+6)7

F $*#*2.)*#).9!9'(&6.
' !!" 6#$6.5(2'+6.
' !!" 6#$6.5(2'+6." 62$'#" 6
F $*#*2.*#6$.9!9'(&6

3E
7*).*#6 =26
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.%?#&!-*$-

7*).86.)"9$'26).5(2'+6).$'#)+*#+).6+.$*#*2.
)*#).9!9'(&6 4, = $,2' +(7, + ),

'B+(2()6&.9!+%'86.5!&('8'=&*996?.5&'$2>96.
8%6)+(9*+('#.8% #6.)(# )'(86 8*#).8 .$& (+
7/ = 012 304 45 +− (75
7
5
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.%?#&!-*$-

7*).=!#!&*2?.$*#*2.4 4./.86.2'#= 6 &.,G3

+'#+&6&." 6.2*.$'#$*+!#*+('#.86./.'$)6&#*+('#).)6.
<*$+'&()6.)' ).2*.<'&96. 4 7 82 )
1#6$..................9*+&($6.8(*='#*26.5*&*9!+&!6.5*&
Γ!7" 7
8 86.8(96#)('#./0, $'#+6#*#+.26).)"9$'26).5(2'+6)...
#6$+6 &.,03.!$%*#+(22'#).86.2*.4./.8 .$*#*2...
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.%?#&!-*$-

' 7*).=!#!&*2?.$*#*2.4 4./.86.2'#= 6 &.,G3

:$&(&6.2*.,,>.86).'$)6&#*+('#) 4
/'&9 26&.2*.)'2 +('#.* .)6#).8 .+1

!'2 +('#.)' )@'5+(9*26 ?.!" (#*26#$6.*#6$. #.5&'$2>96.86.


5&'06$+('#.'&+%'='#*26..6,!#62'55696#+.6#.$2*))67
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.%?#&!-*$-

/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.++-!,3-
,%'$)6&#*+('#.)%!$&(+ ⎛ ⎞ (7,
4, = ⎜ 25 $,−5 ⎟ + + ),
⎝ 5 ⎠

!"#$%&#'%()*+,-).*/0#0 α
1#2#34'2.*+.*)-%&#)5.

##%)*),)'*.>-.3+.*'*.$)?$!3+?),#;.2#.8(+." 6...........6)+.#'#.
{$, }
$(&$ 2*(&6.4 2%'&8&6......)(..
9 : $ ,9 ≠ '

;069526?.(>!).#'#.$(&$ 2*(&6.4 2%'&8&6.:*.>!)@+.4 2%'&8&6.


+
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.%?#&!-*$-

7*).9;<
+'#+&6&." 6
@.86#+(<(6&......6+.
@,'##6&.26).$*&*$+!&()+(" 6).8 .$& (+
@1552(" 6&.2*.9!+%'86.8 .5!&('8'=&*996 56&96++*#+.
8%6)+(96&.......4
7 5*&+(&.86) { 6, }
@5!#!&*2()6&.$6++6.)'2 +('#.5' &.26.$*).86.)"9$'26).#'#.
$(&$ 2*(&6).4 2%'&8&6....9
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

' -3,'?),=(-.+>+:,+,)%;.:'!?1!),-.>-.:=+1-
' .(/-$,)%;.>' &) (+6.6#.+695).&!62.86.2*.5%*)6.8 .
)(=#*2.&6=
' -::?'$=-;.(' $26.4 #!&' (22*=6 86.5%*)6.6>,,7
' 7*).86.5'&+6 )6.#'#.9'8 2!6

φ
' >' &) (+6.)(.......6)+.#*&(*$26.68!&(#6.86.5%*)67

' 2#.8()+(#= 6.
F >%*)6.5 &6 4, = +(φ + ),
' !'2 +('#6)7.$2'$H*8*5+*+(#6
F >'&+6 )6.9'8 2!6
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

,6 0.9'86).86.<'#$+('##696#+
;)+(9*+('#.$2'$
4' 4=−, 6

φ/ 7).*.&'%3".*1#2*8$(5

=&*#86.5&!$()('#*.$'95260(+! &!8 (+6

#!$6))(+6. #6.9!9'&()*+('#*.56 .&!*$+(<.* 0.#*&(*+('#)..


6'<<)6+.<&!" 6#$67
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

;)+(9*+('#.*8*5+*+(#6

4,−, 4, 6

7).*.&'%3".*9 5:#;-.*
φ/,−, φ/, (8&.2/#'%()

$'95260(+! &!8 (+6*.&'$ )+6))6.* 0.#*&(*+('#)

$'##6&=6#$6.52 ).26#+6*.5&!$()('#.52 ).<*($26


/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

,!#62'55696#+.86.2*.)'2 +('#.$2'$ 4, = +(φ + ),


&
'(& (+.8%'$)6&#*+('#. ), ≈ =!'5σ "

⎛ 73 ( 4, ) ⎞
⎜ ,

φ/>? = '60) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ *+ ( 4, ) ⎟
⎝ , ⎠

<3=0> ∑

8 #'#)=0>
8

!.=0> ∑
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

,!#62'55696#+.86.2*.)'2 +('#.*8*5+*+(#6
',!9*&$%6 → φ/,
{ 4,58885 4, } ⎯⎯
F 7&(+>&6.8%'5+(9*2(+! 5' &. /
→ φ,+,
{ 4,58885 4,+, } ⎯⎯

F >&()6.6#.$'95+6.86.2*.#*&(*+('#.26#+6 φ, −φ,−, ,
F 46@ !$&(+ &6.8 .$&(+>&6.8%'5+(9*2(+!

− (φ/,
73 4,+,+
φ/,+, = φ/, + ,+,
− ( φ/, ?#&*+,#+#1'#'%()
∑ *+ 4+
=,
0'!$3-.>-.:=+1-.*!(#?)&!-.>-.5-? '?>?-
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

4,+,
<3=0>

µ
− (φ/,
+
φ/,+,
+− (8 ! −,

φ/,

(-5$.*+,#&&.2/%&&.3.)'*+.*1:#&.*=?:#&. !(5".+ !((1 ?!!>#*1(-2&-%'.*+.*/#2%#'%()&*+.*


?:#&.
$#%'2%&. +.*$#*5#1#5%'" +.*1(-2&-%'.*+.*$#*?!!*!%)&.2'%() +.*8(-5$.*+.*%%$'2.
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-
4,+,
<3=0>

− (φ/,
+ "!6" &%$'2.*+.*
8(-5$.
φ/,+,
+− (8 ! −,

φ/,
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

&()5'%()).3.)'*.)*2"'%3.*$%)"#%2.#

,%6&&6 &.6)+.) 55')!6.<*($26 φ − φ , ,

φ 4,+, +,
<3=0>
µ α

/
+− (φ, "!6" &%$'2.*+.* "!6" &%$'2.*+.*
φ/,
φ/,+, 8(-5$. φ/,+, 8(-5$.
+− ( 8 ! −, +− ( 8 ! −,

φ/, φ/,

(52%2. $#*%()5'%()*+.*'2#)&%.2'*+-*&)&'43.*#&&.2/%
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-


' 7*).86.5'&+6 )6.9'8 2!6 4, = $,+ + ),
F ;$&(&6 2*.#&*()69$2*#$6.86).'$)6&#*+('#).((8
F 7'#)(8!&6&.$*).(>!).!" (5&'$*$26
F ;#.8!8 (&6.2%!" *+('#.86.+1I.86 2*.)'2 +('#.
*8*5+*+(#6

/ / γ − ( φ/, ⎛ & − (φ/, ⎞


φ,+, = φ, + & 73 4,+,+ 60)9 ⎜ & *+ 4,+,+ ⎟
σ ⎝σ ⎠
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.>-.:=+1-

' ;+*$2(& 26).*55&'0(9*+('#).86.2*.)'2 +('#.


+1.8*#).26).$*)

F /'&+.!/4?.$' $26.4 &69'8 2*+('#

F /*($26.!/4?.$' $26.86.72!31!
' ,'##6&.26.8(*=&*996.86.2*.)'2 +('#
' 5!#!&*2()6&.2*.)'2 +('#.'$+6# 6.5' &.86).
$'#)+622*+('#).#'#.$(&$ 2*(&6).4 2%'&8&6.>
>*&+(6.:

!"#$%&'#()*+('#.+695'&6226

&&
!"
#%&'()*(+#+*',
!"#$ -',.%/01-'2-

3 .4

2&'&5
8/#-2#+*' 67 #$%&'$($"()!)

93:,9#4
9,.4

&J
3- !"#$%&'#()*+('#.5'&+6 )6

3- !"#$%&'#()*+('#.6#.<&!" 6#$6
3- ;#.5&!)6#$6.86.)!" 6#$6.5(2'+6
:- ;#.*#6 =26
:- !"#$%&'#()*+('#.86.5%*)6
3- ! &. #.$2'$.8%'$)6&#*+('#
:- ;)+(9*+('#.*8*5+*+(#6.86.2*.5%*)6

:- !"#$%&'#()*+('#.+695'&6226
3- ;)+(9*+('#.8 .&6+*&8.86.5&'5*=*+('#
:- 4!$ 5!&*+('#.8 .&"+%96.)"9$'26

&A
&A
' .(/-$,)% ? 6)+(96&.26).5*&*9>+&6).86.)"#$%&'#()*+('# ! :τ
' 10:',=*1-1 ? 2*.)"#$%&'#()*+('#.86.5%*)6.6+.86.<&!" 6#$6.6)+.
6<<6$+ !6.)*#).6&&6 &
'#.&*9>#6.26.)(=#*2.&6= .6#.$*#86.86.$*)6.?.
2%6##62'556.$'952606.'$+6# 6.6)+

)# !$ " = ∑ (" ' !$ − "& − τ " + %# !$ "


"∈!

*+! )# ! $ ""

#$%! & π * ' $ + φ/$ "

) !$ " π !"#$%&'.5%*)6.
&
172 >,,

− %()! & π * ' $ + φ/$ " 73! )# ! $ ""

>' &.&!$ 5!&6&.......(2.<*


{(" } +.6)+(96&.26).5*&*9>+&6). ! :τ
&C
&C
9+::-3.;.1,?!$,!?-.?#$-:,-!?.':,)(+3

)# !$ " "& + τ )" (/ "


,!$()('#
'!−$" )"9$'26)

3- /(2+&*=6.*8*5+!
:- :$%*#+(22'##*=6.* 0.(#)+*#+).8%' #6&+ &6.9*0(9*26.8 .8(*=&*996.
86.2%;(2.&&&&&&&& 2 6)+(96&. ! :τ
&- ,!+6$+('#.86).)"9$'26).

&E
&E
-::?'$=-.(3'$.7.-::?'$=-.+>+:,+,)+-
' -::?'$=-.(3'$
@ ! :τ $'#)+*#+)
! :τ
@ #6.6)+(9!6.86.........4 5*&+(&.86).'$)6&#*+('#).) &. #.(#+6&#*226 &'
' -::?'$=-.+>+:,+,)+-
τ
@ '#.) 55')6." 6.....#*&(6.* .$' &).8 .+695).? τ $
τ
@ 52 ).$6)'(#.86.8()+(#= 6&.2*.&!$ 5!&*+('#.86).86 0.5*&*9>+&6)....6+ &

'-(:3-.>-.1),!+,)'*
' >!&('86.)"9$'26.4 2%!9())('# &+
' >!&('86.%'&2'=6.4 2*.&!$65+('# &, ≠ &+

"&+ + τ
.(/-$,)% ? !$%*#+(22'##6&.* 0.(#)+*#+)................!" (#* +.4
!$%*#+(22'##6&.* 0.(#)+*#+)....
"&, + τ $

>' &.$6$(............................................*))6&#(&
τ $ = "!&+ − &, " + τ 2%%'&2'=6.

&K
&K
1,)(+,)'*.1!:-?+)1#-

' 7*).86.)"9$'26).$'## ).' .6)+(9!)


' & ) 55')! $'## *. #6.6)+(9!6.........4
τ/$ $%*" 6.(#)+*#+

' ;)+(9!6.8 .+1.?.)(.#*&(*+('#).26#+6).86 τ $


⎡ < ⎤
τ/$ = 012 304 ;
τ;
*+ ⎢ ∫ )# !$ "∑ (" ' !$ − "& − τ "-$ ⎥
⎢⎣&' " ⎥⎦

<
τ/$ = 012 304
; ∑
*+ ( )
" " !τ
[;" ]
1#6$... τ
"

)" !τ; " = ∫ )# !$ " ' !$ − "& − τ; "-$


&'

&L
&L
' !(=#*2.8%6&&6 &
⎡ ∂) !τ/ " ⎤
.!$ " = ∑ *+ ⎢("< " $ ⎥
" ⎣ ∂τ ⎦

' +()6.6#.; #&6. ("<


∂)" !τ/$ "
)# !$ " ∂ ∂τ
' !−$ " !8"
∂$

*+!8"
"& + τ/$
/00 ∑"

177?.1'2+*=6.7'#+&'2268 72'$N
JM
JM
<
τ/$ = 012 304
; ∑ *+ ( )
" " !τ;" [ ]
τ
"

' /'#$+('##696#+.86.2%6)+(9*+6 &.67*).)*#).$& (+7.


)" !τ; " = ∫ )# !$ " ' !$ − "& − τ; "-$ = ∑ (1 ∫ ' !$ − 1& − τ $ " ' !$ − "& − τ; "-$
&' 1 &'

)" !τ;" = ∑ (1 ' & !!1 − ""& + τ; − τ $ "


1

' ,%6)5!&*#$6.86......................#*
("< )" !τ; " + σ (& ' & !τ; − τ $ "

' ,6.9'"6##*=6 ) &. #.=&*#8.#'9$&6.8%!$%*#+(22'#).56&96+.

<
" "
∑ *+[( ) !τ;"] ∝ ' & !τ; − τ $ "
"
J3
J3
' ,6.)(=#*2.8%6&&6 &.#!&(<(6
∂' & ;
.!$ " ∝ ; !τ − τ $ "
∂τ
.2.6)+.<'#$+('#.86 τ; − τ $
!%*## 26.5' & τ; − τ $ = '

/01,*(-1." ?-,'!?.>-.>#$)1)'*.

⎛ < ∂)" !τ/$ " ⎞


.!$ " = ∑ *+⎜ (/ " ⎟
" ⎝ ∂τ ⎠

.#+!=&*+('#.86.2*.<'#$+('#.)"#$%&'#()*+('#.6+.86.2*.<'#$+('#.8!+6$+('#

J:
J:
(/ "
' !−$ "

"& + τ/$ ("<


)# !$ " .!$ "
/00 ∑
"
*+!8"

"& + τ/$
∂)" !τ/$ "
∂ ∂τ
' !−$ " !8"
∂$

J&
J&
/0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.+!,'>)>+$,-

' 7'#+60+6.6+.8!9*&$%6
@ !"9$'26).*2!*+'(&6) ("
@ >!&('86.$'## 6 &
@ ;)+(9*+6 &.*8*5+*+(<.86.......6#.*552("
τ$ *#+.26.$&(+>&6.+1.*#6$......"
τ$ (
#*&(6.56 .
' )'>!3+,)'*1.0$/3
)" !τ;"
τ/ = 012 304
*#6$ τ;
∑" =)!#$%9! σ & ""

)" !τ;" = ∫ )# !$ " ' !$ − "& − τ;"-$

JJ
JJ
' ,6.)(=#*2.8%6&&6 &.4 *## 26&.
⎛ ) ⎞ ∂)
.!$ " = ∑ 60)9⎜ "& ⎟ ;"
" ⎝ σ ⎠ ∂τ

)"
' !−$ "

)# !$ " "& + τ/$ 60)9!8 > σ & "


.!$ "
/00 ∑
"

"& + τ/$
∂)" !τ/$ "
∂ ∂τ
' !−$ " !8"
∂$

JA
JA
9-1,),!,)'*.>!.?0,=(-.10(('3-
)#,='>-.>-.3+.?+)-.1:-$,?+3-

!"#$%&&'$(")#*(#$+",-.'"/$()/'"#01#&-($1#&(.2(/)13#(&.4$#056'0%*()/'"#,'6&*171
)# !$ " = ∑ (" ' !$ − "& − τ " + %# !$ "
"∈!
89:1,)/2;#5,-(")/**'""1.#(%7#/"$)(")$
$ 1 = 1& + τ
.1).'%<1.#######&%/$#(*/="1.#*1#&1/="1#>
, ,1*%/#01#*?561))1%.
&
8"#$1#9($1#$%.#*1$#&.'&./5)5$#$)()/$)/ %1$#01$#$/="(%7#01#,'66%"/,()/'";#
!+,*'$)()/'""(./)5; &5./'0/,/)5 01$#&.'&./5)5$#$)()/$)/ %1$

&
,!$ 5θ " = + ! (1 "∑ ' !$ − τ − "& " ' !$ − τ − θ − "& "
"
"5./'0/ %1#1)#0'",#$1#05,'6&'$1#1"#$5./1#01##'%./1.#(<1,#

-
& %"
, − ( &Π
!% = ∫ #!$5θ "% - &$
" −-
& JC
?$ 1 θ = '

& σ '& &


/' = σ + ∫ "! * " $*
-
&πτ
σ '& − ( - ,
/±, = + ∫ "! * ""< ! * − "$* +'8 26
- - 3/646+*M77

15

! +==+"#$)#(6($)"% 1"=+"% ??$16"# "$(=61+%

<
,
-

JE
!33!1,?+,)'*;./0*$=?'*)1+,)'*.+!,'>)>+$,-

' &
2#.)6.96+.8*#).26.$*).86.&!$65+6 &.->!)*.2*.5!&('86.)"9$'26....6)+.
) 55')!6.$'## 6*.2%'$06$+(<.6)+.86.+&' #6&.26.96(226 &.$%'(0.5' &.
2%(#)+*#+.8%!$%*#+(22'##*=6

6(3()2"1+#$3+1-
2011(+1"1+#$3+1-

#$%!ω"$ "

&' () *+#(%($)
1!6" ',,',,''18
,-3.$=+
/"
&' () 0)30??()2

%()!ω"$ "
*+3$# =06($)"+)".0)#+"#+".0%+
*+3$# =06($)"#$9+1+)6+
JK
JK
' !(.9()6.6#.<'&96.$*&&!6*.6+.'#.+&*(+6.)!5*&!96#+.#'(6.6#.5%*)6.6+.6#.
" *8&*+ &6*.26.)(=#*2.&6= .8*#).26.$*).((15.6*5&>).8!9'8-.$'%!&6#+67

JL
JL
' !'&+(6.8 .<(2+&6.*8*5+!?.2%6<<6+.8 .$& (+.6)+.6)+'95!

AM
AM
'-(:3-;.0'!$3-.:'!?.34-1,)(+,)'*.>-.
34)*1,+*,.>4#$=+*,)33'**+,-

' +?3073+,- 1+(:3)*, ;..('!$3-." +#?'!)33+,- >-.?-,+?>.5#66.#-3+0.


6'$7-> 6'':8

*+#(%($)"$$$%+6

=06+ %03?=+
4#90)6(==$))+ 1 +01=- %03?=+
((=61+" %-3.$=+ !
3$-+))+ 1
$)"6(3+ %03?=+

A3
A3
' ,*.,,,.*0 )+6.2%(#)+*#+.8%!$%*#+(22'##*=6.8 .O '#.+(96 )*9526 <
*<(#." %(2.$'P#$(86.*#6$.26.5($.86.2*.)'&+(6.8 ./1?.*8*5+*+('#.8 .
#'9$&6.86).(#8($6).+695).)!5*&*#+.26).O '#.+(96 )*9526 <
) $$6))(<)

3- !(.2%!$%*#+(22'#.'#.+(96 6)+.) &. #.5($*.$'##*())*#+.2*.5!&('86.


)"9$'26.'#.8!$*26.86.$6++6.#*26 &.5' &.*++6(#8&6.26.5($.5&'$%*(#
:- !(.2%!$%*#+(22'#.'#.+(96 6)+.*#*#+.26.5($*.5&6#8&6.26.5&'$%*(#.
!$%*#+(22'#.4 2*.#*26 &.$'&&6)5'#8*#+.4 2*.5!&('86.)"9$'26.52 ).
#.(#8($6.
&- !(.2%!$%*#+(22'#.'#.+(96 6)+.*5&>).26.5($*.5&6#8&6.26.5&'$%*(#.
!$%*#+(22'#.4 2*.#*26 &.$'&&6)5'#8*#+.4 2*.5!&('86.)"9$'26.9'(#).
#.(#8($6.

A:
A:

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi